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Morgan SA, Berryman DE, List EO, Lavery GG, Stewart PM, Kopchick JJ. Regulation of 11β-HSD1 by GH/IGF-1 in key metabolic tissues may contribute to metabolic disease in GH deficient patients. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 62:101440. [PMID: 34814007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2021.101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) have many clinical features in common with Cushing's syndrome (glucocorticoid excess) - notably visceral obesity, insulin resistance, muscle myopathy and increased vascular mortality. Within key metabolic tissues, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) converts cortisone to the active glucocorticoid, cortisol (11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone in rodents respectively), and thus amplifies local glucocorticoid action. We hypothesize that 11β-HSD1 expression is negatively regulated by growth hormone (GH), and that GHD patients have elevated 11β-HSD1 within key metabolic tissues (leading to increased intracellular cortisol generation) which contributes to the clinical features of this disease. To identify the impact of GH excess/resistance on 11β-HSD1 in vivo, we measured mRNA expression in key metabolic tissues of giant mice expressing the bovine GH (bGH) gene, dwarf mice with a disrupted GH receptor (GHRKO) gene and mice expressing a gene encoding a GH receptor antagonist (GHA). Additionally, we assessed urine steroid markers of 11β-HSD1 activity in both GHRKO and bGH animals. 11β-HSD1 expression was decreased in gastrocnemius muscle (0.43-fold, p < 0.05), subcutaneous adipose (0.53-fold, p < 0.05) and epididymal adipose tissue (0.40-fold, p < 0.05), but not liver, in bGH mice compared to WT controls. This was paralleled by an increased percentage of 11-DHC (inactive glucocorticoid) present in the urine of bGH mice compared to WT controls (2.5-fold, p < 0.01) - consistent with decreased systemic 11β-HSD1 activity. By contrast, expression of 11β-HSD1 was increased in the liver of GHRKO (2.7-fold, p < 0.05) and GHA mice (2.0-fold, p < 0.05) compared to WT controls, but not gastrocnemius muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue or epididymal adipose tissue. In summary, we have demonstrated a negative relationship between GH action and 11β-HSD1 expression which appears to be tissue specific. These data provide evidence that increased intracellular cortisol production within key tissues may contribute to metabolic disease in GHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Morgan
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University/The Ridges, 1 Water Tower Drive, Building #25, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University/The Ridges, 1 Water Tower Drive, Building #25, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University/The Ridges, 1 Water Tower Drive, Building #25, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Investigation of d-allulose effects on high-sucrose diet-induced insulin resistance via hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in rats. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08013. [PMID: 34589631 PMCID: PMC8461346 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
d-Allulose, a C-3 epimer of d-fructose, is a rare sugar that has no calories. Although d-allulose has been reported to have several health benefits, such as anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects, there have been no reports evaluating the effects of d-allulose on insulin resistance using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HE-clamp). Therefore, we investigated the effects of d-allulose on a high-sucrose diet (HSD)-induced insulin resistance model. Wistar rats were randomly divided into three dietary groups: HSD containing 5% cellulose (HSC), 5% d-allulose (HSA), and a commercial diet. The insulin tolerance test (ITT) and HE-clamp were performed after administration of the diets for 4 and 7 weeks. After 7 weeks, the muscle and adipose tissues of rats were obtained to analyze Akt signaling via western blotting, and plasma adipocytokine levels were measured. ITT revealed that d-allulose ameliorated systemic insulin resistance. Furthermore, the results of the 2-step HE-clamp procedure indicated that d-allulose reversed systemic and muscular insulin resistance. d-Allulose reversed the insulin-induced suppression of Akt phosphorylation in the soleus muscle and epididymal fat tissues and reduced plasma TNF-α levels. This study is the first to show that d-allulose improves systemic and muscle insulin sensitivity in conscious rats.
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Konstantakou P, Mastorakos G, Vrachnis N, Tomlinson JW, Valsamakis G. Dysregulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: implications during pregnancy and beyond. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:284-293. [PMID: 27018008 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2016.1171308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucococorticoids play a critical role in the developmental programing and fetal growth. Key molecules mediating and regulating tissue-specific glucocorticoid actions are 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) type 1 and 2 isozymes, both of which are expressed in the placenta and the fetal membranes. 11beta-HSD1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and its dysregulation has been observed in pregnancy-related complications (pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction). Interestingly, preliminary clinical data have associated certain 11beta-HSD1 gene polymorphisms with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, suggesting, if confirmed by further targeted studies, it's potential as a putative prognostic marker. Animal studies and observations in humans have confirmed that 11beta-HSD2 insufficiency is related with pregnancy adversity (pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth). Importantly, down-regulation or deficiency of placental 11beta-HSD2 is associated with significant restriction in fetal growth and low-birth weight, and unfavorable cardio-metabolic profile in adulthood. The potential association of 11beta-HSD1 tissue-specific dysregulation with gestational diabetes, as well as the plausible utility of 11beta-HSD2, as a biomarker of pregnancy adversity and later life morbidity, are emerging areas of intense scientific interest and future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Konstantakou
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - G Mastorakos
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - N Vrachnis
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - J W Tomlinson
- c Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital , Headington , UK
| | - G Valsamakis
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
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Kopczak A, Stalla GK, Uhr M, Lucae S, Hennings J, Ising M, Holsboer F, Kloiber S. IGF-I in major depression and antidepressant treatment response. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:864-72. [PMID: 25836355 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in serum of 78 inpatients with depression and 92 healthy controls. Patients were selected according to remission status after 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment with remission defined by Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D) 21-item score <10 (39 remitters and 39 non-remitters). IGF-I was analyzed in patients at admission and after 6 weeks of psychopharmacological treatment. IGF-I levels were compared between patients and controls and between remitters and non-remitters with general linear model using age, gender, and body mass index as covariates. In patients, IGF-I levels were significantly higher at admission (p=3.29E-04) and in week 6 (p=0.002) compared to controls. Furthermore, non-remitters showed significantly higher IGF-I levels at admission (p=0.046) and a trend for higher IGF-I levels in week 6 (p=0.11) compared to remitters. In remitters change in IGF-I levels during treatment was significantly correlated with change in cortisol levels (p=0.019). A genetic association analysis of polymorphisms in 10 genes contributing to the IGF-I system (IGF1, IGF1R, IGFBP1 to IGFBP7, and IGFBPL1) in the currently largest genetic databases for major depression (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium) revealed nominal associations with susceptibility for depression and treatment response, although results did not remain significant after multiple testing correction. In our study, elevated IGF-I levels were significantly associated with depression and impaired treatment response. Based on these findings IGF-I signaling could play a role in the pathophysiology of depression and could possibly influence the response to antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kopczak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Günter Karl Stalla
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Lucae
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Hennings
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Satake E, Nakagawa Y, Kubota A, Saegusa H, Sano SI, Ohzeki T. Age and sex differences in fat distribution in non-obese Japanese children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23:873-8. [PMID: 21175085 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess fat distribution in non-obese Japanese children and adolescents. DESIGN 130 non-obese Japanese children (73 boys and 57 girls) from Kikugawa, Hamamatsu were included. The visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were measured by computed tomography (CT) and calculated (in cm(2)). Subjects were divided into three groups based on age: group A (6-10 years), group B (11-15 years), and group C (16-20 years). RESULTS Girls had more subcutaneous fat than boys in groups B and C (P<0.01). Boys had an age-dependent increase in visceral fat, but girls did not. In group C (16-20 years), boys had more visceral fat than girls (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In non-obese Japanese children, there are significant differences in visceral and subcutaneous fat amounts by age and sex. VFA seems to accumulate more in boys than in girls, and SFA is more prevalent in girls than boys.
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Mericq V, Medina P, Kakarieka E, Márquez L, Johnson MC, Iñiguez G. Differences in expression and activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 in human placentas of term pregnancies according to birth weight and gender. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 161:419-25. [PMID: 19542242 DOI: 10.1530/eje-09-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal exposure to maternal glucocorticoids may determine fetal growth and the programing of later disorders. Availability of the glucocorticoids in the placenta is regulated by the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSDs) enzymes. To date, there are discrepancies with regard to cortisol (F) cord blood levels in fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation in different species. Objective To study the expression and activity of 11beta-HSDs in placentas from full term small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and large for gestational age (LGA) newborns, and cortisol cord blood concentration. METHODS Twenty-five placentas from AGA, 24 SGA and 25 LGA were collected. RESULTS SGA newborns had significantly lower and LGA newborns had significantly higher birth weight, birth length, head circumference, and placental weight than AGA counterparts. We observed a direct correlation between placental weight and birth weight, birth length and head circumference, and higher cord F levels in SGA newborns. The 11beta-HSD1 expression was similar among the SGA, AGA, and LGA placentas. However, within the placentas of SGA newborns, the 11beta-HSD1 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in the chorionic plate compared with basal plate. An inverse correlation between cord F levels and activity of 11beta-HSD1 in the chorionic plate of the SGA placentas was detected. The 11beta-HSD2 activity was seven- to eightfold higher compared with 11beta-HSD1 in the placentas, and there was a lower 11beta-HSD2 activity in females' SGA placentas compared with the male SGA placentas. CONCLUSION We observed a lower expression and activity of 11beta-HSD1 in the chorionic plate of the SGA placentas, suggesting a possible compensatory mechanism to diminish the higher cortisol fetal concentrations observed in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mericq
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 1234, 2 degrees piso, Casilla 226-3, Santiago, Chile
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Reduced activities of cytochrome P450 1A2 and xanthine oxidase in children with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 84:674-8. [PMID: 18843262 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2008.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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