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Yu H, Gold JI, Wolter TJ, Bao N, Smith E, Zhang HA, Twieg RJ, Mavrikakis M, Abbott NL. Actuating Liquid Crystals Rapidly and Reversibly by Using Chemical Catalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2309605. [PMID: 38331028 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Microtubules and catalytic motor proteins underlie the microscale actuation of living materials, and they have been used in reconstituted systems to harness chemical energy to drive new states of organization of soft matter (e.g., liquid crystals (LCs)). Such materials, however, are fragile and challenging to translate to technological contexts. Rapid (sub-second) and reversible changes in the orientations of LCs at room temperature using reactions between gaseous hydrogen and oxygen that are catalyzed by Pd/Au surfaces are reported. Surface chemical analysis and computational chemistry studies confirm that dissociative adsorption of H2 on the Pd/Au films reduces preadsorbed O and generates 1 ML of adsorbed H, driving nitrile-containing LCs from a perpendicular to a planar orientation. Subsequent exposure to O2 leads to oxidation of the adsorbed H, reformation of adsorbed O on the Pd/Au surface, and a return of the LC to its initial orientation. The roles of surface composition and reaction kinetics in determining the LC dynamics are described along with a proof-of-concept demonstration of microactuation of beads. These results provide fresh ideas for utilizing chemical energy and catalysis to reversibly actuate functional LCs on the microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhe Yu
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 1 Ho Plaza, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jake I Gold
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Trenton J Wolter
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nanqi Bao
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 1 Ho Plaza, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Evangelos Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hanyu Alice Zhang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 1 Ho Plaza, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert J Twieg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 1175 Risman Drive, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 1 Ho Plaza, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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2
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Dietze EM, Chen L, Grönbeck H. Surface steps dominate the water formation on Pd(111) surfaces. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:064701. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M. Dietze
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Grönbeck
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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3
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Chen L, Medlin JW, Grönbeck H. On the Reaction Mechanism of Direct H2O2 Formation over Pd Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J. Will Medlin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80303 Colorado, United States
| | - Henrik Grönbeck
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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4
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How the anisotropy of surface oxide formation influences the transient activity of a surface reaction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:69. [PMID: 33398022 PMCID: PMC7782819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning photoelectron microscopy (SPEM) and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) allow local surface analysis and visualising ongoing reactions on a µm-scale. These two spatio-temporal imaging methods are applied to polycrystalline Rh, representing a library of well-defined high-Miller-index surface structures. The combination of these techniques enables revealing the anisotropy of surface oxidation, as well as its effect on catalytic hydrogen oxidation. In the present work we observe, using locally-resolved SPEM, structure-sensitive surface oxide formation, which is summarised in an oxidation map and quantitatively explained by the novel step density (SDP) and step edge (SEP) parameters. In situ PEEM imaging of ongoing H2 oxidation allows a direct comparison of the local reactivity of metallic and oxidised Rh surfaces for the very same different stepped surface structures, demonstrating the effect of Rh surface oxides. Employing the velocity of propagating reaction fronts as indicator of surface reactivity, we observe a high transient activity of Rh surface oxide in H2 oxidation. The corresponding velocity map reveals the structure-dependence of such activity, representing a direct imaging of a structure-activity relation for plenty of well-defined surface structures within one sample. Surface oxide formation under reaction conditions may change the catalytic activity of a catalyst. Here, the authors explore the effect of atomic structure of Rh surfaces on the surface oxide formation and its influence on catalytic activity in hydrogen oxidation, revealing a high transient activity.
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O'Connor CR, van Spronsen MA, Egle T, Xu F, Kersell HR, Oliver-Meseguer J, Karatok M, Salmeron M, Madix RJ, Friend CM. Hydrogen migration at restructuring palladium-silver oxide boundaries dramatically enhances reduction rate of silver oxide. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1844. [PMID: 32296065 PMCID: PMC7160204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts are complex materials with multiple interfaces. A critical proposition in exploiting bifunctionality in alloy catalysts is to achieve surface migration across interfaces separating functionally dissimilar regions. Herein, we demonstrate the enhancement of more than 104 in the rate of molecular hydrogen reduction of a silver surface oxide in the presence of palladium oxide compared to pure silver oxide resulting from the transfer of atomic hydrogen from palladium oxide islands onto the surrounding surface formed from oxidation of a palladium–silver alloy. The palladium–silver interface also dynamically restructures during reduction, resulting in silver–palladium intermixing. This study clearly demonstrates the migration of reaction intermediates and catalyst material across surface interfacial boundaries in alloys with a significant effect on surface reactivity, having broad implications for the catalytic function of bimetallic materials. Species migration across interfacial boundaries can affect the function of bimetallic catalysts. Here the authors report that palladium oxide drives the reduction of silver oxide by facilitating molecular hydrogen dissociation and migration of hydrogen atoms across the Pd–Ag interface with concurrent surface restructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Matthijs A van Spronsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tobias Egle
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Heath R Kersell
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Judit Oliver-Meseguer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mustafa Karatok
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Robert J Madix
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Cynthia M Friend
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. .,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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6
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Suchorski Y, Datler M, Bespalov I, Zeininger J, Stöger-Pollach M, Bernardi J, Grönbeck H, Rupprechter G. Surface-Structure Libraries: Multifrequential Oscillations in Catalytic Hydrogen Oxidation on Rhodium. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:4217-4227. [PMID: 31057690 PMCID: PMC6494118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b11421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Multifrequential oscillating spatiotemporal patterns in the catalytic hydrogen oxidation on rhodium have been observed in situ in the 10-6 mbar pressure range using photoemission electron microscopy. The effect is manifested by periodic chemical waves, which travel over the polycrystalline Rh surface and change their oscillation frequency while crossing boundaries between different Rh(hkl) domains. Each crystallographically specific μm-sized Rh(hkl) domain exhibits an individual wave pattern and oscillation frequency, despite the global diffusional coupling of the surface reaction, altogether creating a structure library. This unique reaction behavior is attributed to the ability of stepped surfaces of high-Miller-index domains to facilitate the formation of subsurface oxygen, serving as a feedback mechanism of kinetic oscillations. Formation of a network of subsurface oxygen as a result of colliding reaction fronts was observed in situ. Microkinetic model analysis was used to rationalize the observed effects and to reveal the relation between the barriers for surface oxidation and oscillation frequency. Structural limits of the oscillations, the existence range of oscillations, as well as the effect of varying hydrogen pressure are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Suchorski
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität
Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Datler
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität
Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivan Bespalov
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität
Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zeininger
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität
Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Bernardi
- USTEM, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrik Grönbeck
- Department
of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität
Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Foroutan M, Darvishi M, Fatemi SM. Structural and dynamical characterization of water on the Au (100) and graphene surfaces: A molecular dynamics simulation approach. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:033312. [PMID: 29346917 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.033312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The positioning, adsorption, and movement of water on substrates is dependent upon the chemical nature and arrangement of the atoms of the surface. Therefore the behavior of water molecules on a substrate is a reflection of properties of the surface. Based on this premise, graphene and gold substrates were chosen to study this subject from a molecular perspective. In this work, the structural and dynamical behaviors of a water nanodroplet on Au (100) and the graphene interfaces have been studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The results have shown how the structural and dynamical behaviors of water molecules at the interface reflect the characteristics of these surfaces. The results have demonstrated that residence time and hydrogen bonds' lifetime at the water-Au (100) interface are bigger than at the water-graphene interface. Energy contour map analysis indicates a more uniform surface energy on graphene than on the gold surface. The obtained results illustrate that water clusters on gold and graphene form tetramer and hexamer structures, respectively. Furthermore, the water molecules are more ordered on the gold surface than on graphene. The study of hydrogen bonds showed that the order, stability, and the number of hydrogen bonds is higher on the gold surface. The positioning pattern of water molecules is also similar to the arrangement of gold atoms while no regularity was observed on graphene. The study of dynamical behavior of water molecules revealed that the movement of water on gold is much less than on graphene which is in agreement with the strong water-gold interaction in comparison to the water-graphene interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Foroutan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Darvishi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mahmood Fatemi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Murakami J, Futamata M, Nakao Y, Horiuchi S, Bando K, Nagashima U, Yoshimura K. Reduction of N2 with H2 on palladium surfaces at low temperatures. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Jing D, He J, Bonini M, Brucato JR, Vidali G. Sputtering Effects and Water Formation on an Amorphous Silicate Surface. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3009-16. [PMID: 23505999 DOI: 10.1021/jp312816k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Jing
- Physics Department, 201 Physics Bldg., Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, United States
| | - Jiao He
- Physics Department, 201 Physics Bldg., Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, United States
| | - Massimo Bonini
- INAF - Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, L.go E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - John R. Brucato
- Department of Chemistry, CSGI, via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019
Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Gianfranco Vidali
- Physics Department, 201 Physics Bldg., Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, United States
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10
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The Selectivity and Sustainability of a Pd–In/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst in a Packed-Bed Reactor: The Effect of Solution Composition. Catal Letters 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-009-9883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Ivey MM, Hemminger JC. Simultaneous Detection of H 2+ with Larger Ions Using Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5044-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Ivey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - John C. Hemminger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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12
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Florio GM, Werblowsky TL, Müller T, Berne BJ, Flynn GW. Self-Assembly of Small Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Graphite: A Combined Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Theoretical Approach. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:4520-32. [PMID: 16851528 DOI: 10.1021/jp046458v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of chrysene and indene on graphite have been observed and characterized individually with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at 80 K under low-temperature, ultrahigh vacuum conditions. These molecules are small, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing no alkyl chains or functional groups that are known to promote two-dimensional self-assembly. Energy minimization and molecular dynamics simulations performed for small groups of the molecules physisorbed on graphite provide insight into the monolayer structure and forces that drive the self-assembly. The adsorption energy for a single chrysene molecule on a model graphite substrate is calculated to be 32 kcal/mol, while that for indene is 17 kcal/mol. Two distinct monolayer structures have been observed for chrysene, corresponding to high- and low-density assemblies. High-resolution STM images taken of chrysene with different bias polarities reveal distinct nodal structure that is characteristic of the molecular electronic state(s) mediating the tunneling process. Density functional theory calculations are utilized in the assignment of the observed electronic states and possible tunneling mechanism. These results are discussed within the context of PAH and soot particle formation, because both chrysene and indene are known reaction products from the combustion of small hydrocarbons. They are also of fundamental interest in the fields of nanotechnology and molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Florio
- Department of Chemistry, The Environmental Molecular Sciences Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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13
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Pauer G, Winkler A. Water formation on Pd(111) by reaction of oxygen with atomic and molecular hydrogen. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:3864-70. [PMID: 15268552 DOI: 10.1063/1.1643352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we have studied the steady-state reaction of molecular and atomic hydrogen with oxygen on a Pd(111) surface at a low total pressure (<10(-7) mbar) and at sample temperatures ranging from 100 to 1100 K. Characteristic features of the water formation rate Phi(pH2; pO2; TPd) are presented and discussed, including effects that are due to the use of gas-phase atomic hydrogen for exposure. Optimum impingement ratios (OIR) for hydrogen and oxygen for water formation and their dependence on the sample temperature have been determined. The occurring shift in the OIR could be ascribed to the temperature dependence of the sticking coefficients for hydrogen (SH2) and oxygen (SO2) on Pd(111). Using gas-phase atomic hydrogen for water formation leads to an increase of the OIR, suggesting that hydrogen abstraction via hot-atom reactions competes with H2O formation. The velocity distributions of the desorbing water molecules formed on the Pd(111) surface have been measured by time-of-flight spectroscopy under various conditions, using either gas-phase H atoms or molecular H2 as reactants. In all cases, the desorbing water flux could be represented by a Maxwellian distribution corresponding to the surface temperature, thus giving direct evidence for a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism for water formation on Pd(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pauer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010, Austria
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