1
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Takajo D, Katsuno H, Sudoh K. Dynamics of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Monolayers at Solution/Graphite Interfaces. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:274-280. [PMID: 36745189 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the dynamics of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) monolayers at the interfaces between highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and P3HT solutions in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Real-time STM observation at room temperature reveals that P3HT molecules adsorbed on graphite are substantially mobile even in densely packed conditions, causing significant fluctuations of the self-organized monolayer of P3HT. We find that in the monolayers, the orientational order is limited to a short range comparable to the polymer chain length. We show that our observations can be understood based on a 2D semiflexible lattice polymer model by performing kinetic Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takajo
- Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Katsuno
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Koichi Sudoh
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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2
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Zhao B, Pei D, Jiang Y, Wang Z, An C, Deng Y, Ma Z, Han Y, Geng Y. Simultaneous Enhancement of Stretchability, Strength, and Mobility in Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Poly(indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole). Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dandan Pei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chuanbin An
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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3
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Tachiki M, Tagawa R, Hoshino K. Oligo(3-methoxythiophene)s as Water-Soluble Dyes for Highly Lustrous Gold- and Bronze-like Metal-Effect Coatings and Printings. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24379-24388. [PMID: 33015454 PMCID: PMC7528169 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To overcome various shortcomings associated with commercial metal-effect gloss paints containing metal flakes, we examine possible candidates to be used as novel organic-only metal-effect dyes for both paints and inks. Recently, one of the authors developed a potential candidate (ClO4 --doped oligo(3-methoxythiophene)), but the required solvent was not industrially acceptable and the cured paint displayed low glossiness. Herein, we synthesized and characterized Cl--doped oligo(3-methoxythiophene) dyes that were water-soluble and displayed a highly lustrous gold- and bronze-like hue upon curing. Additionally, we found that films derived from these oligomers form extremely regular and compact edge-on lamella crystallites through self-organization; these films also display a highly glossy metallic appearance due to the extremely high optical constants of the crystallites. These as-prepared films were easily soluble in water, but we also found that the films become insoluble in water upon dehydration, making industrial implementation feasible.
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4
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Liu L, Miao X, Shi T, Liu X, Yip HL, Deng W, Cao Y. Conformation modification of terthiophene during the on-surface synthesis of pure polythiophene. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18096-18105. [PMID: 32941582 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04529b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On-surface coupling under ultra-high vacuum is employed as a versatile approach to synthesize pure polythiophene from a 5,5''-dibromo-2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (DBTT) precursor and the corresponding temperature-dependent stepwise reaction mechanism is systematically studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). After thermal deposition of the precursor onto a Au(111) surface that is kept at room temperature, a triangle-like pattern and a linear self-assembled pattern are formed with different molecular coverages through BrBrS halogen bonds and BrBr type-I contact bonds, respectively. In the self-assembled nanostructures, the thiophene units adopt trans-conformation. Mild annealing promotes the structural transition of both nanostructures into ordered zigzag organometallic linear chains with all-cis configured thiophene units connected through coordination bonds to the Au adatoms. Such conformational variety is easily recognized by STM, particularly in the case of DBTT-CH3 with the extra -CH3 signals. The covalently coupled products from the DBTT precursor are obtained by further annealing the organometallic intermediate at higher temperatures, which leads to the removal of Au atoms and the formation of ordered polymer chains and disordered polythiophene networks. Further characterization suggests that the reaction mechanism is associated with Ullmann-type coupling to form the ordered chains as well as Ullmann-type and dehydrogenative C-C coupling to fabricate cross-linked polymer networks. Compared with the on-surface synthesis process of DBTT on the Cu(111) surface, it can be confirmed that the Au adatoms are vital to synthesize polythiophene. These findings provide important insight into the reaction mechanism of on-surface synthesized pure polythiophene and on-surface coupling can potentially be applied to synthesize other functional conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Xinrui Miao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Tingting Shi
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China. and Innovation Center of Printed Photovoltaics, South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Deng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
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5
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Li JK, Shao MY, Yang ZY, Guskova O. The merging mechanisms of poly(3-hexylthiophene) domains revealed through scanning tunneling microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Acevedo-Cartagena DE, Zhu J, Kocun M, Nonnenmann SS, Hayward RC. Tuning Metastability of Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) Solutions to Enable in Situ Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of Surface Nucleation. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Kocun
- Oxford Instruments Asylum Research, 6310 Hollister Avenue, Santa Barbara, California 93117 United States
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7
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Berrocal J, Teyssandier J, Goor OJGM, De Feyter S, Meijer EW. Supramolecular Loop Stitches of Discrete Block Molecules on Graphite: Tunable Hydrophobicity by Naphthalenediimide End-Capped Oligodimethylsiloxane. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 30:3372-3378. [PMID: 29861547 PMCID: PMC5973779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The noncovalent functionalization of surfaces has gained widespread interest in the scientific community, and it is progressively becoming an extremely productive research field offering brand new directions for both supramolecular and materials chemistry. As the end-groups often play a dominant role in the surface properties obtained, creating loops with end-groups only at the surface will lead to unexpected architectures and hence properties. Here we report the self-assembly of discrete block molecules-structures in-between block copolymers and liquid crystals-featuring oligodimethylsiloxanes (ODMS) end-capped with naphthalenediimides (NDIs) at the 1-phenyloctane/highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (1-PO/HOPG) interface. These structures produce unprecedented vertically nanophase-separated monolayers featuring NDI moieties that regularly arrange on the HOPG surface, while the highly dynamic ODMS segments form loops above them. Such arrangement is preserved upon drying and generates hydrophobic HOPG substrates in which the ODMS block length tunes the hydrophobicity. Thus, the exact structural fidelity of the discrete macromolecules allows for the correlation of nanoscopic organization with macroscopic properties of the self-assembled materials. We present a general strategy for tunable hydrophobic coatings on graphite based on molecularly combining crystalline aromatic moieties and immiscible oligodimethylsiloxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José
Augusto Berrocal
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga J. G. M. Goor
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Kundu B, Bera A, Pal AJ. Differential conductance (dI/dV) imaging of a heterojunction-nanorod. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:095705. [PMID: 28135209 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa58f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Through scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we envisage imaging a heterostructure, namely a junction formed in a single nanorod. While the differential conductance spectrum provides location of conduction and valence band edges, dI/dV images record energy levels of materials. Such dI/dV images at different voltages allowed us to view p- and n-sections of heterojunction nanorods and more importantly the depletion region in such a junction that has a type-II band alignment. Viewing of selective sections in a heterojunction occurred due to band-bending in the junction and is correlated to the density of states spectrum of the individual semiconductors. The dI/dV images recorded at different voltages could be used to generate a band diagram of a pn junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Kundu
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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9
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Cao H, Van Den Eede MP, Koeckelberghs G, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Direct observation of the influence of chirality on the microstructure of regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s at the liquid/solid interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 53:153-156. [PMID: 27841384 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The degree of order of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s on atomically flat surfaces is strongly influenced by interchain interactions. Regularly ordered, disordered and amorphous microstructures are observed for achiral, homochiral and meso poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, respectively, as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Cao
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Paule Van Den Eede
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Duan XL, Chen HJ, Huang JY, Liu ZF, Li JK, Yang ZY, Zhang WF, Yu G. Tracking the Evolution of Polymer Interface Films during the Process of Thermal Annealing at the Domain and Single Molecular Levels using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:9437-9444. [PMID: 27605160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural evolution of polymer (NTZ12) interface films during the process of annealing is revealed at the domain and single molecular levels using the statistical data measured from scanning tunneling microscopy images and through theoretical calculations. First, common features of the interface films are examined. Then, mean values of surface-occupied ratio, size and density of the domain are used to reveal the intrinsic derivation of the respective stages. Formation of new domains is triggered at 70 °C, but domain ripening is not activated. At 110 °C, the speed of formation of new domains is almost balanced by the consumption due to the ripening process. However, formation of new domains is reduced heavily at 150 °C but restarted at 190 °C. At the single molecular level, the ratio of the average length of linear to curved backbones is increased during annealing, whereas the ratios of the total length and the total number of linear to curved skeletons reaches a peak value at 150 °C. The two major conformations of curved backbones for all samples are 120° and 180° bending, but the ripening at 150 °C reduces 180° folding dramatically. Molecular dynamic simulations disclose the fast relaxing process of curved skeletons at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Jie Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Yao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Kuo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Feng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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11
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Patil N, Skjønsfjell ETB, Van den Brande N, Chavez Panduro EA, Claessens R, Guizar-Sicairos M, Van Mele B, Breiby DW. X-Ray Nanoscopy of a Bulk Heterojunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158345. [PMID: 27367796 PMCID: PMC4930208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing the morphology of bulk heterojunctions is known to significantly improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells, but available quantitative imaging techniques are few and have severe limitations. We demonstrate X-ray ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging applied to all-organic blends. Specifically, the phase-separated morphology in bulk heterojunction photoactive layers for organic solar cells, prepared from a 50:50 blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and thermally treated for different annealing times is imaged to high resolution. Moreover, using a fast-scanning calorimetry chip setup, the nano-morphological changes caused by repeated thermal annealing applied to the same sample could be monitored. X-ray ptychography resolves to better than 100 nm the phase-segregated domains of electron donor and electron acceptor materials over a large field of view within the active layers. The quantitative phase contrast images further allow us to estimate the local volume fraction of PCBM across the photovoltaically active layers. The volume fraction gradient for different regions provides insight on the PCBM diffusion across the depletion zone surrounding PCBM aggregates. Phase contrast X-ray microscopy is under rapid development, and the results presented here are promising for future studies of organic-organic blends, also under in situ conditions, e.g., for monitoring the structural stability during UV-Vis irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Patil
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail: (NP); (DWB)
| | | | - Niko Van den Brande
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Raf Claessens
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bruno Van Mele
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dag Werner Breiby
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Micro- and Nanosystem Technology (IMST), University College of Southeast Norway, Campus Vestfold, 3184, Borre, Norway
- * E-mail: (NP); (DWB)
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12
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Taber BN, Kislitsyn DA, Gervasi CF, Mills JM, Rosenfield AE, Zhang L, Mannsfeld SCB, Prell JS, Briseno AL, Nazin GV. Real-space visualization of conformation-independent oligothiophene electronic structure. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:194703. [PMID: 27208961 DOI: 10.1063/1.4949765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS) investigations of the electronic structures of different alkyl-substituted oligothiophenes on the Au(111) surface. STM imaging showed that on Au(111), oligothiophenes adopted distinct straight and bent conformations. By combining STS maps with STM images, we visualize, in real space, particle-in-a-box-like oligothiophene molecular orbitals. We demonstrate that different planar conformers with significant geometrical distortions of oligothiophene backbones surprisingly exhibit very similar electronic structures, indicating a low degree of conformation-induced electronic disorder. The agreement of these results with gas-phase density functional theory calculations implies that the oligothiophene interaction with the Au(111) surface is generally insensitive to molecular conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamen N Taber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Dmitry A Kislitsyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Christian F Gervasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Jon M Mills
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Ariel E Rosenfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - George V Nazin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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13
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Kislitsyn DA, Taber BN, Gervasi CF, Zhang L, Mannsfeld SCB, Prell JS, Briseno AL, Nazin GV. Oligothiophene wires: impact of torsional conformation on the electronic structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4842-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different torsional conformations of alkyl-substituted oligothiophenes show nearly identical progressions of particle-in-a-box-like electronic orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Kislitsyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Oregon Center for Optical
- Molecular and Quantum Science
- University of Oregon
| | - B. N. Taber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Oregon Center for Optical
- Molecular and Quantum Science
- University of Oregon
| | - C. F. Gervasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Oregon Center for Optical
- Molecular and Quantum Science
- University of Oregon
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Massachusetts-Amherst
- Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research
- USA
| | - S. C. B. Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden
- Dresden University of Technology
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - J. S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Oregon Center for Optical
- Molecular and Quantum Science
- University of Oregon
| | - A. L. Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Massachusetts-Amherst
- Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research
- USA
| | - G. V. Nazin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Oregon Center for Optical
- Molecular and Quantum Science
- University of Oregon
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14
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Willot P, Teyssandier J, Dujardin W, Adisoejoso J, De Feyter S, Moerman D, Leclère P, Lazzaroni R, Koeckelberghs G. Direct visualization of microphase separation in block copoly(3-alkylthiophene)s. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11461b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A copoly(3-alkylthiophene) block copolymer was synthesized in a one-pot block copolymerization reaction, starting from a functional o-tolyl initiator in order to maximize A–B diblock copolymer formation. The microphase separation behaviour was directly visualized using STM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Willot
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - Jinne Adisoejoso
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - David Moerman
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons – UMONS/ Materia Nova
- B7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Philippe Leclère
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons – UMONS/ Materia Nova
- B7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons – UMONS/ Materia Nova
- B7000 Mons
- Belgium
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15
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Förster S, Widdra W. Structure of single polythiophene molecules on Au(001) prepared by in situ UHV electrospray deposition. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:054713. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4891929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Förster
- Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Wolf Widdra
- Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Max Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Halle, Germany
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16
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Tamai Y, Tsuda K, Ohkita H, Benten H, Ito S. Charge-carrier generation in organic solar cells using crystalline donor polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20338-46. [PMID: 24980903 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01820f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Charge generation and recombination dynamics in a blend film of a crystalline low-bandgap polymer, poly[(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4,7-bis(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (PSBTBT), and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. Upon photoexcitation of the PSBTBT absorption band at 800 nm, singlet excitons were promptly generated, and then rapidly converted into polarons in a few picoseconds. We found that there are two different polarons in PSBTBT: one is ascribed to polarons generated in the disorder phase and the other is ascribed to polarons in the crystalline phase. On a time scale of nanoseconds, ∼50% of polarons in the disorder phase recombined geminately to the ground state. On the other hand, such geminate recombination was negligible for polarons in the crystalline phase. As a result, the overall charge dissociation efficiency is as high as ∼75% for PSBTBT/PCBM blend films. On the basis of these analyses, we discuss the role of polymer crystallinity in the charge-carrier generation in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Tamai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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17
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Han Y, Guo Y, Chang Y, Geng Y, Su Z. Chain Folding in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystals. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5006149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Han
- State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingfei Chang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Su
- State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Tamai Y, Matsuura Y, Ohkita H, Benten H, Ito S. One-Dimensional Singlet Exciton Diffusion in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystalline Domains. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:399-403. [PMID: 26270718 DOI: 10.1021/jz402299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Singlet exciton dynamics in crystalline domains of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films was studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. Upon the selective excitation of crystalline P3HT at the absorption edge, no red shift of the singlet exciton band was observed with an elapse of time, suggesting singlet exciton dynamics in relatively homogeneous P3HT crystalline domains without downhill relaxation in the energetic disorder. Even under such selective excitation conditions, the annihilation rate coefficient γ(t) was still dependent on time, γ(t) ∝ t(-1/2), which is attributed to anisotropic exciton diffusion in P3HT crystalline domains. From the annihilation rate coefficient, the singlet exciton diffusion coefficient D and exciton diffusion length LD in the crystalline domains were evaluated to be 7.9 × 10(-3) cm(2) s(-1) and 20 nm, respectively. The origin of the time-dependent exciton dynamics is discussed in terms of dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Tamai
- †Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuu Matsuura
- †Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohkita
- †Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- ‡Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Benten
- †Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shinzaburo Ito
- †Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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19
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Misra RDK, Depan D, Challa VSA, Shah JS. Supramolecular structures fabricated through the epitaxial growth of semiconducting poly(3-hexylthiophene) on carbon nanotubes as building blocks of nanoscale electronics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19122-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02089h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular architecture of P3HT crystallized as nanofibers on CNTs for photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D. K. Misra
- Center for Structural and Functional Materials
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette
- Lafayette, USA
| | - D. Depan
- Center for Structural and Functional Materials
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette
- Lafayette, USA
| | - V. S. A. Challa
- Center for Structural and Functional Materials
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette
- Lafayette, USA
| | - J. S. Shah
- Carbon-Based Materials
- Global Nanotechnology
- Mumbai 400062, India
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20
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Kadem BY, Al-hashimi MK, Hassan A. The Effect of Solution Processing on the Power Conversion Efficiency of P3HT-based Organic Solar Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Ma X, Guo Y, Wang T, Su Z. Scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of self-assembled poly(3-hexylthiophene) monolayer. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:014701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4811236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Shih MC, Huang BC, Lin CC, Li SS, Chen HA, Chiu YP, Chen CW. Atomic-scale interfacial band mapping across vertically phased-separated polymer/fullerene hybrid solar cells. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2387-2392. [PMID: 23621647 DOI: 10.1021/nl400091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscope (XSTM) with samples cleaved in situ in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber, this study demonstrates the direct visualization of high-resolution interfacial band mapping images across the film thickness in an optimized bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell consisting of nanoscale phase segregated blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). We were able to achieve the direct observation of the interfacial band alignments at the donor (P3HT)-acceptor (PCBM) interfaces and at the interfaces between the photoactive P3HT:PCBM blends and the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) anode modification layer with an atomic-scale spatial resolution. The unique advantage of using XSTM to characterize polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells allows us to explore simultaneously the quantitative link between the vertical morphologies and their corresponding local electronic properties. This provides an atomic insight of interfacial band alignments between the two opposite electrodes, which will be crucial for improving the efficiencies of the charge generation, transport, and collection and the corresponding device performance of polymer solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chuan Shih
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
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23
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Guo Y, Ma X, Su Z. Interfacial Interactions between Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Substrates. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302645m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Su
- State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People’s
Republic of China
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24
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Reecht G, Bulou H, Scheurer F, Speisser V, Carrière B, Mathevet F, Schull G. Oligothiophene nanorings as electron resonators for whispering gallery modes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:056802. [PMID: 23414040 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.056802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Structural and electronic properties of oligothiophene nanowires and rings synthesized on a Au(111) surface are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. The spectroscopic data of the linear and cyclic oligomers show remarkable differences which, to a first approximation, can be accounted by considering electronic state confinement to one-dimensional boxes having, respectively, fixed and periodic boundary conditions. A more detailed analysis shows that polythiophene must be treated as a ribbon (i.e., having an effective width) rather than a purely 1D structure. A fascinating consequence is that the molecular nanorings act as whispering gallery mode resonators for electrons, opening the way for new applications in quantum electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Reecht
- IPCMS de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 (CNRS-Université de Strasbourg), 67034 Strasbourg, France
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25
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Xu L, Yang L, Lei S. Self-assembly of conjugated oligomers and polymers at the interface: structure and properties. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4399-4415. [PMID: 22710438 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we give a brief account on the recent scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of interfacial structures and properties of π-conjugated semiconducting oligomers and polymers, either at the solid-air (including solid-vacuum) or at the solid-liquid interface. The structural aspects of the self-assembly of both oligomers and polymers are highlighted. Conjugated oligomers can form well ordered supramolecular assemblies either at the air-solid or liquid-solid interface, thanks to the relatively high mobility and structural uniformity in comparison with polymers. The backbone structure, substitution of side chains and functional groups can affect the assembling behavior significantly, which offers the opportunity to tune the supramolecular structure of these conjugated oligomers at the interface. For conjugated polymers, the large molecular weight limits the mobility on the surface and the distribution in size also prevents the formation of long range ordered supramolecular assembly. The submolecular resolution obtained on the assembling monolayers enables a detailed investigation of the chain folding at the interface, both the structural details and the effect on electronic properties. Besides the ability in studying the assembling structures at the interfaces, STM also provides a reasonable way to evaluate the distribution of the molecular weight of conjugated polymers by statistic of the contour length of the adsorbed polymer chains. Both conjugated oligomers and polymers can form composite assemblies with other materials. The ordered assembly of oligomers can act as a template to controllably disperse other molecules such as coronene or fullerene. These investigations open a new avenue to fine tune the assembling structure at the interface and in turn the properties of the composite materials. To summarize scanning tunneling microscopy has demonstrated its surprising ability in the investigation of the assembling structures and properties of conjugated oligomers and polymers. The information obtained could benefit the understanding of the elements affecting the film morphology and helps the optimization of device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
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26
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Salammal ST, Mikayelyan E, Grigorian S, Pietsch U, Koenen N, Scherf U, Kayunkid N, Brinkmann M. Impact of Thermal Annealing on the Semicrystalline Nanomorphology of Spin-Coated Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s as Observed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300906v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduard Mikayelyan
- Solid State
Physics, University of Siegen, Walter Flex
Strasse-3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Souren Grigorian
- Solid State
Physics, University of Siegen, Walter Flex
Strasse-3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Ullrich Pietsch
- Solid State
Physics, University of Siegen, Walter Flex
Strasse-3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Nils Koenen
- Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, D-42097, Gauss-Str. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, D-42097, Gauss-Str. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Navaphun Kayunkid
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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27
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Kohn P, Huettner S, Komber H, Senkovskyy V, Tkachov R, Kiriy A, Friend RH, Steiner U, Huck WTS, Sommer JU, Sommer M. On the Role of Single Regiodefects and Polydispersity in Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene): Defect Distribution, Synthesis of Defect-Free Chains, and a Simple Model for the Determination of Crystallinity. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4790-805. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210871j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kohn
- Biological
and Soft Systems,
Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Sven Huettner
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J
J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz- Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069
Dresden, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Senkovskyy
- Leibniz- Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069
Dresden, Germany
| | - Roman Tkachov
- Leibniz- Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069
Dresden, Germany
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz- Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069
Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J
J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Biological
and Soft Systems,
Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2
1EW, U.K
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz- Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069
Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2
1EW, U.K
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28
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Mena-Osteritz E, Urdanpilleta M, El-Hosseiny E, Koslowski B, Ziemann P, Bäuerle P. STM study on the self-assembly of oligothiophene-based organic semiconductors. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 2:802-8. [PMID: 22259763 PMCID: PMC3257505 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly properties of a series of functionalized regioregular oligo(3-alkylthiophenes) were investigated by using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the liquid-solid interface under ambient conditions. The characteristics of the 2-D crystals formed on the (0001) plane of highly ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) strongly depend on the length of the π-conjugated oligomer backbone, on the functional groups attached to it, and on the alkyl substitution pattern on the individual thiophene units. Theoretical calculations were performed to analyze the geometry and electronic density of the molecular orbitals as well as to analyze the intermolecular interactions, in order to obtain models of the 2-D molecular ordering on the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marta Urdanpilleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza de Europa, 1, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Erwaa El-Hosseiny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Berndt Koslowski
- Department of Solid State Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Ziemann
- Department of Solid State Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D 89081 Ulm, Germany
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29
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Beaujuge PM, Fréchet JMJ. Molecular Design and Ordering Effects in π-Functional Materials for Transistor and Solar Cell Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20009-29. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2073643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1268] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Beaujuge
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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30
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Bocheux A, Tahar-Djebbar I, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Douillard L, Mathevet F, Attias AJ, Charra F. Self-templating polythiophene derivatives: electronic decoupling of conjugated strands through staggered packing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10251-10255. [PMID: 21721572 DOI: 10.1021/la201743d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Whereas molecular electronics needs well-controlled 3D geometries for decoupling or interconnecting individual molecules, conjugated polymers form disordered structures when deposited on a substrate. We show that this trend can be overcome in polythiophene derivatives designed so as to exploit weak sulfur-bromine interactions. A self-template effect follows, leading to staggered organizations of well-aligned electronically decoupled conjugated strands, as observed in situ by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy on graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bocheux
- CEA/DSM/IRAMIS/Service de Physique et Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces/Laboratoire de Nanophotonique CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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31
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Brinkmann M. Structure and morphology control in thin films of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Bounioux C, Itzhak R, Avrahami R, Zussman E, Frey J, Katz EA, Yerushalmi-Rozen R. Electrospun fibers of functional nanocomposites composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes, fullerene derivatives, and poly(3-hexylthiophene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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DeLongchamp DM, Kline RJ, Fischer DA, Richter LJ, Toney MF. Molecular characterization of organic electronic films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:319-37. [PMID: 20809510 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronics have emerged as a viable competitor to amorphous silicon for the active layer in low-cost electronics. The critical performance of organic electronic materials is closely related to their morphology and molecular packing. Unlike their inorganic counterparts, polymers combine complex repeat unit structure and crystalline disorder. This combination prevents any single technique from being able to uniquely solve the packing arrangement of the molecules. Here, a general methodology for combining multiple, complementary techniques that provide accurate unit cell dimensions and molecular orientation is described. The combination of measurements results in a nearly complete picture of the organic film morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M DeLongchamp
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8541, USA.
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34
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Wang L, Tongol BJV, Yau SL, Otsubo T, Itaya K. Substrate-induced varied conformation and molecular assemblies: in situ STM observation of beta-substituted oligothiophene adlayers on Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7148-7152. [PMID: 20073524 DOI: 10.1021/la9042183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of 3,3'''-dihexyl-2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (4T) molecules on an Au(111) electrode was examined by using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy in 0.10 M HClO(4), revealing internal molecular structures of the tetrathiophene backbones and the hexyl side chains. The 4T admolecules were packed in lamellae with their molecular axis aligned along the main axis of the Au(111) substrate and their hexyl side chains interdigitated to enhance intermolecular interaction. Dynamics of molecular organization incurred by the shifting of potential was also observed in this study. By examining and comparing the adsorption of 4T on HOPG and Au(111), we address the role of the substrate in understanding the arrangement of 4T admolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 04, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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35
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Tongol BJV, Wang L, Yau SL, Otsubo T, Itaya K. Direct observation of conformational changes of beta-substituted duodecithiophene on a Au(111)-(square root(3) x 22) substrate using in situ electrochemical STM in 0.1 M HClO4. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:982-989. [PMID: 20067311 DOI: 10.1021/la902433j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of hexahexylduodecithiophene (12T) on a Au(111) electrode was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) in 0.10 M HClO(4). Potential control at 0.20 V (vs RHE) revealed adlayer structures of mostly folded and rarely angular (oblique) and extended conformations on a reconstructed Au(111)-(square root(3) x 22) surface. The angular and extended conformations predominate when the electrode potential is increased to 0.35 and 0.60 V. Folded structures are still evident, but dynamic STM studies showed unfolding of this conformation. With molecular STM imaging of 12T adlayers, we address the packing arrangement and conformational changes of 12T admolecules on the reconstructed Au(111) electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard John V Tongol
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 04, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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36
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Semenikhin OA. Mesoscopic inhomogeneity of conducting and semiconducting polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b811058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Pron A, Gawrys P, Zagorska M, Djurado D, Demadrille R. Electroactive materials for organic electronics: preparation strategies, structural aspects and characterization techniques. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:2577-632. [DOI: 10.1039/b907999h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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38
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Brinkmann M, Rannou P. Molecular Weight Dependence of Chain Packing and Semicrystalline Structure in Oriented Films of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Revealed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8023415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, 23 Rue du Loess, 67083 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire, Organique et Hybride, UMR5819-SPrAM (CEA/CNRS/Univ. J. FOURIER-Grenoble I), INAC, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Patrice Rannou
- Institut Charles Sadron, 23 Rue du Loess, 67083 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire, Organique et Hybride, UMR5819-SPrAM (CEA/CNRS/Univ. J. FOURIER-Grenoble I), INAC, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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39
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Giridharagopal R, Kelly KF. Substrate-dependent properties of polydiacetylene nanowires on graphite and MoS2. ACS NANO 2008; 2:1571-80. [PMID: 19206359 DOI: 10.1021/nn800287x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used to study polydiacetylene (PDA) nanowires and their electronic coupling with the surface. PDA nanowires exhibit intriguing substrate-dependent electronic effects when probed at varying sample bias voltage conditions on different substrate electrode materials, in this case, highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS(2)). An analysis of nanowire heights over a wide range of bias voltages shows strong polymer-substrate contact effects, the strength of which is reflected in the asymmetry of the height-voltage data on each substrate. On HOPG, PDA nanowires exhibit a decrease in height as the bias voltage magnitude is reduced, and the height is substantially greater at negative voltages than at positive voltages. On MoS(2), PDA nanowires appear with much higher contrast than on HOPG when imaged at the same negative bias conditions. At positive bias voltages on MoS(2), the nanowires are invisible in all STM images, yet the unpolymerized molecules can still be imaged. These effects are necessarily electronic in origin. Surprisingly, only the polymer nanowires exhibit any bias-dependent change; the unpolymerized molecules are imaged at all bias voltages on both substrates. Additionally, the substrate affects how the unpolymerized molecules are ordered. In some areas, the molecules are arranged such that part of the monolayer is offset from the correct threefold symmetry direction by a slight misfit angle. On HOPG, this misfit is approximately 6 degrees, while on MoS(2), it is approximately 11 degrees. Interactions with the substrate thus play a role both in electronic structure and in molecular alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Giridharagopal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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40
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Keg P, Lohani A, Fichou D, Lam YM, Wu Y, Ong BS, Mhaisalkar SG. Direct Observation of Alkyl Chain Interdigitation in Conjugated Polyquarterthiophene Self-Organized on Graphite Surfaces. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Okawa Y, Takajo D, Tsukamoto S, Hasegawa T, Aono M. Atomic force microscopy and theoretical investigation of the lifted-up conformation of polydiacetylene on a graphite substrate. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:1041-1047. [PMID: 32907137 DOI: 10.1039/b718402f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a single polydiacetylene compound on a graphite substrate was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The linear conjugated polydiacetylenes were obtained through chain polymerization of a monomolecular layer of diacetylene compound on a graphite substrate under ultraviolet light irradiation. AFM observations revealed that the polydiacetylenes were imaged higher than the unpolymerized monomer rows. This result supports the 'lifted-up' conformation model, in which the polydiacetylene backbone is geometrically raised. To investigate why the polymer backbone is lifted, we also carried out first-principles density-functional calculations in the local density approximation. These calculations suggested that the steric hindrance between the alkyl side-chains of the monomers and the oligomer caused the lifted-up conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Okawa
- Nano System Functionality Center, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. and ICORP, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takajo
- Nano System Functionality Center, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. and ICORP, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tsukamoto
- Nano System Functionality Center, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. and ICORP, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
- Nano System Functionality Center, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. and ICORP, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masakazu Aono
- ICORP, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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42
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Jaroch T, Knor M, Nowakowski R, Zagórska M, Proń A. Effect of molecular mass on supramolecular organisation of poly(4,4″-dioctyl-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:6182-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b805066j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Takajo D, Okawa Y, Hasegawa T, Aono M. Chain polymerization of diacetylene compound multilayer films on the topmost surface initiated by a scanning tunneling microscope tip. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:5247-50. [PMID: 17432888 DOI: 10.1021/la700241z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chain polymerizations of diacetylene compound multilayer films on graphite substrates were examined with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at the liquid/solid interface of the phenyloctane solution. The first layer grew very quickly into many small domains. This was followed by the slow formation of the piled up layers into much larger domains. Chain polymerization on the topmost surface layer could be initiated by applying a pulsed voltage between the STM tip and the substrate, usually producing a long polymer of submicrometer length. In contrast, polymerizations on the underlying layer were never observed. This can be explained by a conformation model in which the polymer backbone is lifted up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takajo
- ICORP, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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44
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Kumar J, Singh RK, Samanta SB, Rastogi RC, Singh R. Single-Step Magnetic Patterning of Iron Nanoparticles in a Semiconducting Polymer Matrix. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Scifo L, Dubois M, Brun MEL, Rannou P, Latil S, Rubio A, Grévin B. Probing the electronic properties of self-organized poly(3-dodecylthiophene) monolayers by two-dimensional scanning tunneling spectroscopy imaging at the single chain scale. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:1711-8. [PMID: 16895361 DOI: 10.1021/nl061018w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Regioregular poly(3-dodecylthiophene) films self-organized on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite have been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and two-dimensional scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). Simulated spectra in very good agreement with the experimental data have been obtained by a method combining ab initio and semiempirical approaches, which allows a careful discussion of the polymer electronic states. From the experimental data, with the support of modeling, it is shown that the STS spectra give a direct access to the polymer semiconducting band gap without noticeable charge-transfer effects from the substrate. Spectroscopic images are achieved at the single chain scale, which allows scrutinizing the electronic consequences of chain folds and pi-stacking effects through spectroscopic contrasts. While chain folds do not locally increase the polymer band gap more than a few tens of millielectonvolt, a striking widening of the STS conductance gap is observed in the case of electronic tunneling through two interacting polymer layers. Scenarios based on nonplanar configuration of thiophene cycles within the second layer or variations of the charge screening effects are proposed to explain this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorette Scifo
- UMR5819 (CEA-CNRS-Université Grenoble I), CEA/DRFMC/SPrAM/LEMOH, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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46
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Steiner G, Zimmerer C, Salzer R. Characterization of metal-supported poly(methyl methacrylate) microstructures by FTIR imaging spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:4125-30. [PMID: 16618154 DOI: 10.1021/la053221x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Thin microstructured poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films may be used as scaffolds for biosensor arrays. Microstructured pores form miniaturized vessels, each constituting an individual reaction vessel or detector element. Arrays of micropores with diameters between 2 and 80 microm were prepared in thin PMMA films on gold by optical lithography. Laterally resolved chemical information for microstructured PMMA films on a gold substrate was obtained by FTIR spectroscopic imaging. The carbonyl band was used to characterize the microstructure. Spectroscopic results indicate small amounts of PMMA residues inside the pores. A downshift of 5 cm(-1) compared to the position of the PMMA bulk carbonyl band indicates interactions of the PMMA residue with the gold substrate. Additional small bands are observed which indicate the formation of carboxylate during PMMA microstructuring. Three possible types of strong PMMA-gold interactions are discussed. All strong PMMA-gold interactions involve carbonyl or carboxyl oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Steiner
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Abdel-Mottaleb MMS, Götz G, Kilickiran P, Bäuerle P, Mena-Osteritz E. Influence of halogen substituents on the self-assembly of oligothiophenes--a combined STM and theoretical approach. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:1443-8. [PMID: 16460059 DOI: 10.1021/la052566c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated quaterthiophenes 2-3 have been synthesized and their self-assembling behavior investigated at the liquid-solid interface by means of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy in comparison to parent oligothiophene 1. All three compounds spontaneously give well-ordered 2D crystalline monolayers at the graphite surface and order in a lamella-type arrangement of the conjugated backbones concomitant with an interlocking of the alkyl side chains. Symmetrically substituted oligothiophenes 1 and 3 without a relevant dipole moment self-assemble in a similar fashion, exhibiting comparable unit cells, whereas monoiodo derivative 2 arranges as pairs along the lamella axis due to the presence of a permanent dipole moment induced by the polarizable halogen group. Corroborated by quantum chemical calculations, novel head-to-head (iodo-iodo) intermolecular interactions were found to take place for this unsymmetrical derivative. The investigation of mixed solutions clearly reveals that at the solid-liquid interface a homogeneous layer of this compound is formed, which comprises the highest packing density leading to a separation process at the interface.
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Sakaguchi H, Matsumura H, Gong H, Abouelwafa AM. Direct Visualization of the Formation of Single-Molecule Conjugated Copolymers. Science 2005; 310:1002-6. [PMID: 16284175 DOI: 10.1126/science.1117990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical polymerization of two different kinds of thiophene monomers on an iodine-covered gold surface created highly assembled conjugated copolymers with different electronic structures. A scanning tunneling microscope revealed images of several linkage types: diblock, triblock, and multiblock. The single strand of conjugated copolymers exhibited an anomalous swinging motion on the surface. This technique presents the possibility of understanding the copolymerization process from the different monomers on the single-molecular scale and of building single-molecule superlattices on a surface through controlled electropolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan.
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49
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De Feyter S, De Schryver F. Two-Dimensional Dye Assemblies on Surfaces Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. SUPERMOLECULAR DYE CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/b136670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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50
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Miura A, Jonkheijm P, De Feyter S, Schenning APHJ, Meijer EW, De Schryver FC. 2D self-assembly of oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) derivatives: from dimers to chiral rosettes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2005; 1:131-7. [PMID: 17193363 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) diaminotriazine derivatives and a short structurally related achiral diaminotriazine derivative, all having a rigid backbone in common, are studied to self-assemble at the solution-graphite interface by scanning tunneling microscopy. As a function of the length of the backbone, different two-dimensional motifs are formed (dimers and rosettes) that are rationalized in terms of the balance between different intermolecular interactions, in this case, intermolecular hydrogen bonding and the packing requirements of the alkyl chains on a graphite surface. In addition, the effect of molecular chirality on monolayer chirality is investigated, revealing molecular size-dependent expressions of the monolayer chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miura
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200-F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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