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Raczyńska ED, Gal JF, Maria PC. Enhanced Basicity of Push-Pull Nitrogen Bases in the Gas Phase. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13454-13511. [PMID: 27739663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen bases containing one or more pushing amino-group(s) directly linked to a pulling cyano, imino, or phosphoimino group, as well as those in which the pushing and pulling moieties are separated by a conjugated spacer (C═X)n, where X is CH or N, display an exceptionally strong basicity. The n-π conjugation between the pushing and pulling groups in such systems lowers the basicity of the pushing amino-group(s) and increases the basicity of the pulling cyano, imino, or phosphoimino group. In the gas phase, most of the so-called push-pull nitrogen bases exhibit a very high basicity. This paper presents an analysis of the exceptional gas-phase basicity, mostly in terms of experimental data, in relation with structure and conjugation of various subfamilies of push-pull nitrogen bases: nitriles, azoles, azines, amidines, guanidines, vinamidines, biguanides, and phosphazenes. The strong basicity of biomolecules containing a push-pull nitrogen substructure, such as bioamines, amino acids, and peptides containing push-pull side chains, nucleobases, and their nucleosides and nucleotides, is also analyzed. Progress and perspectives of experimental determinations of GBs and PAs of highly basic compounds, termed as "superbases", are presented and benchmarked on the basis of theoretical calculations on existing or hypothetical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Raczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) , ul. Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jean-François Gal
- Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN) - UMR CNRS 7272, University Nice Sophia Antipolis , Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Pierre-Charles Maria
- Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN) - UMR CNRS 7272, University Nice Sophia Antipolis , Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Perner D, Dreyer JW. Die Messung von Ion-Molekül-Reaktionen in der Gasphase mittels Pulsradiolyse am Beispiel des N2+(2Σg+). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19710750505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jockusch RA, Williams ER. Binding Energies of Proton-Bound Dimers of Imidazole and n-Acetylalanine Methyl Ester Obtained by Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation. J Phys Chem A 2012; 102:4543-50. [PMID: 16604163 PMCID: PMC1434664 DOI: 10.1021/jp980264w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dissociation kinetics of protonated n-acetyl-L-alanine methyl ester dimer (AcAlaME(d)), imidazole dimer, and their cross dimer were measured using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD). Master equation modeling of these data was used to extract threshold dissociation energies (E(o)) for the dimers. Values of 1.18 +/- 0.06, 1.11 +/- 0.04, and 1.12 +/- 0.08 eV were obtained for AcAlaME(d), imidazole dimer, and the cross dimer, respectively. Assuming that the reverse activation barrier for dissociation of the ion-molecule complex is negligible, the value of E(o) can be compared to the dissociation enthalpy (DeltaH(d) degrees ) from HPMS data. The E(o) values obtained for the imidazole dimer and the cross dimer are in agreement with HPMS values; the value for AcAlaME(d) is somewhat lower. Radiative rate constants used in the master equation modeling were determined using transition dipole moments calculated at the semiempirical (AM1) level for all dimers and compared to ab initio (RHF/3-21G*) calculations where possible. To reproduce the experimentally measured dissociation rates using master equation modeling, it was necessary to multiply semiempirical transition dipole moments by a factor between 2 and 3. Values for transition dipole moments from the ab initio calculations could be used for two of the dimers but appear to be too low for AcAlaME(d). These results demonstrate that BIRD, in combination with master equation modeling, can be used to determine threshold dissociation energies for intermediate size ions that are in neither the truncated Boltzmann nor the rapid energy exchange limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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Goldberg RA, Aikin AC. Studies of positive-ion composition in the equatorialD-region ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja076i034p08352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schuster P, Jakubetz W, Marius W. Molecular models for the solvation of small ions and polar molecules. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2006:1-107. [PMID: 766305 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0045206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Plumb IC, Smith D, Adams NG. Formation and loss of O+2and O+4ions in krypton-oxygen afterglow plasmas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/5/9/019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wójcik L, Bederski K. Determination of the ion transmission coefficient for a mass spectrometer with a quadrupole ion analyzer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(96)04363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Griffith KS, Gellene GI. Symmetry restrictions in diatom/diatom reactions. II. Nonmass‐dependent isotope effects in the formation of O+4. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kebarle P. Ion-molecule equilibria, how and why. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1992; 3:1-9. [PMID: 24242831 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(92)85012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1991] [Revised: 04/08/1991] [Accepted: 04/11/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Kebarle
- Chemistry Department, University of Alberta, T6G 2G2, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Meot-Ner (Mautner) M, Sieck L. Equilibrium studies by pulsed high pressure mass spectrometry: a calibration, and some pitfalls and solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(91)85104-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hiraoka K. A determination of the stabilities of O+2(O2)n and O−2(O2)n with n=1–8 from measurements of the gas‐phase ion equilibria. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.454976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gislason EA, Ferguson EE. The role of electron transfer stabilization in several gas phase ion–molecule reaction processes. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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van Koppen PA, Derai R, Kemper P, Liu S, Bowers MT. Ion/molecule association reactions. A study of the temperature dependence of the reactions CO+ + CO + M → (CO)2+ + M for M = CO, Ne, and He, and NO+ + 2 NO → (NO)2+ + NO. Experiment and theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(86)80010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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McAfee KB, Hozack RS. Energy and charge transfer in O+2 on O2 collisions: Effects of a ‘‘vibrational rainbow’’. J Chem Phys 1985. [DOI: 10.1063/1.449643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Märk T, Castleman A. Experimental Studies on Cluster Ions. ADVANCES IN ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2199(08)60266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Patrick R, Golden DM. The temperature dependence of ion–molecule association reactions. J Chem Phys 1985. [DOI: 10.1063/1.448738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Warman JM, Zhou‐lei M, van Lith D. Electron thermalization in nanosecond pulse‐ionized dry and humid air. J Chem Phys 1984. [DOI: 10.1063/1.448174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Elford MT. The heat of dissociation of H5+ derived from measurements of ion mobilities. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.445777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Speller CV, Fitaire M, Pointu AM. Three‐body association reactions of NO+ and O+2 with N2. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.446067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Böhringer H, Arnold F. Studies of ion/molecule reactions, ion mobilities, and their temperature dependence to very low temperatures using a liquid-helium-cooled ion drift tube. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(83)85076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Blades AT, Kebarle P. Chaperone participation in three body ion association reactions. The systems COH ++CO=(CO) 2H + and N 2H ++N 2=(N 2) 2H +. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.444830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rakshit AB, Warneck P. Formation and reactions of O2+·CO2, O2+·H2O and O2+(CO2)2 ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(81)80037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Linn SH, Ono Y, Ng CY. Molecular beam photoionization study of CO, N2, and NO dimers and clusters. J Chem Phys 1981. [DOI: 10.1063/1.441486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Rakshit AB, Warneck P. A drift chamber study of the formation of water cluster ions in oxygen. J Chem Phys 1980. [DOI: 10.1063/1.439985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mass spectrometric study of ions produced in oxygen at atmospheric pressure by a collisional dissociation method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(80)85032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Marcus P, Platzner I. A mass-spectrometric investigation of polymerization processes inuced by microwave irradiation in methane, methane—argon and methane—krypton mixtures during the formation of pyrolytic carbon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(79)80084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Smith GP, Cosby PC, Moseley JT. Photodissociation of atmospheric positive ions. I. 5300–6700 Å. J Chem Phys 1977. [DOI: 10.1063/1.435324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Tang IN, Lian MS, Castleman AW. Mass spectrometric study of gas‐phase clustering reactions: Hydration of the monovalent strontium ion. J Chem Phys 1976. [DOI: 10.1063/1.432854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Spjeldvik WN, Thorne RM. A simplified D-region model and its application to magnetic storm after-effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(75)90124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hiraoka K, Kebarle P. Temperature dependence of third order ion molecule reactions. The reaction H+3+2H2 = H+5+H2. J Chem Phys 1975. [DOI: 10.1063/1.431353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Howorka F, Lindinger W, Varney RN. Reaction rate constants in steady‐state hollow cathode discharges: N2+ H2O reactions. J Chem Phys 1974. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1681992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Fennelly PF, Payzant JD, Hemsworth RS, Bohme DK. Determination of the activation energy for the reaction Kr+(2P3/2) + H2(D2) → KrH+(KrD+) + H(D). J Chem Phys 1974. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1681033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Adams N, Dean A, Smith D. Thermal energy reactions of rare-gas atomic ions with molecular oxygen and nitrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(72)80073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Howard CJ, Bierbaum VM, Rundle HW, Kaufman F. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Formation of Water Cluster Ions from O2+ and H2O. J Chem Phys 1972. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1678783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Young CE, Falconer WE. Water Cluster Ions: Formation and Decomposition of Cluster Ions in the Oxygen‐Water System. J Chem Phys 1972. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1678340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Payzant JD, Kebarle P. Kinetics of Reactions Leading to O2‐(H2O)n in Moist Oxygen. J Chem Phys 1972. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1677723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Payzant JD, Kebarle P. Clustering Equilibrium N2++2N2=N4++N2 and the Bond Dissociation Energy of N4+. J Chem Phys 1970. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1674010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Conway DC, Janik GS. Determination of the Bond Energies for the Series O2–O2+ through O2–O10+. J Chem Phys 1970. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1674262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Adams NG, Bohme DK, Dunkin DB, Fehsenfeld FC, Ferguson EE. Flowing Afterglow Studies of Formation and Reactions of Cluster Ions of O2+, O2−, and O−. J Chem Phys 1970. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1673449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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