Cyanogen Flames and the Dissociation Energy of N2

Atomic absorption spectroscopy with high temperature flames

An account is given of the history of the development of high temperature flames for the atomic absorption measurement of metals forming refractory oxides. The principles governing the design of premix burners for such flames, and the relative merits of different types of nebulizer burner systems are described. After a brief account of the structure and emission characteristics of the premixed oxygen-acetylene and nitrous oxide-acetylene flames, the scope and limitations of the latter flame in chemical analysis are discussed.

Plasma diagnostics by spectroscopic methods

Spectroscopic techniques for the measurement of plasma parameters are reviewed for a range of temperatures up to 10(6) degrees K. Tables and figures of useful data have been prepared or have been collected from the literature for ready application to experimental measurements. The problem of making spatially resolved intensity measurements in an optically thin axisymmetric plasma column is discussed.

A SYSTEM OF MOLECULAR THERMOCHEMISTRY FOR ORGANIC GASES AND LIQUIDS

An analysis has been made of the heats of formation and combustion of organic gases and liquids, and of the heats of vaporization of liquids. The work has been done as far as possible with homologous series, in order to discover systematic effects. The data are converted into heats of atomization, i.e., the heats required to convert the gases or liquids into their constituent atoms. It is shown that the heats of atomization of the gaseous aliphatic hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins, and acetylenes) can be accurately represented by a scheme in which a distinction is made between primary, secondary, and tertiary carbon–hydrogen bonds, and between bonds that are next to, and next but one to, multiple bonds. For aromatic molecules an appropriate correction for resonance is proposed. For other types of compound it is found that suitable values for the various bonds (e.g., C–CHO, C–OH) will give rise to good agreement with experiment.It is shown that to a reliable approximation heats of vaporization are also amenable to the same treatment. Since this is so it is possible to assign bond values on the basis of which it is possible to make predictions about heats of formation of liquids.A system of coefficients is worked out by means of which the numbers of atoms of various kinds in a molecule can be expressed in terms of the numbers of the different kinds of bonds. On the basis of these it is shown how bond contributions to heats of formation and heats of combustion can be calculated. A table (Table X) gives the contributions proposed for the heats of atomization, heats of formation, and heats of combustion for both gases and liquids.