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Chemin A, Lam J, Laurens G, Trichard F, Motto-Ros V, Ledoux G, Jarý V, Laguta V, Nikl M, Dujardin C, Amans D. Doping nanoparticles using pulsed laser ablation in a liquid containing the doping agent. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3963-3972. [PMID: 36132111 PMCID: PMC9419851 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00223e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While doping of semiconductors or oxides is crucial for numerous technological applications, its control remains difficult especially when the material is reduced down to the nanometric scale. In this paper, we show that pulsed laser ablation of an undoped solid target in an aqueous solution containing activator ions offers a new way to synthesise doped-nanoparticles. The doping efficiency is evaluated for laser ablation of an undoped Gd2O3 target in aqueous solutions of EuCl3 with molar concentration from 10-5 mol L-1 to 10-3 mol L-1. Thanks to luminescence experiments, we show that the europium ions penetrate the core of the synthesised monoclinic Gd2O3 nanoparticles. We also show that the concentration of the activators in the nanoparticles is proportional to the initial concentration in europium ions in the aqueous solution, and a doping of about 1% ([Eu]/[Gd] atomic ratio) is reached. On the one hand, this work could open new ways for the synthesis of doped nanomaterials. On the other hand, it also raises the question of undesired penetration of impurities in laser-generated nanoparticles in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsène Chemin
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Julien Lam
- Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles Code Postal 231, Boulevard du Triomphe 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Gaétan Laurens
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Florian Trichard
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Vincent Motto-Ros
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Ledoux
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Vítězslav Jarý
- Inst Phys AS CR Cukrovarnicka 10 Prague 16200 Czech Republic
| | - Valentyn Laguta
- Inst Phys AS CR Cukrovarnicka 10 Prague 16200 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Nikl
- Inst Phys AS CR Cukrovarnicka 10 Prague 16200 Czech Republic
| | - Christophe Dujardin
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - David Amans
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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Gribisch P, Schmidt J, Osten HJ, Fissel A. Influence of nanostructure formation on the crystal structure and morphology of epitaxially grown Gd 2O 3 on Si(001). ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:59-70. [PMID: 32830779 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520618017869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of growth conditions on the layer orientation, domain structure and crystal structure of gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) on silicon (001) has been investigated. Gd2O3 was grown at low (250°C) and high (850°C) temperatures with different oxygen partial pressure as well as a temperature ramp up during growth. At low temperature, the cubic bixbyite type of crystal structure with space group Ia{\bar 3} was grown at low oxygen partial pressure. The layers consist of two domains oriented orthogonal to each other. The epitaxial relationships for the two domains were found to be Gd2O3(110)[001]||Si(001)[110] and Gd2O3(110)[001]||Si(001)[{\bar 1}10], respectively. Applying additional oxygen during growth results in a change in crystal and domain structures of the grown layer into the monoclinic Sm2O3-type of structure with space group C2/m with (20\bar 1) orientation and mainly two orthogonal domains with the epitaxial relationship Gd2O3(20\bar 1)[010]||Si(100)〈110〉 and a smooth surface morphology. Some smaller areas have two intermediate azimuthal orientations between these variants, which results in a six-domain structure. The change in crystal structure can be understood based on the Gibbs-Thomson effect caused by the initial nucleation of nanometre-sized islands and its variation in diameter with a change in growth conditions. The crystal structure remains stable even against a temperature ramp up during growth. The layers grown at high temperature exhibit a nanowire-like surface morphology, where the nanowires have a cubic crystal structure and are aligned orthogonal to each other along the 〈110〉 in-plane directions. An increase in oxygen supply results in a reduced length and increased number of nanowires due to lower adatom mobility. The results clearly indicate that both kinetic and thermodynamic factors have a strong impact on the crystal structure, epitaxial relationship and morphology of the grown layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gribisch
- Institute of Electronic Materials and Devices, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 32, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Jan Schmidt
- Institute of Electronic Materials and Devices, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 32, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Hans Jörg Osten
- Institute of Electronic Materials and Devices, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 32, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Andreas Fissel
- Institute of Electronic Materials and Devices, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 32, Hannover, 30167, Germany
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Ichikawa RU, Linhares HMSM, Peral I, Baldochi SL, Ranieri IM, Turrillas X, Martinez LG. Insights into the Local Structure of Tb-Doped KY 3F 10 Nanoparticles from Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5128-5136. [PMID: 31457788 PMCID: PMC6641747 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pure and Tb-doped nanocrystalline KY3F10 specimens were synthesized by coprecipitation, and portions of the samples underwent further heat treatment at 600 °C in a fluorinated atmosphere. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns acquired at 30 keV allowed to determine both long- and short-range ordered structures by Rietveld and pair distribution function (PDF) analyses, respectively. PDF examination of the as-synthesized sample allowed to discern a slight deviation from the basic cubic building unit because the Y-F bond lengths could be explained in S.G. I4/mmm with cell parameters a = 8.1520(9) Å and c = 11.5876(29) Å, whereas Rietveld analysis could equally well fit both the cubic and tetragonal descriptions for the heat-treated specimens. Also, PDF revealed that the as-synthesized sample exhibited less structural coherence than the heat-treated one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo U. Ichikawa
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais and Centro de Lasers
e Aplicações, IPEN-CNEN/SP,
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas
e Nucleares, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Horacio M. S. M.
D. Linhares
- Instituto
do Noroeste Fluminense de Educação Superior, UFF/INFES, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Santo Antônio de Pádua, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 28470-000, Brazil
| | - Inma Peral
- Faculté
des Sciences, de la Technologie et de la Communication, Université du Luxembourg, 162 A, Avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Materials
Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology, Belval Innovation Campus 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sonia L. Baldochi
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais and Centro de Lasers
e Aplicações, IPEN-CNEN/SP,
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas
e Nucleares, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Izilda M. Ranieri
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais and Centro de Lasers
e Aplicações, IPEN-CNEN/SP,
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas
e Nucleares, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Xavier Turrillas
- Department
of Crystallography, ICMAB/CSIC, Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ALBA
Synchrotron, Carrer de
la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis G. Martinez
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais and Centro de Lasers
e Aplicações, IPEN-CNEN/SP,
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas
e Nucleares, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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Kaczmarek AM, Van Hecke K, Van Deun R. Nano- and micro-sized rare-earth carbonates and their use as precursors and sacrificial templates for the synthesis of new innovative materials. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:2032-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth carbonate nano- and micro-materials are reviewed, focusing on factors that influence the morphology and luminescence, as well as their applications as precursors and sacrificial templates for other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Kaczmarek
- L3- Luminescent Lanthanide Lab
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Krijgslaan 281-S3
- Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Krijgslaan 281-S3
- Belgium
| | - Rik Van Deun
- L3- Luminescent Lanthanide Lab
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Krijgslaan 281-S3
- Belgium
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Yuan HK, Chen H, Tian CL, Kuang AL, Wang JZ. Density functional calculations for structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of gadolinium-oxide clusters. J Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4871410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Masenelli B, Mollet O, Boisron O, Canut B, Ledoux G, Bluet JM, Mélinon P, Dujardin C, Huant S. YAG:Ce nanoparticle lightsources. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:165703. [PMID: 23535555 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/16/165703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the luminescence properties of 10 nm yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) nanoparticles doped with Ce ions at 0.2%, 4% and 13% that are designed as active probes for scanning near-field optical microscopy. They are produced by a physical method without any subsequent treatment, which is imposed by the desired application. The structural analysis reveals the amorphous nature of the particles, which we relate to some compositional defects as indicated by the elemental analysis. The optimum emission is obtained with a doping level of 4%. The emission of the YAG nanoparticles doped at 0.2% is strongly perturbed by the crystalline disorder whereas the 13% doped particles hardly exhibit any luminescence. In the latter case, the presence of Ce(4+) ions is confirmed, indicating that the Ce concentration is too high to be incorporated efficiently in YAG nanoparticles in the trivalent state. By a unique procedure combining cathodoluminescence and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, we demonstrate that the enhancement of the particle luminescence yield is not proportional to the doping concentration, the emission enhancement being larger than the Ce concentration increase. Time-resolved photoluminescence reveals the presence of quenching centres likely related to the crystalline disorder as well as the presence of two distinct Ce ion populations. Eventually, nano-cathodoluminescence indicates that the emission and therefore the distribution of the doping Ce ions and of the defects are homogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Masenelli
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, UMR 5270 CNRS and INSA Lyon, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, Université de Lyon F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Masenelli B, Ledoux G, Amans D, Dujardin C, Mélinon P. Shells of crystal field symmetries evidenced in oxide nano-crystals. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:305706. [PMID: 22781830 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/30/305706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
By the use of a point charge model based on the Judd-Ofelt transition theory, the luminescence from Eu(3+) ions embedded in Gd(2)O(3) clusters is calculated and compared to the experimental data. The main result of the numerical study is that without invoking any other mechanisms such as crystal disorder, the pure geometrical argument of the symmetry breaking induced by the particle surface has an influence on the energy level splitting. The modifications are also predicted to be observable in realistic conditions where unavoidable size dispersion has to be taken into account. The emission spectrum results from the contribution of three distinct regions; a cluster core, a cluster shell and the very surface, the latter being almost completely quenched in realistic conditions. Eventually, by detailing the spectra of the ions embedded at different positions in the cluster we get an estimate of about 0.5 nm for the extent of the crystal field induced Stark effect. Due to the similarity between Y (2)O(3) and Gd(2)O(3), these results also apply to Eu(3+) doped Y(2)O(3) nanoparticles.
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Pillonnet A, Le Bihan V, Masenelli B, Ledoux G, Marty O, Mélinon P, Dujardin C. Thin film growth using hetero embryo: demonstration on pyrochlore phase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:1543-1547. [PMID: 20443574 DOI: 10.1021/am100203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports the possible use of nanoparticles embedded in amorphous host as hetero embryos in order to grow complex crystalline phases as thin film. Demonstration is performed in the prototypical case of pyrochlore phase Gd(2)Ti(2)O(7) grown from Gd(2)O(3) nanoparticles embedded in TiO(2) matrix at low temperature. As embryos, two kinds of nanoparticles are compared: clusters deposited by low energy cluster beam deposition (LECBD) and nanostructured films elaborated by sol-gel process. The growth has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the nanoparticles have been doped with Eu(3+) luminescence probes in order to follow the nucleation mechanisms at the atomic scale. It is shown that the size, shape, and composition of hetero embryos and as well their interfaces are of paramount importance to enhance the formation of complex materials, such as pyrochlore. By this mean, the first step in classical nucleation science, controlling the height of the energetic barrier, is skipped and the synthesis conditions can be eased.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pillonnet
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Materiaux Luminescents, CNRS UMR 5620, Universite de Lyon, Universite Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Ledoux G, Amans D, Dujardin C, Masenelli-Varlot K. Facile and rapid synthesis of highly luminescent nanoparticles via pulsed laser ablation in liquid. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:445605. [PMID: 19809121 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/44/445605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the usefulness of pulsed laser ablation in liquids as a fast screening synthesis method able to prepare even complex compositions at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles of Y2O3:Eu3+, Lu2O2S:Eu3+, Gd2SiO5:Ce3+, Lu3TaO7:Gd3+ and Tb3+ are successfully synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids. The phase and stoichiometries of the original materials are preserved while the sizes are reduced down to 5-10 nm. The optical properties of the materials are also preserved but show some small variations and some additional structures which are attributed to the specificities of the nanoscale (internal pressure, inhomogeneous broadening, surface states, etc).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ledoux
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Ou M, Mutelet B, Martini M, Bazzi R, Roux S, Ledoux G, Tillement O, Perriat P. Optimization of the synthesis of nanostructured Tb3+-doped Gd2O3 by in-situ luminescence following up. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 333:684-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Controlled shape growth of Eu- or Tb-doped luminescent Gd2O3 colloidal nanocrystals. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 331:236-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cuche A, Masenelli B, Ledoux G, Amans D, Dujardin C, Sonnefraud Y, Mélinon P, Huant S. Fluorescent oxide nanoparticles adapted to active tips for near-field optics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:015603. [PMID: 19417257 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/1/015603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a new kind of fluorescent oxide nanoparticle (NP) with properties well suited to active-tip based near-field optics. These particles with an average diameter in the 5-10 nm range are produced by low energy cluster beam deposition (LECBD) from a YAG:Ce3+ target. They are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cathodoluminescence, near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and fluorescence in the photon-counting mode. Particles of extreme photo-stability as small as 10 nm in size are observed. These emitters are validated as building blocks of active NSOM tips by coating a standard optical tip with a 10 nm thick layer of YAG:Ce3+ particles directly in the LECBD reactor and by subsequently performing NSOM imaging of test surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuche
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble, France
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Masenelli B, Nicolas D, Mélinon P. Is a highly ionic material still ionic as a nanoparticle? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1233-1239. [PMID: 18623294 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of ionicity with size in highly ionic nanoparticles is investigated in small sesquioxide clusters. Representative clusters (Y2O3)N (N < 50) are theoretically analyzed by first-principle calculations within the density functional theory within the local-density approximation (DFT-LDA) framework and compared to experimental results obtained in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. By studying the structural relaxation and the electronic density of states as a function of size, the respective roles of ionicity and covalency are elucidated. For compounds as ionic as rare earth sesquioxides, the highly ionic bond essentially governs and preserves the crystalline structure. Particular attention is paid to the mechanism responsible for the surface relaxation. The role of the ions at the corners and edges appears prominent, especially in reducing the dipole carried by the particles. Eventually, contrary to the observations and computations concerning ionic surfaces, the mean ionicity remains constant as the size is reduced. It emphasizes that the description of highly ionic nanoparticles cannot be directly inferred from knowledge regarding the ionic surface reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Masenelli
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, LPMCN, CNRS, UMR 5586, Villeurbanne Cedex 69622, France
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