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Toigawa T, Kai T, Kumagai Y, Yokoya A. Consideration of the dielectric response for radiation chemistry simulations. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214119. [PMID: 38836449 DOI: 10.1063/5.0211089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The spur reaction, a spatially nonhomogeneous chemical reaction following ionization, is crucial in radiolysis or photolysis in liquids, but the spur expansion process has yet to be elucidated. One reason is the need to understand the role of the dielectric response of the solvating molecules surrounding the charged species generated by ionization. The dielectric response corresponds to the time evolution of the permittivity and might affect the chemical reaction-diffusion of the species in a spur expansion process. This study examined the competitive relationship between reaction-diffusion kinetics and the dielectric response by solving the Debye-Smoluchowski equation while considering the dielectric response. The Coulomb force between the charged species gradually decreases with the dielectric response. Our calculation results found a condition where fast recombination occurs before the dielectric response is complete. Although it has been reported that the primary G-values of free electrons depend on the static dielectric constant under low-linear-energy transfer radiation-induced ionization, we propose that considering the dielectric response can provide a deeper insight into fast recombination reactions under high-linear-energy transfer radiation- or photo-induced ionization. Our simulation method enables the understanding of fast radiation-induced phenomena in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Toigawa
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kai
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yuta Kumagai
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Akinari Yokoya
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-8555, Japan
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2
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Jones LO, Schatz GC. Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics of Water Cluster Dissociation by Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption or Electron Impact Excitation. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38469673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
After five decades of investigation since the 1970s, the nature of photon-induced or electron-induced water dissociation is still largely studied only in the gas phase, with a notable absence of dynamics studies of water clusters and bulk water. We study the problem with density functional theory and the nonadiabatic fewest switches surface hopping technique considering both singlet and triplet excited states to study the dissociation of water clusters leading mainly to OH + H. For clusters of 40 water molecules, the mean dissociation time was found to be <10 fs, and the threshold energy was ∼6 eV. Dissociation is almost exclusively associated with the cluster surface due to the lower energy of surface water excited states relative to the bulk. Recombination plays a major role in vacuum ultraviolet dissociation. O + H2 is found as a minor product in the dissociation and is mostly produced in "roaming" trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton O Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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3
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Kai T, Toigawa T, Matsuya Y, Hirata Y, Tezuka T, Tsuchida H, Yokoya A. First-principles simulation of an ejected electron produced by monochromatic deposition energy to water at the femtosecond order. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32371-32380. [PMID: 37928859 PMCID: PMC10623242 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study uses a time-dependent first-principles simulation code to investigate the transient dynamics of an ejected electron produced in the monochromatic deposition energy from 11 to 19 eV in water. The energy deposition forms a three-body single spur comprising a hydroxyl radical (OH˙), hydronium ion (H3O+), and hydrated electron (eaq-). The earliest formation involves electron thermalization and delocalization dominated by the molecular excitation of water. Our simulation results show that the transient electron dynamics primarily depends on the amount of deposition energy to water; the thermalization time varies from 200 to 500 fs, and the delocalization varies from 3 to 10 nm in this energy range. These features are crucial for determining the earliest single-spur formation and facilitating a sequential simulation from an energy deposition to a chemical reaction in water photolysis or radiolysis. The spur radius obtained from the simulation correlates reasonably with the experimental-based estimations. Our results should provide universalistic insights for analysing ultrafast phenomena dominated by the molecular excitation of water in the femtosecond order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kai
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Toigawa
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuya
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Yuho Hirata
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Tomoya Tezuka
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8530 Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tsuchida
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8530 Japan
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Akinari Yokoya
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku Chiba-shi 263-8555 Japan
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4
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Abstract
Knowledge of the electronic structure of an aqueous solution is a prerequisite to understanding its chemical and biological reactivity and its response to light. One of the most direct ways of determining electronic structure is to use photoelectron spectroscopy to measure electron binding energies. Initially, photoelectron spectroscopy was restricted to the gas or solid phases due to the requirement for high vacuum to minimize inelastic scattering of the emitted electrons. The introduction of liquid-jets and their combination with intense X-ray sources at synchrotrons in the late 1990s expanded the scope of photoelectron spectroscopy to include liquids. Liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy is now an active research field involving a growing number of research groups. A limitation of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of aqueous solutions is the requirement to use solutes with reasonably high concentrations in order to obtain photoelectron spectra with adequate signal-to-noise after subtracting the spectrum of water. This has excluded most studies of organic molecules, which tend to be only weakly soluble. A solution to this problem is to use resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy with ultraviolet (UV) light pulses (hν ≲ 6 eV). However, the development of UV liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy has been hampered by a lack of quantitative understanding of inelastic scattering of low kinetic energy electrons (≲5 eV) and the impact on spectral lineshapes and positions.In this Account, we describe the key steps involved in the measurement of UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions: photoionization/detachment, electron transport of low kinetic energy electrons through the conduction band, transmission through the water-vacuum interface, and transport through the spectrometer. We also explain the steps we take to record accurate UV photoelectron spectra of liquids with excellent signal-to-noise. We then describe how we have combined Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and spectral inversion with molecular dynamics simulations of depth profiles of organic solutes in aqueous solution to develop an efficient and widely applicable method for retrieving true UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions. The huge potential of our experimental and spectral retrieval methods is illustrated using three examples. The first is a measurement of the vertical detachment energy of the green fluorescent protein chromophore, a sparingly soluble organic anion whose electronic structure underpins its fluorescence and photooxidation properties. The second is a measurement of the vertical ionization energy of liquid water, which has been the subject of discussion since the first X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement in 1997. The third is a UV photoelectron spectroscopy study of the vertical ionization energy of aqueous phenol which demonstrates the possibility of retrieving true photoelectron spectra from measurements with contributions from components with different concentration profiles.
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Scholz M, Fortune WG, Tau O, Fielding HH. Accurate Vertical Ionization Energy of Water and Retrieval of True Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectra of Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6889-6895. [PMID: 35862937 PMCID: PMC9358712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) photoelectron spectroscopy provides a direct way of measuring valence electronic structure; however, its application to aqueous solutions has been hampered by a lack of quantitative understanding of how inelastic scattering of low-energy (<5 eV) electrons in liquid water distorts the measured electron kinetic energy distributions. Here, we present an efficient and widely applicable method for retrieving true UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions. Our method combines Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and spectral inversion, with molecular dynamics simulations of depth profiles of organic solutes in aqueous solution. Its application is demonstrated for both liquid water, and aqueous solutions of phenol and phenolate, which are ubiquitous biologically relevant structural motifs.
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6
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Effects of electrostatic field treatment on the maturation characteristics of rum and its mechanism. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Chauhan R, Dinesh GK, Alawa B, Chakma S. A critical analysis of sono-hybrid advanced oxidation process of ferrioxalate system for degradation of recalcitrant pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130324. [PMID: 33789218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emerging contaminants in wastewater discharged from numerous chemical process industries, pharmaceutical industries, textile, and wineries have attracted the attention of the scientific community due to their toxicity and persistence in the environment. The conventional techniques are incompetent to treat many of such recalcitrant toxic pollutants. To achieve high mineralization, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are found to be more efficient for the degradation of these organic pollutants without producing secondary pollutants with no/less amount of sludge. The primary oxidation agents for AOPs are in-situ generated free radicals, which are highly reactive and effective oxidants for degrading any type of organic molecules present in the wastewater. In the past decades, the combination of AOPs or simultaneous application of more than one AOP has been investigated extensively for wastewater treatment and these hybrid-AOPs have been reported to be beneficial for high-level mineralization of organic pollutants. This paper presented the characteristics, properties and influence of parameters in sono-photo-ferrioxalate system. The primary operating parameters in sono-photo-ferrioxalate system that affect the kinetics are defined as the solution pH, temperature, molar ratio of Fe3+/C2O42-, H2O2 concentration, source of light, ultrasound intensity, dissolved gases, and size of cavitation bubble. In this process, several oxidizing radicals are generated such as HO•, HO2•, C2O4•-, CO2•- and O2•- which are also responsible for degradation. In this review, we have mainly addressed the degradation of recalcitrant pollutants using the sono-photo-ferrioxalate system and a critical analysis of process parameters that influence mineralization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Chauhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - G Kumaravel Dinesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India; School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Bablu Alawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sankar Chakma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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8
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Leier J, Michenfelder NC, Unterreiner A. Understanding the Photoexcitation of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:72-82. [PMID: 33565733 PMCID: PMC7874249 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoexcitation of (neat) room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) leads to the observation of transient species that are reminiscent of the composition of the RTILs themselves. In this minireview, we summarize state-of-the-art in the understanding of the underlying elementary processes. By varying the anion or cation, one aim is to generally predict radiation-induced chemistry and physics of RTILs. One major task is to address the fate of excess electrons (and holes) after photoexcitation, which implies an overview of various formation mechanisms considering structural and dynamical aspects. Therefore, transient studies on time scales from femtoseconds to microseconds can greatly help to elucidate the most relevant steps after photoexcitation. Sometimes, radiation may eventually result in destruction of the RTILs making photostability another important issue to be discussed. Finally, characteristic heterogeneities can be associated with specific physicochemical properties. Influencing these properties by adding conventional solvents, like water, can open a wide field of application, which is briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Leier
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Nadine C. Michenfelder
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Andreas‐Neil Unterreiner
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
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9
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Pothier MP, Lenoble V, Garnier C, Misson B, Rentmeister C, Poulain AJ. Dissolved organic matter controls of arsenic bioavailability to bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:137118. [PMID: 32059299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of arsenic in irrigation and drinking waters is a threat to worldwide human health. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a ubiquitous and photoreactive sorbent of arsenic, capable of both suppressing and enhancing its mobility. Microbes can control the mobilization of mineral-bound arsenic, through redox processes thought to occur intracellularly. The role that DOM plays on the bioavailability of arsenic to microbes is often invoked but remains untested experimentally. Here, using a whole-cell biosensor, we tested the role of DOM on As(III) and As(V) bioavailability. Using cation amendments, we explored the nature of As-DOM interactions. We found As bioavailability to be dependent on [As]/[DOM] ratio and on the strength of As binding to DOM which varied as a function of time. We further tested the role of DOM on As(III) photooxidation and showed that As(III) photooxidation rate is limited by the strength of its interactions with DOM and sensitive to ionic competitive desorption. Our study demonstrates the dynamic control that photoreactive DOM poses on the bioavailability and reactivity of As in the environment and highlights the kinetic controls that DOM can possibly exert on As toxicity at various levels in foodwebs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Pothier
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Véronique Lenoble
- Univ. Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Univ. Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France
| | - Benjamin Misson
- Univ. Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France
| | - Charlotte Rentmeister
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alexandre J Poulain
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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10
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Yang S, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Change of Initial Yield of a Hydrated Electron with Uridine Monophosphate Concentration Is Related to the Excitation Photon Energy in Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3695-3700. [PMID: 32310667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The initial yield of a hydrated electron (eaq-) in a solution under laser pulse irradiation was investigated by pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy. The initial quantum yield of eaq- varies with the concentration of uridine monophosphate (UMP). The variation of the concentration of eaq- is often used to study the prehydrated electron (epre-) and eaq- attachment to UMP. The results of 320 and 260 nm excitations were compared. It was found that with the increase of UMP concentration, the initial yield of eaq- increases at 320 nm excitation, but decreases at 260 nm excitation. The further analysis indicates that some of the epre- attachments to UMP before solvation at 260 nm excitation result in the decrease of the eaq- yield. In addition, the absorption of UMP to 260 nm also causes the decrease of the eaq- yield. After the excitation at 320 nm, the phosphate group of UMP can release electrons more easily than that of water molecules by two-photon absorption, and therefore the eaq- yield increases. With the increase of UMP concentration, the decay rate of eaq- increases because eaq- is captured by UMP. The change of excitation photon does not affect the reaction rate of eaq- attachment to UMP. The longer lifetime of eaq- obtained at 260 nm excitation than 320 nm excitation is induced by the larger eaq- escape probability at 260 nm excitation. Our results show that the femtosecond pulse pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy method should be cautiously used because of its complexity in studying the epre- attachment to nucleotides in an aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
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11
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Svoboda V, Michiels R, LaForge AC, Med J, Stienkemeier F, Slavíček P, Wörner HJ. Real-time observation of water radiolysis and hydrated electron formation induced by extreme-ultraviolet pulses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0385. [PMID: 32010776 PMCID: PMC6968931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The dominant pathway of radiation damage begins with the ionization of water. Thus far, however, the underlying primary processes could not be conclusively elucidated. Here, we directly study the earliest steps of extreme ultraviolet (XUV)-induced water radiolysis through one-photon excitation of large water clusters using time-resolved photoelectron imaging. Results are presented for H2O and D2O clusters using femtosecond pump pulses centered at 133 or 80 nm. In both excitation schemes, hydrogen or proton transfer is observed to yield a prehydrated electron within 30 to 60 fs, followed by its solvation in 0.3 to 1.0 ps and its decay through geminate recombination on a ∼10-ps time scale. These results are interpreted by comparison with detailed multiconfigurational non-adiabatic ab-initio molecular dynamics calculations. Our results provide the first comprehensive picture of the primary steps of radiation chemistry and radiation damage and demonstrate new approaches for their study with unprecedented time resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vít Svoboda
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Michiels
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron C. LaForge
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakub Med
- Department of Physical chemistry, UCT Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical chemistry, UCT Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Stetina TF, Sun S, Lingerfelt DB, Clark A, Li X. The Role of Excited-State Proton Relays in the Photochemical Dynamics of Water Nanodroplets. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3694-3698. [PMID: 31091108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we applied nonadiabatic excited-state molecular dynamics in tandem with ab initio electronic structure theory to illustrate a complete mechanistic landscape underpinning the ultraviolet absorption-initiated photochemical dynamics in water nanodroplets. The goal is to understand the nonequilibrium excited-state molecular dynamics initiated by the relaxation of a solvated photoelectron and consequential photochemical processes. The lowest-lying excited state shows the proton dissociation for a single water molecule forming intermediate hydronium complexes through a proton relay. At approximately 100 fs, the proton relay process gives rise to the relaxation of the excited state accompanied by a rapid increase in the nonadiabatic coupling strength with the ground state, and the nanodroplet nonradiatively decays. The nonadiabatic transition to the ground state produces excited vibrational states that facilitate the recombination of the dissociated proton and hydroxyl group, eventually leading to the desorption of water molecules from the nanodroplet. Additionally, lifetimes of transient photochemical events are also resolved for the relaxation of a solvated electron, excited-state proton relay, and nonradiative transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torin F Stetina
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Shichao Sun
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - David B Lingerfelt
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Aurora Clark
- Department of Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164 , United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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13
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Dinesh GK, Chakma S. Degradation kinetic study of cholesterol lowering statin drug using sono-hybrid techniques initiated by metal-free polymeric catalyst. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Liang XX, Zhang Z, Vogel A. Multi-rate-equation modeling of the energy spectrum of laser-induced conduction band electrons in water. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:4672-4693. [PMID: 30876080 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.004672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the energy spectrum of laser-induced conduction band (CB) electrons in water by multi-rate equations (MRE) with different impact ionization schemes. Rethfeld's MRE model [Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 187401(2004)Phys. Rev.B 79, 155424(2009)], but the corresponding rate equations are computationally very expensive. We introduce a simplified splitting scheme and corresponding rate equations that still agree with energy conservation but enable the derivation of an asymptotic SRE. This approach is well suited for the calculation of energy spectra at long pulse durations and high irradiance, and for combination with spatiotemporal beam propagation/plasma formation models. Using the energy-conserving MREs, we present the time-evolution of CB electron density and energy spectrum during femtosecond breakdown as well as the irradiance dependence of free-electron density, energy spectrum, volumetric energy density, and plasma temperature. These data are relevant for understanding photodamage pathways in nonlinear microscopy, free-electron-mediated modifications of biomolecules in laser surgery, and laser processing of transparent dielectrics in general.
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15
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Pohl MN, Muchová E, Seidel R, Ali H, Sršeň Š, Wilkinson I, Winter B, Slavíček P. Do water's electrons care about electrolytes? Chem Sci 2019; 10:848-865. [PMID: 30774880 PMCID: PMC6346409 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03381a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ions have a profound effect on the geometrical structure of liquid water and an aqueous environment is known to change the electronic structure of ions. Here we combine photoelectron spectroscopy measurements from liquid microjets with molecular dynamical and quantum chemical calculations to address the reverse question, to what extent do ions affect the electronic structure of liquid water? We study aqueous solutions of sodium iodide (NaI) over a wide concentration range, from nearly pure water to 8 M solutions, recording spectra in the 5 to 60 eV binding energy range to include all water valence and the solute Na+ 2p, I- 4d, and I- 5p orbital ionization peaks. We observe that the electron binding energies of the solute ions change only slightly as a function of electrolyte concentration, less than 150 ± 60 meV over an ∼8 M range. Furthermore, the photoelectron spectrum of liquid water is surprisingly mildly affected as we transform the sample from a dilute aqueous salt solution to a viscous, crystalline-like phase. The most noticeable spectral changes are a negative binding energy shift of the water 1b2 ionizing transition (up to -370 ± 60 meV) and a narrowing of the flat-top shape water 3a1 ionization feature (up to 450 ± 90 meV). A novel computationally efficient technique is introduced to calculate liquid-state photoemission spectra using small clusters from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations embedded in dielectric continuum. This theoretical treatment captured the characteristic positions and structures of the aqueous photoemission peaks, reproducing the experimentally observed narrowing of the water 3a1 feature and weak sensitivity of the water binding energies to electrolyte concentration. The calculations allowed us to attribute the small binding energy shifts to ion-induced disruptions of intermolecular electronic interactions. Furthermore, they demonstrate the importance of considering concentration-dependent screening lengths for a correct description of the electronic structure of solvated systems. Accounting for electronic screening, the calculations highlight the minimal effect of electrolyte concentration on the 1b1 binding energy reference, in accord with the experiments. This leads us to a key finding that the isolated, lowest-binding-energy, 1b1, photoemission feature of liquid water is a robust energetic reference for aqueous liquid microjet photoemission studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin N Pohl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany .
- Fachbereich Physik , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Eva Muchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague , Czech Republic .
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , D-14109 Berlin , Germany .
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Department of Chemistry , Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Hebatallah Ali
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany .
- Fachbereich Physik , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Štěpán Sršeň
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague , Czech Republic .
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , D-14109 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague , Czech Republic .
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16
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Dinesh GK, Chakma S. Mechanistic investigation in degradation mechanism of 5-Fluorouracil using graphitic carbon nitride. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 50:311-321. [PMID: 30270007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the synthesis of metal-free polymeric catalyst, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), through sonochemical method followed by thermal treatment. The synthesized g-C3N4 was characterized using XRD, DRS, FESEM, TGA, EDX, etc. and the characterization results revealed that it possesses medium band-gap energy, high thermal and chemical stability. The photo-activity of the catalyst was also evaluated using degradation of 5-Fluorouracil under different experimental conditions. The results revealed that the addition of H2O2 during sonolysis process did not show any significant synergy. This is attributed to the low vapor pressure of H2O2 that does not allow it to diffuse into the cavitation bubble to produce OH radicals through sonolysis process. Using sono-hybrid process, more than 90% degradation was seen within 5 min of treatment with a rate constant of 3.95 × 10-2 s-1. In alkaline medium, 5-Fluorouracil degradation occurred through defluorination and subsequently substitution of -OH group to the aromatic ring leading to formation of intermediates such as 2-fluoro-3-oxopropanoic acid and urea. While sono-hybrid advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) helped towards complete mineralization through formation of smaller molecular compounds such as maleic acids, lactic acids, propanol, etc. On the other hand, the maximum synergy effect of ∼2.4 was seen for sonocatalysis process followed by hybrid-AOPs of (US + g-C3N4 + H2O2 + UVC) with a synergy factor of ∼2.2. Also, the synthesized catalyst exhibited the same catalytic activity even after 5 runs of sono-photocatalysis process for degradation of 5-Fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kumaravel Dinesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, M.P., India
| | - Sankar Chakma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, M.P., India.
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17
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Wang X, Zhou Z, Tang Y, Chen J, Zhong D, Jianhua Xu. Excited State Decay Pathways of 2'-Deoxy-5-methylcytidine and Deoxycytidine Revisited in Solution: A Comprehensive Kinetic Study by Femtosecond Transient Absorption. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:7027-7037. [PMID: 29939745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methylated cytosine is proved to have an important role as an epigenetic signal in gene regulation and is often referred to "the fifth base of DNA". A comprehensive understanding of the electronic excited state relaxation in cytosine and its methylated derivatives is crucial for revealing UV-induced photodamage to the biological genome. Because of the existence of multiple closely lying "bright" and "dark" excited states, the decay pathways in these DNA nucleosides are the most complex and the least understood so far. In this study, femtosecond transient absorption with different excitation wavelengths (240-296 nm) was used to study the relaxation of excited electronic states of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine (5mdCyd) in phosphate buffered aqueous solution and in acetonitrile solution. Two distinct nonradiative decay channels were directly observed. The first one is a several picosecond internal conversion channel that involves two bright ππ* states (ππ*2 and ππ*1) when ππ*2 state is initially populated. The second channel contains the lower energy ππ*1 state and a so far experimental unidentified long-lived state which exhibits a several nanosecond lifetime. The long-lived state can only be accessed by the initially excited ππ*1 state. Inspired by this new discovery in 5mC and 5mdCyd, we revisited the decay of excited state of 2'-deoxycytidine (dCyd), revealing very similar decay pathways. Additionally, a well-known dark nOπ* state (carbonyl lone pair) with ∼30 ps lifetime is present in both decay channels in dCyd. With our detailed experimental results, we successfully reconcile the long history debate of cytosine excited state relaxation mechanism by pointing out that the reason for the complex dynamics under traditional 266 nm excitation is mixed signals from the above-mentioned two distinct decay pathways. Our findings lead to a dramatically different and new picture of electronic energy relaxation in 5mdCyd/dCyd and could help to understand photostability as well as UV-induced photodamage of these nucleotides and related DNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy , East China Normal University , Shanghai , 200062 China
| | - Zhongneng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy , East China Normal University , Shanghai , 200062 China
| | - Yuankai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy , East China Normal University , Shanghai , 200062 China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy , East China Normal University , Shanghai , 200062 China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , China
| | - Dongping Zhong
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Programs of Biophysics, Chemical Physics, and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy , East China Normal University , Shanghai , 200062 China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , China
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18
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Sun Z, Zhang C, Xing L, Zhou Q, Dong W, Hoffmann MR. UV/Nitrilotriacetic Acid Process as a Novel Strategy for Efficient Photoreductive Degradation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2953-2962. [PMID: 29397704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a toxic, bioaccumulative, and highly persistent anthropogenic chemical. Hydrated electrons ( eaq-) are potent nucleophiles that can effectively decompose PFOS. In previous studies, eaq- are mainly produced by photoionization of aqueous anions or aromatic compounds. In this study, we proposed a new photolytic strategy to generate eaq- and in turn decompose PFOS, which utilizes nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as a photosensitizer to induce water photodissociation and photoionization, and subsequently as a scavenger of hydroxyl radical (•OH) to minimize the geminate recombination between •OH and eaq-. The net effect is to increase the amount of eaq- available for PFOS degradation. The UV/NTA process achieved a high PFOS degradation ratio of 85.4% and a defluorination ratio of 46.8% within 10 h. A pseudo-first-order rate constant ( k) of 0.27 h-1 was obtained. The laser flash photolysis study indicates that eaq- is the dominant reactive species responsible for PFOS decomposition. The generation of eaq- is greatly enhanced and its half-life is significantly prolonged in the presence of NTA. The electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement verified the photodissociation of water by detecting •OH. The model compound study indicates that the acetate and amine groups are the primary reactive sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Chaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Lu Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Wenbo Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde-Robinson Laboratories , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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19
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Kumar G, Roy A, McMullen RS, Kutagulla S, Bradforth SE. The influence of aqueous solvent on the electronic structure and non-adiabatic dynamics of indole explored by liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss 2018; 212:359-381. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00123e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) in a liquid micro-jet is implemented here to investigate the influence of water on the electronic structure and dynamics of indole, the chromophore of the amino acid tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Anirban Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Ryan S. McMullen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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20
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Rivas N, Moriena G, Domenianni L, Hodak JH, Marceca E. Counterion effects on the ultrafast dynamics of charge-transfer-to-solvent electrons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31581-31591. [PMID: 29170768 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05903e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We performed femtosecond transient absorption (TA) experiments to monitor the solvation dynamics of charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) electrons originating from UV photoexcitation of ammoniated iodide in close proximity to the counterions. Solutions of KI were prepared in liquid ammonia and TA experiments were carried out at different temperatures and densities, along the liquid-gas coexistence curve of the fluid. The results complement previous femtosecond TA work by P. Vöhringer's group in neat ammonia via multiphoton ionization. The dynamics of CTTS-detached electrons in ammonia was found to be strongly affected by ion pairing. Geminate recombination time constants as well as escape probabilities were determined from the measured temporal profiles and analysed as a function of the medium density. A fast unresolved (τ < 250 fs) increase of absorption related to the creation/thermalization of solvated electron species was followed by two decay components: one with a characteristic time around 10 ps, and a slower one that remains active for hundreds of picoseconds. While the first process is attributed to an early recombination of (I, e-) pairs, the second decay and its asymptote reflects the effect of the K+ counterion on the geminate recombination dynamics, rate and yield. The cation basically acts as an electron anchor that restricts the ejection distance, leading to solvent-separated counterion-electron species. The formation of (K+, NH3, e-) pairs close to the parent iodine atom brings the electron escape probability to very low values. Transient spectra of the electron species have also been estimated as a function of time by probing the temporal profiles at different wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rivas
- DQIAQF-FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 3er piso, Pabellón II, Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Argentina.
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21
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Guan J, Daljeet R, Song Y. Pressure-selected reactivity between 2-butyne and water induced by two-photon excitation. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-pressure photochemistry between 2-butyne (H3CC≡CCH3) and trace amount of H2O was investigated at room temperature using multiline UV radiation at λ ≈ 350 nm and monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. Instead of the expected polymerization of 2-butyne, the IR spectral analysis suggests the formation of cis- and trans-2-butene, as well as 2-butanone, as the primary products. The possible reaction mechanisms and production pathways of these products were examined, where the dissociation of water molecule as the other reactant is believed as the essential step of the photochemical reaction. We further found that initial loading pressure of the mixture can not only substantially influence the reaction kinetics, but also regulate the accessibilities to some reaction channels, which was evidenced by quantitative analysis of the characteristic IR bands of 2-butene and 2-butanone. The relative abundance of two products is found to be highly dependent on pressure and radiation time. This study provides attractive physical routes in the absence of solvents, catalysts, and radical initiators, to synthesis the relevant products with a great selectivity and feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Guan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Roshan Daljeet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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22
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Preparation and micropatterning of gold nanoparticles by femtosecond laser-induced optical breakdown. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Thøgersen J, Coletta A, Keiding SR, Jensen F, Jones N, Hoffmann SV, Jensen SJK. Protonation of aqueous alanine by photoionization of water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:1560-1570. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07235f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydronium ions produced by photolysis of water are used to study the protonation dynamics of alanine zwitterions in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Thøgersen
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - A. Coletta
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - S. R. Keiding
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - F. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - N. Jones
- ISA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - S. V. Hoffmann
- ISA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
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24
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Jiao Y, Adams B, Rose-Petruck C. Ultrafast X-ray measurements of the glass-like, high-frequency stiffness of aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21095-21100. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02747h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast dynamics of the domains surrounding solutes in aqueous solution were measured using laser-generating GHz phonons in 30 mM ferrocyanide solutions and the resulting molecular motions of the solutes and their hydrogen-bonded solvation shells were detected using ultrafast X-ray absorption spectroscopy (UXAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuo Jiao
- Department of Chemistry
- Brown University
- Providence
- USA
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25
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Jabbari G, Sadri K, Cederbaum LS, Gokhberg K. Strong enhancement of cage effects in water photolysis caused by interatomic Coulombic decay. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:164307. [PMID: 27131550 DOI: 10.1063/1.4947238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the solvent on the photodissociation of embedded molecules has been intensively investigated in the last decades. Collisions of photofragments with the solvating atoms or molecules can change their kinetic energy distribution or even lead to the de-excitation of the dissociating molecule to a bound electronic state quenching the dissociation. In this article we show that this cage effect is strongly enhanced if interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) of the excited state becomes allowed. Ab initio calculations in H2O-Cl(-) cluster show that the ultra-fast dissociation of water in the à excited state is strongly quenched by ICD. We found that this very efficient quenching is due to two factors. First, the lifetimes of the à state due to ICD are short ranging between 6 and 30 fs. Second, nuclear dynamics is dominated by the chattering motion of the H atom between O and Cl(-) allowing ICD to act for longer times. We hope that this work will be an important first step in clarifying the impact of ICD on photodissociation of embedded molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Jabbari
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keyvan Sadri
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kirill Gokhberg
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Crouse J, Loock HP, Cann NM. The photoexcitation of crystalline ice and amorphous solid water: A molecular dynamics study of outcomes at 11 K and 125 K. J Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4926666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Crouse
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - H.-P. Loock
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - N. M. Cann
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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27
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Morrison AF, You ZQ, Herbert JM. Ab Initio Implementation of the Frenkel–Davydov Exciton Model: A Naturally Parallelizable Approach to Computing Collective Excitations in Crystals and Aggregates. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:5366-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500765m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhi-Qiang You
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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28
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Madsen JR, Akabani G. Low-energy cross-section calculations of single molecules by electron impact: a classical Monte Carlo transport approach with quantum mechanical description. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:2285-305. [PMID: 24731979 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/9/2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present state of modeling radio-induced effects at the cellular level does not account for the microscopic inhomogeneity of the nucleus from the non-aqueous contents (i.e. proteins, DNA) by approximating the entire cellular nucleus as a homogenous medium of water. Charged particle track-structure calculations utilizing this approximation are therefore neglecting to account for approximately 30% of the molecular variation within the nucleus. To truly understand what happens when biological matter is irradiated, charged particle track-structure calculations need detailed knowledge of the secondary electron cascade, resulting from interactions with not only the primary biological component-water--but also the non-aqueous contents, down to very low energies. This paper presents our work on a generic approach for calculating low-energy interaction cross-sections between incident charged particles and individual molecules. The purpose of our work is to develop a self-consistent computational method for predicting molecule-specific interaction cross-sections, such as the component molecules of DNA and proteins (i.e. nucleotides and amino acids), in the very low-energy regime. These results would then be applied in a track-structure code and thereby reduce the homogenous water approximation. The present methodology-inspired by seeking a combination of the accuracy of quantum mechanics and the scalability, robustness, and flexibility of Monte Carlo methods-begins with the calculation of a solution to the many-body Schrödinger equation and proceeds to use Monte Carlo methods to calculate the perturbations in the internal electron field to determine the interaction processes, such as ionization and excitation. As a test of our model, the approach is applied to a water molecule in the same method as it would be applied to a nucleotide or amino acid and compared with the low-energy cross-sections from the GEANT4-DNA physics package of the Geant4 simulation toolkit for the energy ranges of 7 eV to 1 keV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Madsen
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, 337 Zachry Engineering Center, 3133 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3133, USA
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29
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Swiatla-Wojcik D, Mozumder A. Assessment of hydrogen bonding effect on ionization of water from ambient to supercritical region–MD simulation approach. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Urbanek J, Vöhringer P. Below-Band-Gap Ionization of Liquid-to-Supercritical Ammonia: Geminate Recombination via Proton-Coupled Back Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem B 2013; 118:265-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janus Urbanek
- Abteilung für Molekulare
Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische
Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Abteilung für Molekulare
Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische
Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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31
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Schiller R, Horváth Á. Reaction enthalpies along the two channels of geminate electron recombination in liquid-to-supercritical water. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Gengler RYN, Badali DS, Zhang D, Dimos K, Spyrou K, Gournis D, Miller RJD. Revealing the ultrafast process behind the photoreduction of graphene oxide. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2560. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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33
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Zhang Y, Oliver TAA, Das S, Roy A, Ashfold MNR, Bradforth SE. Exploring the Energy Disposal Immediately After Bond-Breaking in Solution: The Wavelength-Dependent Excited State Dissociation Pathways of para-Methylthiophenol. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12125-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405160n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Thomas A. A. Oliver
- School of Chemistry, Cantocks Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Saptaparna Das
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Anirban Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | | | - Stephen E. Bradforth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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34
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Urbanek J, Vöhringer P. Vertical Photoionization of Liquid-to-Supercritical Ammonia: Thermal Effects on the Valence-to-Conduction Band Gap. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8844-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404532s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janus Urbanek
- Abteilung für Molekulare
Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Abteilung für Molekulare
Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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35
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Zhang Y, Oliver TAA, Ashfold MNR, Bradforth SE. Contrasting the excited state reaction pathways of phenol and para-methylthiophenol in the gas and liquid phases. Faraday Discuss 2013; 157:141-63; discussion 243-84. [PMID: 23230767 DOI: 10.1039/c2fd20043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore how the solvent influences primary aspects of bond breaking, the gas and solution phase photochemistries of phenol and ofpara-methylthiophenol are directly compared using, respectively, H (Rydberg) atom photofragment translation spectroscopy and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Approaches are demonstrated that allow explicit comparisons of the nascent product energy disposals and dissociation mechanisms in the two phases. It is found, at least for the case of the weakly perturbing cyclohexane environment, that most aspects of the primary reaction dynamics of the isolated molecule are reproduced in solution. Specifically, in the gas phase, both molecules can undergo fast X-H (X = O, S) bond dissociation upon excitation with short wavelengths (193 < lambda(pump) < 216 nm), following population of the dissociative S2 (1 1(pi sigma*)) state. Product electronic branching, vibrational and translational energy disposals are determined. Photolysis of phenol and para-methylthiophenol in solution at 200 nm results in formation of vibrationally excited radicals on a timescale shorter than 200 fs. Excitation of para-methylthiophenol at 267 nm reaches close to the S1 (1 1(pipi*))/S2 (11(pi sigma*)) conical intersection (CI): ultrafast dissociation is observed in both the isolated and solution systems-again indicating direct dissociation on the S2 potential energy surface. Comparing results for this precursor at different excitation energies, the extent of geminate recombination and the derived H-atom ejection lengths in the condensed phase photolyses are in qualitative agreement with the translational energy release measured in the gas phase studies. Conversely, excitation of phenol at 267 nm prepares the system in its S1 state at an energy well below its S1/S2 CI; the slow O-H bond fission inferred in the gas phase experiments is observed directly in the time-resolved studies in cyclohexane solution via the appearance of phenoxyl radical absorption after -1 ns, with only S1 excited state absorption discernible at earlier delay times. The slow O-H bond fission in solution provides additional evidence for a tunnelling dissociation mechanism, where the H atom tunnels beneath the lower diabats of the S2/S1 CI. Finally, the photodissociation of phenol clusters in solution is considered, where evidence is presented that the O-H dissociation coordinate is impeded in H-bonded dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (IOM), Chemical Department, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany, and Wilhelm-Ostwald Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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37
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Segarra-Martí J, Roca-Sanjuán D, Merchán M, Lindh R. On the photophysics and photochemistry of the water dimer. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:244309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4772187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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38
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Buchner F, Ritze HH, Beutler M, Schultz T, Hertel IV, Lübcke A. Role of alkali cations for the excited state dynamics of liquid water near the surface. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:024503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4732582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Marsalek O, Elles CG, Pieniazek PA, Pluhařová E, VandeVondele J, Bradforth SE, Jungwirth P. Chasing charge localization and chemical reactivity following photoionization in liquid water. J Chem Phys 2012; 135:224510. [PMID: 22168706 DOI: 10.1063/1.3664746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultrafast dynamics of the cationic hole formed in bulk liquid water following ionization is investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and an experimentally accessible signature is suggested that might be tracked by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. This is one of the fastest fundamental processes occurring in radiation-induced chemistry in aqueous systems and biological tissue. However, unlike the excess electron formed in the same process, the nature and time evolution of the cationic hole has been hitherto little studied. Simulations show that an initially partially delocalized cationic hole localizes within ~30 fs after which proton transfer to a neighboring water molecule proceeds practically immediately, leading to the formation of the OH radical and the hydronium cation in a reaction which can be formally written as H(2)O(+) + H(2)O → OH + H(3)O(+). The exact amount of initial spin delocalization is, however, somewhat method dependent, being realistically described by approximate density functional theory methods corrected for the self-interaction error. Localization, and then the evolving separation of spin and charge, changes the electronic structure of the radical center. This is manifested in the spectrum of electronic excitations which is calculated for the ensemble of ab initio molecular dynamics trajectories using a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM∕MM) formalism applying the equation of motion coupled-clusters method to the radical core. A clear spectroscopic signature is predicted by the theoretical model: as the hole transforms into a hydroxyl radical, a transient electronic absorption in the visible shifts to the blue, growing toward the near ultraviolet. Experimental evidence for this primary radiation-induced process is sought using femtosecond photoionization of liquid water excited with two photons at 11 eV. Transient absorption measurements carried out with ~40 fs time resolution and broadband spectral probing across the near-UV and visible are presented and direct comparisons with the theoretical simulations are made. Within the sensitivity and time resolution of the current measurement, a matching spectral signature is not detected. This result is used to place an upper limit on the absorption strength and/or lifetime of the localized H(2)O(+) ((aq)) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Marsalek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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40
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Urbanek J, Dahmen A, Torres-Alacan J, Königshoven P, Lindner J, Vöhringer P. Femtosecond Two-Photon Ionization and Solvated Electron Geminate Recombination in Liquid-to-Supercritical Ammonia. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2223-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211725r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janus Urbanek
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Dahmen
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joel Torres-Alacan
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Königshoven
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Lindner
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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41
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Zhang B, Zeng XA, Sun DW, Yu SJ, Yang MF, Ma S. Effect of Electric Field Treatments on Brandy Aging in Oak Barrels. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-0788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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42
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Goto T, Ikehata A, Morisawa Y, Higashi N, Ozaki Y. The effect of metal cations on the nature of the first electronic transition of liquid water as studied by attenuated total reflection far-ultraviolet spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8097-104. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40633k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Simulation of electronic excitation in the liquid state by quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Lin ZR, Zeng XA, Yu SJ, Sun DW. Enhancement of Ethanol–Acetic Acid Esterification Under Room Temperature and Non-catalytic Condition via Pulsed Electric Field Application. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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45
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Direct observation of ultrafast-electron-transfer reactions unravels high effectiveness of reductive DNA damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11778-83. [PMID: 21730183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104367108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both water and electron-transfer reactions play important roles in chemistry, physics, biology, and the environment. Oxidative DNA damage is a well-known mechanism, whereas the relative role of reductive DNA damage is unknown. The prehydrated electron (e(pre)-), a novel species of electrons in water, is a fascinating species due to its fundamental importance in chemistry, biology, and the environment. e(pre)- is an ideal agent to observe reductive DNA damage. Here, we report both the first in situ femtosecond time-resolved laser spectroscopy measurements of ultrafast-electron-transfer (UET) reactions of e(pre)- with various scavengers (KNO(3), isopropanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide) and the first gel electrophoresis measurements of DNA strand breaks induced by e(pre)- and OH(•) radicals co-produced by two-UV-photon photolysis of water. We strikingly found that the yield of reductive DNA strand breaks induced by each e(pre)- is twice the yield of oxidative DNA strand breaks induced by each OH(•) radical. Our results not only unravel the long-standing mystery about the relative role of radicals in inducing DNA damage under ionizing radiation, but also challenge the conventional notion that oxidative damage is the main pathway for DNA damage. The results also show the potential of femtomedicine as a new transdisciplinary frontier and the broad significance of UET reactions of e(pre)- in many processes in chemistry, physics, biology, and the environment.
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Fischer MK, Rossmadl H, Iglev H. Novel geminate recombination channel after indirect photoionization of water. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:214507. [PMID: 21663367 DOI: 10.1063/1.3597776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the photolysis of neat protonated and heavy water using pump-probe and pump-repump-probe spectroscopy. A novel recombination channel is reported leading to ultrafast quenching (0.7 ± 0.1 ps) of almost one third of the initial number of photo-generated electrons. The efficiency and the recombination rate of this channel are lower in heavy water, 27 ± 5% and (0.9 ± 0.1 ps)(-1), respectively. Comparison with similar data measured after photodetachment of aqueous hydroxide provides evidence for the formation of short-lived OH:e(-) (OD:e(-)) pairs after indirect photoionization of water at 9.2 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Fischer
- Physik-Department E 11, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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47
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Siefermann KR, Abel B. The Hydrated Electron: A Seemingly Familiar Chemical and Biological Transient. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5264-72. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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48
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Siefermann KR, Abel B. Das hydratisierte Elektron - eine scheinbar vertraute transiente Spezies in chemischen und biologischen Systemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Oliver TAA, Zhang Y, Ashfold MNR, Bradforth SE. Linking photochemistry in the gas and solution phase: S–H bond fission in p-methylthiophenol following UV photoexcitation. Faraday Discuss 2011; 150:439-58; discussion 505-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c0fd00031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Torres-Alacan J, Kratz S, Vöhringer P. Independent pairs and Monte-Carlo simulations of the geminate recombination of solvated electrons in liquid-to-supercritical water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20806-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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