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Temperton RH, Kawde A, Eriksson A, Wang W, Kokkonen E, Jones R, Gericke SM, Zhu S, Quevedo W, Seidel R, Schnadt J, Shavorskiy A, Persson P, Uhlig J. Dip-and-pull ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy as a spectroelectrochemistry tool for probing molecular redox processes. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:244701. [PMID: 36586986 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) can provide a compelling platform for studying an analyte's oxidation and reduction reactions in solutions. This paper presents proof-of-principle operando measurements of a model organometallic complex, iron hexacyanide, in an aqueous solution using the dip-and-pull technique. The data demonstrates that the electrochemically active liquid meniscuses on the working electrodes can undergo controlled redox reactions which were observed using APXPS. A detailed discussion of several critical experimental considerations is included as guidance for anyone undertaking comparable experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anurag Kawde
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Axl Eriksson
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Weijia Wang
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Esko Kokkonen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rosemary Jones
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Maria Gericke
- Division of Combustion Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Suyun Zhu
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Petter Persson
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
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Temperton RH, Guo M, D'Acunto G, Johansson N, Rosemann NW, Prakash O, Wärnmark K, Schnadt J, Uhlig J, Persson P. Resonant X-ray photo-oxidation of light-harvesting iron (II/III) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22144. [PMID: 34772983 PMCID: PMC8590020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two photoactive iron N-heterocyclic carbene complexes \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${[\hbox {Fe}^{{{\rm{II}}}}(\hbox {btz})_2(\hbox {bpy})]^{2+}}$$\end{document}[FeII(btz)2(bpy)]2+ and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${[\hbox {Fe}^{{\rm{III}}}(\hbox {btz})_3]^{3+}}$$\end{document}[FeIII(btz)3]3+, where btz is 3,3’-dimethyl-1,1’-bis(p-tolyl)-4,4’-bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene) and bpy is 2,2’-bipyridine, have been investigated by Resonant Photoelectron Spectroscopy (RPES). Tuning the incident X-ray photon energy to match core-valence excitations provides a site specific probe of the electronic structure properties and ligand-field interactions, as well as information about the resonantly photo-oxidised final states. Comparing measurements of the Fe centre and the surrounding ligands demonstrate strong mixing of the Fe \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\hbox {t}_{{\rm{2g}}}}$$\end{document}t2g levels with occupied ligand \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pi$$\end{document}π orbitals but weak mixing with the corresponding unoccupied ligand orbitals. This highlights the importance of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pi$$\end{document}π-accepting and -donating considerations in ligand design strategies for photofunctional iron carbene complexes. Spin-propensity is also observed as a final-state effect in the RPES measurements of the open-shell \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {Fe}^{{\rm{III}}}$$\end{document}FeIII complex. Vibronic coupling is evident in both complexes, where the energy dispersion hints at a vibrationally hot final state. The results demonstrate the significant impact of the iron oxidation state on the frontier electronic structure and highlights the differences between the emerging class of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {Fe}^{{\rm{III}}}$$\end{document}FeIII photosensitizers from those of more traditional \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {Fe}^{{\rm{II}}}$$\end{document}FeII complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Temperton
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70, Lund, Sweden
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giulio D'Acunto
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niclas Johansson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nils W Rosemann
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Petter Persson
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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Eriksson SK, Hahlin M, Axnanda S, Crumlin E, Wilks R, Odelius M, Eriksson AIK, Liu Z, Åhlund J, Hagfeldt A, Starr DE, Bär M, Rensmo H, Siegbahn H. In-Situ Probing of H2O Effects on a Ru-Complex Adsorbed on TiO2 Using Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kusama H, Sayama K. A comparative computational study on the interactions of N719 and N749 dyes with iodine in dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4379-87. [PMID: 25578335 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05636a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular interactions of the two most basic Ru(II) complex dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), N719 and N749, with the iodine species are investigated using density functional theory (DFT). In addition to interactions with a single I2 molecule, multiple I2 interactions and simultaneous interactions of I2 and I(-) occur. N719 with two isothiocyanato (NCS) ligands interacts with two I2 molecules via the two terminal S atoms in the ground singlet electronic state, whereas N749 with three NCS ligands forms three S···I-I bonds. Irrespective of the NCS position and the number of I2 molecules, N749 has a stronger interaction with I2 than N719. Conversely, the interaction of I(-) with oxidized N749 via the terminal S atom of the NCS ligand is weaker than that with oxidized N719. However, simultaneous interactions of oxidized N749 with two I2 molecules promote the I(-) interaction, and the I(-) interaction with N749 becomes stronger than that with N719 bonded to both an I2 and I(-). The computational results of multiple interactions between the dye and iodine species suggest that the difference in DSSC performance between N719 and N749 dyes is explained by recombination related to the I2 interaction and regeneration of the oxidized dye by I(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kusama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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Cao L, Gao XY, Wee ATS, Qi DC. Quantitative femtosecond charge transfer dynamics at organic/electrode interfaces studied by core-hole clock spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:7880-7888. [PMID: 24692009 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor materials have important applications in organic electronics and other novel hybrid devices. In these devices, the transport of charge carriers across the interfaces between organic molecules and electrodes plays an important role in determining the device performance. Charge transfer dynamics at the organic/electrode interface usually occurs at the several femtoseconds timescale, and quantitative charge transfer dynamics data can been inferred using synchrotron-based core-hole clock (CHC) spectroscopy. In this research news, we have reviewed recent progress in the applications of CHC spectroscopy on the quantitative characterization of charge transfer dynamics at organic/electrode interfaces. By examining charge transfer dynamics at different types of interface, from weakly interacting van der Waals-type interfaces to interfaces with strong covalent bonds, we discuss a few factors that have been found to affect the charge transfer dynamics. We also review the application of CHC spectroscopy to quantify through-bonds and through-space charge transport in organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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Pookpanratana S, Savchenko I, Natoli SN, Cummings SP, Richter LJ, Robertson JWF, Richter CA, Ren T, Hacker CA. Attachment of a diruthenium compound to Au and SiO2/Si surfaces by "click" chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10280-10289. [PMID: 25110126 DOI: 10.1021/la501670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of electrodes with functionalized properties is of interest in many electronic applications with the surface impacting the electrical and electronic properties of devices. We report the formation of molecular monolayers containing a redox-active diruthenium(II,III) compound to gold and silicon surfaces via "click" chemistry. The use of Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition enables modular design of molecular surfaces and interfaces and allows for a variety of substrates to be functionalized. Attachment of the diruthenium compound is monitored by using infrared and photoelectron spectroscopies. The highest occupied molecular (or system) orbital of the "clicked-on" diruthenium is clearly seen in the photoemission measurements and is mainly attributed to the presence of the Ru atoms. The "click" attachment is robust and provides a route to investigate the evolution of the electronic structure and properties of novel molecules attached to a variety of electrodes. The ability to attach this redox-active Ru molecule onto SiO2 and Au surfaces is important for the development of functional molecular devices such as charge-based memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitra Pookpanratana
- Semiconductor and Dimensional Metrology Division and ‡Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
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Johansson EMJ, Lindblad R, Siegbahn H, Hagfeldt A, Rensmo H. Atomic and Electronic Structures of Interfaces in Dye-Sensitized, Nanostructured Solar Cells. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1006-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cole JM, Low KS, Ozoe H, Stathi P, Kitamura C, Kurata H, Rudolf P, Kawase T. Data mining with molecular design rules identifies new class of dyes for dye-sensitised solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:26684-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02645d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Big data science informs energy research: large-scale screening of crystal structures identifies unforeseen class of dyes for dye-sensitised solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne, USA
| | - Kian Sing Low
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
| | - Hiroaki Ozoe
- Graduate School of Engineering
- University of Hyogo
- Himeji, Japan
| | - Panagiota Stathi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hiroyuki Kurata
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Graduate School of Engineering
- University of Hyogo
- Himeji, Japan
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Karlsson KM, Jiang X, Eriksson SK, Gabrielsson E, Rensmo H, Hagfeldt A, Sun L. Phenoxazine dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells: relationship between molecular structure and electron lifetime. Chemistry 2011; 17:6415-24. [PMID: 21509836 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of metal-free organic dyes with a core phenoxazine chromophore have been synthesized and tested as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells. Overall conversion efficiencies of 6.03-7.40% were reached under standard AM 1.5G illumination at a light intensity of 100 mW cm(-2) . A clear trend in electron lifetime could be seen; a dye with a furan-conjugated linker showed a shorter lifetime relative to dyes with the acceptor group directly attached to the phenoxazine. The addition of an extra donor unit, which bore insulating alkoxyl chains, in the 7-position of the phenoxazine could increase the lifetime even further and, together with additives in the electrolyte to raise the conduction band, an open circuit voltage of 800 mV could be achieved. From photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the dyes adsorbed on TiO(2) particles, it can be concluded that the excitation is mainly of cyano character (i.e., on average, the dye molecules are standing on, and pointing out, from the surface of TiO(2) particles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Martin Karlsson
- Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hahlin M, Odelius M, Magnuson M, Johansson EMJ, Plogmaker S, Hagberg DP, Sun L, Siegbahn H, Rensmo H. Mapping the frontier electronic structures of triphenylamine based organic dyes at TiO2interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3534-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01491e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yu S, Ahmadi S, Zuleta M, Tian H, Schulte K, Pietzsch A, Hennies F, Weissenrieder J, Yang X, Göthelid M. Adsorption geometry, molecular interaction, and charge transfer of triphenylamine-based dye on rutile TiO2(110). J Chem Phys 2010; 133:224704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3509389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Johansson E, Odelius M, Gorgoi M, Karis O, Ovsyannikov R, Schäfers F, Svensson S, Siegbahn H, Rensmo H. Valence electronic structure of ruthenium based complexes probed by photoelectron spectroscopy at high kinetic energy (HIKE) and modeled by DFT calculations. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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