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Lopes A, Luís R, Klinkby E, Nietiadi Y, Chambon A, Nonbøl E, Gonçalves B, Jessen M, Korsholm S, Larsen A, Lauritzen B, Rasmussen J, Salewski M. Shielding analysis of the ITER Collective Thomson Scattering system. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Dmitriev AM, Babinov N, Bazhenov A, Bukreev I, Elets D, Filimonov V, Koval A, Kueskiev G, Litvinov A, Mikhin E, Razdobarin A, Samsonov D, Senitchenkov V, Solovei V, Terechenko I, Tolstyakov SY, Varshavchik L, Chernakov P, Chernakov A, Chernakov A, Tugarionov S, Shigin P, Leipold F, Reichle R, Walsh M, Pflug A. RF plasma cleaning of water-cooled mirror equipped with notch filter based on shorted λ/4 line. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vidal C, Luís R, Pereira B, Ferreira R, Gonçalves B, Korsholm S, Lopes A, Klinkby E, Nonbøl E, Jessen M, Salewski M, Rasmussen J, Lauritzen B, Larsen A. Thermo-structural analyses of the in-vessel components of the ITER collective Thomson scattering system. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lopes A, Luís R, Klinkby E, Nonbøl E, Jessen M, Moutinho R, Salewski M, Rasmussen J, Gonçalves B, Lauritzen B, Korsholm S, Larsen A, Vidal C. Neutronics analysis of the ITER Collective Thomson Scattering system. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Salewski M, Nocente M, Jacobsen AS, Binda F, Cazzaniga C, Eriksson J, Geiger B, Gorini G, Hellesen C, Kiptily VG, Koskela T, Korsholm SB, Kurki-Suonio T, Leipold F, Moseev D, Nielsen SK, Rasmussen J, Schneider PA, Sharapov SE, Stejner M, Tardocchi M, JET Contributors, ASDEX Upgrade Team, EUROfusion MST1 Team. Bayesian Integrated Data Analysis of Fast-Ion Measurements by Velocity-Space Tomography. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1380482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Salewski
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M. Nocente
- University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | | | - F. Binda
- Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. Cazzaniga
- ISIS Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - J. Eriksson
- Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B. Geiger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany
| | - G. Gorini
- University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - C. Hellesen
- Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - V. G. Kiptily
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - T. Koskela
- Aalto University, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto, Finland
- NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - S. B. Korsholm
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T. Kurki-Suonio
- Aalto University, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto, Finland
| | - F. Leipold
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - D. Moseev
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S. K. Nielsen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J. Rasmussen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - S. E. Sharapov
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - M. Stejner
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M. Tardocchi
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
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Infante V, Henriques E, Gonçalves B, Korsholm S, Leipold F, Gutierrez H, Jensen T, Jessen M, Larsen A, Naulin V, Nielsen S, Rasmussen J, Salewski M, Stejner M, Taormina A. RAMI analysis of the ITER LFS CTS system. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Furtula V, Michelsen PK, Leipold F, Salewski M, Korsholm SB, Meo F, Moseev D, Nielsen SK, Stejner M, Johansen T. 105-GHz Notch Filter Design for Collective Thomson Scattering. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst11-a11732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Furtula
- Association EURATOM-RISØ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Poul Kerff Michelsen
- Association EURATOM-RISØ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Frank Leipold
- Association EURATOM-RISØ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mirko Salewski
- Association EURATOM-RISØ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Søren Bang Korsholm
- Association EURATOM-RISØ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Fernando Meo
- Association EURATOM-RISØ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Dmitry Moseev
- Association EURATOM-RISØ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Stefan Kragh Nielsen
- Association EURATOM-RISØ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Morten Stejner
- Association EURATOM-RISØ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Tom Johansen
- DTU Elektro, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Leipold F, Reichle R, Vorpahl C, Mukhin EE, Dmitriev AM, Razdobarin AG, Samsonov DS, Marot L, Moser L, Steiner R, Meyer E. Cleaning of first mirrors in ITER by means of radio frequency discharges. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11D439. [PMID: 27910595 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
First mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are subject to charge exchange fluxes of Be, W, and potentially other elements. This may degrade the optical performance significantly via erosion or deposition. In order to restore reflectivity, cleaning by applying radio frequency (RF) power to the mirror itself and thus creating a discharge in front of the mirror will be used. The plasma generated in front of the mirror surface sputters off deposition, restoring its reflectivity. Although the functionality of such a mirror cleaning technique is proven in laboratory experiments, the technical implementation in ITER revealed obstacles which needs to be overcome: Since the discharge as an RF load in general is not very well matched to the power generator and transmission line, power reflections will occur leading to a thermal load of the cable. Its implementation for ITER requires additional R&D. This includes the design of mirrors as RF electrodes, as well as feeders and matching networks inside the vacuum vessel. Mitigation solutions will be evaluated and discussed. Furthermore, technical obstacles (i.e., cooling water pipes for the mirrors) need to be solved. Since cooling water lines are usually on ground potential at the feed through of the vacuum vessel, a solution to decouple the ground potential from the mirror would be a major simplification. Such a solution will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leipold
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R Reichle
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - C Vorpahl
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - E E Mukhin
- Ioffe Institute, Polytechnicheskaya St. 26, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - A M Dmitriev
- Ioffe Institute, Polytechnicheskaya St. 26, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - A G Razdobarin
- Ioffe Institute, Polytechnicheskaya St. 26, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - D S Samsonov
- Ioffe Institute, Polytechnicheskaya St. 26, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - L Marot
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Moser
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Steiner
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Furtula V, Salewski M. W-band waveguide bandpass filter with E-plane cut. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:074703. [PMID: 25085158 DOI: 10.1063/1.4889875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a design and measurements of a five-section bandpass filter with a passband from 96 to 106 GHz. The insertion loss is less than 1.4 dB in the passband, and the rejection is better than 40 dB in the range from 115 to 142 GHz. We use transmission line coupling theory based on Tchebyscheff's synthesis in order to provide an initial guess for the geometrical parameters of the filter such as cavity lengths and coupling widths. The filter is manufactured from brass in two halves in the E-plane cut topology. The S-parameters of the filter are measured and compared with the simulations. The measured passband insertion loss is approximately 0.4 dB worse than in the simulation, and the measured passband width is approximately 3.4% narrower. The measured filter attenuation roll-off corresponds well to the simulation. We also compare our S-parameter measurements of the E-plane filter with corresponding measurements of a very similar H-plane filter. The transmission and reflection characteristics of the E-plane filter are better than those of the H-plane filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Furtula
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mirko Salewski
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Leipold F, Salewski M, Jacobsen AS, Jessen M, Korsholm SB, Michelsen PK, Nielsen SK, Stejner M. Polarizer design for millimeter-wave plasma diagnostics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:084701. [PMID: 24007082 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiation from magnetized plasmas is in general elliptically polarized. In order to convert the elliptical polarization to linear polarization, mirrors with grooved surfaces are currently employed in our collective Thomson scattering diagnostic at ASDEX Upgrade. If these mirrors can be substituted by birefringent windows, the microwave receivers can be designed to be more compact at lower cost. Sapphire windows (a-cut) as well as grooved high density polyethylene windows can serve this purpose. The sapphire window can be designed such that the calculated transmission of the wave energy is better than 99%, and that of the high density polyethylene can be better than 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leipold
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Furtula V, Salewski M, Leipold F, Michelsen PK, Korsholm SB, Meo F, Moseev D, Nielsen SK, Stejner M, Johansen T. Design and performance of the collective Thomson scattering receiver at ASDEX Upgrade. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:013507. [PMID: 22299951 DOI: 10.1063/1.3675886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the design of the fast-ion collective Thomson scattering receiver for millimeter wave radiation installed at ASDEX Upgrade, a tokamak for fusion plasma experiments. The receiver can detect spectral power densities of a few eV against the electron cyclotron emission background on the order of 100 eV under presence of gyrotron stray radiation that is several orders of magnitude stronger than the signal to be detected. The receiver down converts the frequencies of scattered radiation (100-110 GHz) to intermediate frequencies (IF) (4.5-14.5 GHz) by heterodyning. The IF signal is divided into 50 IF channels tightly spaced in frequency space. The channels are terminated by square-law detector diodes that convert the signal power into DC voltages. We present measurements of the transmission characteristics and performance of the main receiver components operating at mm-wave frequencies (notch, bandpass, and lowpass filters, a voltage-controlled variable attenuator, and an isolator), the down-converter unit, and the IF components (amplifiers, bandpass filters, and detector diodes). Furthermore, we determine the performance of the receiver as a unit through spectral response measurements and find reasonable agreement with the expectation based on the individual component measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Furtula
- Association Euratom-Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
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Furtula V, Michelsen PK, Leipold F, Salewski M, Korsholm SB, Meo F, Nielsen SK, Stejner M, Moseev D, Johansen T. Broadband notch filter design for millimeter-wave plasma diagnostics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:10D913. [PMID: 21033945 DOI: 10.1063/1.3478881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Notch filters are integrated in plasma diagnostic systems to protect millimeter-wave receivers from intensive stray radiation. Here we present a design of a notch filter with a center frequency of 140 GHz, a rejection bandwidth of ∼900 MHz, and a typical insertion loss below 2 dB in the passband of ±9 GHz. The design is based on a fundamental rectangular waveguide with eight cylindrical cavities coupled by T-junction apertures formed as thin slits. Parameters that affect the notch performance such as physical lengths and conductor materials are discussed. The excited resonance mode in the cylindrical cavities is the fundamental TE(11). The performance of the constructed filter is measured using a vector network analyzer monitoring a total bandwidth of 30 GHz. We compare the measurements with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Furtula
- Association Euratom-Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Leipold F, Furtula V, Salewski M, Bindslev H, Korsholm SB, Meo F, Michelsen PK, Moseev D, Nielsen SK, Stejner M. Antenna design for fast ion collective Thomson scattering diagnostic for the international thermonuclear experimental reactor. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:093501. [PMID: 19791936 DOI: 10.1063/1.3212567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fast ion physics will play an important role for the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER), where confined alpha particles will affect and be affected by plasma dynamics and thereby have impacts on the overall confinement. A fast ion collective Thomson scattering (CTS) diagnostic using gyrotrons operated at 60 GHz will meet the requirements for spatially and temporally resolved measurements of the velocity distributions of confined fast alphas in ITER by evaluating the scattered radiation (CTS signal). While a receiver antenna on the low field side of the tokamak, resolving near perpendicular (to the magnetic field) velocity components, has been enabled, an additional antenna on the high field side (HFS) would enable measurements of near parallel (to the magnetic field) velocity components. A compact design solution for the proposed mirror system on the HFS is presented. The HFS CTS antenna is located behind the blankets and views the plasma through the gap between two blanket modules. The viewing gap has been modified to dimensions 30x500 mm(2) to optimize the CTS signal. A 1:1 mock-up of the HFS mirror system was built. Measurements of the beam characteristics for millimeter-waves at 60 GHz used in the mock-up agree well with the modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leipold
- Association Euratom--Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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