1
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Zhou RJ. Energy distribution of lost high-energy runaway electrons based on their bremsstrahlung emission in the EAST tokamak. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:045204. [PMID: 37198789 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.045204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report in this paper the study towards revealing the energy distribution of lost high-energy runaway electrons based on their bremsstrahlung emission. The high-energy hard x-rays are originated from the bremsstrahlung emission of lost runaway electrons in the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) tokamak, and the energy spectra are measured using a gamma spectrometer. The energy distribution of the runaway electrons is reconstructed from this hard x-ray energy spectrum using a deconvolution algorithm. The results indicate that the energy distribution of the lost high-energy runaway electrons can be obtained with the deconvolution approach. In the specific case in this paper, the runaway electron energy was peaked around 8 MeV, covering from 6 MeV to 14 MeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Zhou
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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2
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Zhang YP, Zhang J, Cheng SK, Zhu JJ, Isobe M, Zhang PF, Yuan GL, Zhan XW, Zhu YX, Liu Y, Shi ZB, Zhong WL, Xu M. A gamma ray spectrometer with Compton suppression on the HL-2A tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:123509. [PMID: 36586945 DOI: 10.1063/5.0117186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new broad-energy, high-resolution gamma ray spectrometer (GRS) with Compton suppression function has been developed recently in the HL-2A tokamak to obtain the gamma ray information in the energy range of 0.1-10 MeV. This is the first time to develop an anti-Compton GRS for a magnetic confinement fusion device. The anticoincidence detector consists of a large-volume high purity germanium (HPGe) crystal (Φ63 × 63 mm2) as the primary detector and eight trapezoidal bismuth germinate (BGO) scintillators (trapezoid crystal with 30 mm thickness) as the secondary detector. The anti-coincidence data processing is implemented by a digital-based data acquisition system with fast digitization and software signal processing technology. Using radioisotope gamma ray sources and Monte Carlo N-Particle code, the energy and efficiency of the spectrometer have been calibrated and quantitatively tested. The Compton continuum suppression factor reaches 4.2, and the energy resolution (Full Width at Half Maximum) of the 1.332 MeV full energy peak for 60Co is 2.1 keV. Measurements of gamma ray spectra with Compton suppression using the spectrometer have been successfully performed during HL-2A discharges with different conditions. The performance of the spectrometer and the first experimental results are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Zhang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - J Zhang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - S K Cheng
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - J J Zhu
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - M Isobe
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Toki, Japan
| | - P F Zhang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - G L Yuan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - X W Zhan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Y X Zhu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Z B Shi
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - W L Zhong
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - M Xu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Marcer G, Khilkevitch E, Shevelev A, Croci G, Dal Molin A, Gorini G, Grosso G, Muraro A, Nocente M, Perelli Cippo E, Putignano O, Rebai M, Rigamonti D, de la Luna E, Garcia J, Kazakov Y, Kiptily V, Maslov M, Nave MFF, Ongena J, Tardocchi M. A new dedicated signal processing system for gamma-ray spectrometers in high power deuterium-tritium plasma scenarios in tokamaks. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:093525. [PMID: 36182521 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The most performant deuterium-tritium (DT) plasma discharges realized by the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak in the recent DT campaign have produced neutron yields on the order of 1018 n/s. At such high neutron yields, gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements with scintillators are challenging as events from the neutron-induced background often dominate over the signal, leading to a significant fraction of pileup events and instability of the photodetector gain along with the consequent degradation of the reconstructed spectrum. Here, we describe the solutions adopted for the tangential lanthanum bromide spectrometer installed at JET. A data acquisition system with free streaming mode digitization capabilities for the entire duration of the discharge has been used to solve dead-time related issues and a data reconstruction code with pileup recovery and photodetector gain drift restoration has been implemented for off-line analysis of the data. This work focuses on the acquired data storage and parsing, with a detailed explanation of the pileup recovery and gain drift restoration algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marcer
- Department of Physics, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - A Shevelev
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - G Croci
- Department of Physics, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - A Dal Molin
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - G Gorini
- Department of Physics, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - G Grosso
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - A Muraro
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- Department of Physics, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - E Perelli Cippo
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - O Putignano
- Department of Physics, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - M Rebai
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - E de la Luna
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Garcia
- CEA, IRFM, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Y Kazakov
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, ERM/KMS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Kiptily
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - M Maslov
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - M F F Nave
- Associacao EURATOM/IST, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Ongena
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, ERM/KMS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Tardocchi
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, Milan, Italy
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4
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Yuan G, Wen Z, Wei L, Zhang J, Yang Q. Hard x-ray spectrometer with high time and energy resolution on HL-2A tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:073507. [PMID: 35922288 DOI: 10.1063/5.0100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A hard x-ray spectrometer based on a φ25 × 25 mm2 LaBr3 scintillator has been developed to measure the runaway electron bremsstrahlung. Simulation results by GEANT4 show that x rays with an energy of 15 MeV can be effectively detected. In order to tolerate a high count rate, a self-made fast shaping amplifier is used to process the detector output into a fast bipolar pulse. The tested energy resolution, which was 3.4% for Cs-137 662 keV gamma rays, shows that the shaping amplifier does not significantly degrade the energy resolution. The results of the HL-2A discharge show that the maximum count rate can reach 2 MHz, and the time resolution of the spectrometer can reach the millisecond level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Yuan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuowei Wen
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfeng Wei
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Yang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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5
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Dal Molin A, Fumagalli L, Nocente M, Rigamonti D, Tardocchi M, Giacomelli L, Panontin E, Lvovskiy A, Paz-Soldan C, Edietis NW, Gorini G. Novel compact hard x-ray spectrometer with MCps counting rate capabilities for runaway electron measurements on DIII-D. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:043517. [PMID: 34243482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel compact spectrometer optimized for the measurement of hard x rays generated by runaway electrons is presented. The detector is designed to be installed in the fan-shaped collimator of the gamma-ray imager diagnostic at the DIII-D tokamak. The spectrometer is based on a 1 × 1 cm2 cerium doped yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator crystal coupled with a silicon photomultiplier. The detector dynamic energy range is in excess of 10 MeV, with an energy resolution of ∼10% at 661.7 keV. The fast detector signal (≈70 ns full width at half maximum) allows for operation at counting rates in excess of 1 MCps. The gain stability of the system can be monitored in real time using a light-emitting diode embedded in the instrument. The detector is expected to be deployed in the forthcoming DIII-D runaway electron experimental campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dal Molin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - L Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - L Giacomelli
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - E Panontin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - A Lvovskiy
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92127, USA
| | - C Paz-Soldan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92127, USA
| | - N W Edietis
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92127, USA
| | - G Gorini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
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6
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Zhou RJ, Zhong GQ, Hu LQ, Tardocchi M, Rigamonti D, Giacomelli L, Nocente M, Gorini G, Fan TS, Zhang YM, Hu ZM, Xiao M, Li K, Zhang YK, Hong B, Zhang Y, Lin SY, Zhang JZ. Development of gamma ray spectrometer with high energy and time resolutions on EAST tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:123510. [PMID: 31893803 DOI: 10.1063/1.5120843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new gamma ray spectrometer with high energy and time resolutions has been developed and installed on the EAST tokamak to study fast ion and runaway electron behaviors. The spectrometer is based on a LaBr3(Ce) scintillator detector and a fully digital data acquisition system that is based on a digitizer with digital pulse processing algorithms. The energy resolution of the spectrometer is about 3.9% at 662 keV, and the spectrometer can operate stably at a counting rate as high as 1 MHz, monitored by using a light emitting diode monitoring system. The measured gamma ray spectrum is simulated based on Geant4 and unfolded with the high-resolution boosted Gold deconvolution algorithm, aiming at reconstructing the energy distribution functions of fast ions and runaway electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Zhou
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - G Q Zhong
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - L Q Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - L Giacomelli
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - G Gorini
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - T S Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Y M Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Z M Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - M Xiao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - K Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y K Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - B Hong
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - S Y Lin
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - J Z Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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7
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Dal Molin A, Martinelli L, Nocente M, Rigamonti D, Abba A, Giacomelli L, Gorini G, Lvovskiy A, Muraro A, Tardocchi M. Development of a new compact gamma-ray spectrometer optimised for runaway electron measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10I134. [PMID: 30399979 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new compact gamma-ray spectrometer was developed in order to optimise the measurement of bremsstrahlung radiation emitted from runaway electrons in the MeV range. The detector is based on a cerium doped lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO:Ce) scintillator coupled to a silicon photomultiplier and is insensitive to magnetic fields. A dedicated electronic board was developed to optimise the signal readout as well as for online control of the device. The detector combines a dynamic range up to 10 MeV with moderate energy non-linearity, counting rate capabilities in excess of 1 MHz, and an energy resolution that extrapolates to a few % in the MeV range, thus meeting the requirements for its application to runaway electron studies by bremsstrahlung measurements in the gamma-ray energy range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dal Molin
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - L Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - A Abba
- Nuclear Instruments, Lambrugo, Italy
| | - L Giacomelli
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - G Gorini
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - A Lvovskiy
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A Muraro
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
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8
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Rigamonti D, Broslawski A, Fernandes A, Figueiredo J, Giacomelli L, Gorini G, Gosk M, Kaveney G, Kiptily V, Korolczuk S, Murari A, Nocente M, Pereira RC, Popovichev S, Santos B, Urban A, Zychor I, Tardocchi M. The upgraded JET gamma-ray cameras based on high resolution/high count rate compact spectrometers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10I116. [PMID: 30399923 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The JET gamma-ray cameras have been recently upgraded within the gamma-ray camera upgrade project in support of development of JET high performance deuterium plasma scenarios and in preparation of deuterium-tritium experiments. New, dedicated detectors based on a LaBr3 crystal and silicon photo-multipliers have been developed and replaced pre-existing CsI detectors in all 19 channels. The new instrument gives opportunity of making two-dimensional gamma-ray measurements with a counting rate capability exceeding 1 MCounts/s (MCps) and energy resolution better than 5% at 1.1 MeV. The upgrade is of relevance for fast ion and runaway electron physics studies in high performance deuterium discharges and also in plasmas with tritium at neutron yields in the range up to about 5 × 1017 n/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rigamonti
- EUROfusion Consortium, JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - A Broslawski
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola", CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - A Fernandes
- Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
| | - J Figueiredo
- Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
| | - L Giacomelli
- EUROfusion Consortium, JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - G Gorini
- EUROfusion Consortium, JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - M Gosk
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola", CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - G Kaveney
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini", Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - V Kiptily
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini", Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - S Korolczuk
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola", CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - A Murari
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Nocente
- EUROfusion Consortium, JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - R C Pereira
- Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
| | - S Popovichev
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini", Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - B Santos
- Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
| | - A Urban
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola", CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - I Zychor
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola", CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Tardocchi
- EUROfusion Consortium, JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
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9
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Kwiatkowski R, Bołtruczyk G, Brosławski A, Gosk M, Korolczuk S, Mianowski S, Szydłowski A, Urban A, Zychor I, Braic V, Costa Pereira R, Craciunescu T, Croft D, Curuia M, Fernandes A, Goloborod’ko V, Gorini G, Kiptily V, Lengar I, Naish J, Naish R, Nocente M, Schoepf K, Santos B, Soare S, Tardocchi M, Yavorskij V, Zoita V. CeBr3–based detector for gamma-ray spectrometer upgrade at JET. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Rigamonti D, Muraro A, Nocente M, Perseo V, Boltruczyk G, Fernandes A, Figueiredo J, Giacomelli L, Gorini G, Gosk M, Kiptily V, Korolczuk S, Mianowski S, Murari A, Pereira RC, Cippo EP, Zychor I, Tardocchi M. Performance of the prototype LaBr 3 spectrometer developed for the JET gamma-ray camera upgrade. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E717. [PMID: 27910639 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the solution developed by the gamma ray camera upgrade enhancement project to improve the spectroscopic properties of the existing JET γ-ray camera. Aim of the project is to enable gamma-ray spectroscopy in JET deuterium-tritium plasmas. A dedicated pilot spectrometer based on a LaBr3 crystal coupled to a silicon photo-multiplier has been developed. A proper pole zero cancellation network able to shorten the output signal to a length of 120 ns has been implemented allowing for spectroscopy at MHz count rates. The system has been characterized in the laboratory and shows an energy resolution of 5.5% at Eγ = 0.662 MeV, which extrapolates favorably in the energy range of interest for gamma-ray emission from fast ions in fusion plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rigamonti
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - A Muraro
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - V Perseo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - G Boltruczyk
- Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
| | - A Fernandes
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Figueiredo
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Giacomelli
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - G Gorini
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Gosk
- Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
| | - V Kiptily
- Culham Science Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham, United Kingdom
| | - S Korolczuk
- Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
| | - S Mianowski
- Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
| | - A Murari
- EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - R C Pereira
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E P Cippo
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - I Zychor
- Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
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11
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Cazzaniga C, Nocente M, Tardocchi M, Croci G, Giacomelli L, Angelone M, Pillon M, Villari S, Weller A, Petrizzi L, Gorini G. Response of LaBr3(Ce) scintillators to 2.5 MeV fusion neutrons. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:123505. [PMID: 24393076 DOI: 10.1063/1.4847056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the response of LaBr3(Ce) to 2.5 MeV neutrons have been carried out at the Frascati Neutron Generator and at tokamak facilities with deuterium plasmas. The observed spectrum has been interpreted by means of a Monte Carlo model. It is found that the main contributor to the measured response is neutron inelastic scattering on (79)Br, (81)Br, and (139)La. An extrapolation of the count rate response to 14 MeV neutrons from deuterium-tritium plasmas is also presented. The results are of relevance for the design of γ-ray diagnostics of fusion burning plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cazzaniga
- University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Associazione EURATOM-ENEA-CNR, Via Roberto Cozzi 53, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - G Croci
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Associazione EURATOM-ENEA-CNR, Via Roberto Cozzi 53, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - L Giacomelli
- University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - M Angelone
- ENEA, C. R. Frascati, P.O. Box 65, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M Pillon
- ENEA, C. R. Frascati, P.O. Box 65, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - S Villari
- ENEA, C. R. Frascati, P.O. Box 65, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Weller
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, IPP-Euratom Association, Boltzmann str. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Petrizzi
- IAEA Representative at OECD Nuclear Energy Agency 12, Boulevard des I^les, F-92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - G Gorini
- University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milano 20125, Italy
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12
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Zurro B, Baciero A, Jiménez-Rey D, Rodríguez-Barquero L, Crespo MT. Investigating the performance of an ion luminescence probe as a multichannel fast-ion energy spectrometer using pulse height analysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:10D306. [PMID: 23126833 DOI: 10.1063/1.4733572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the capability of a fast-ion luminescent probe to operate as a pulse height ion energy analyzer. An existing high sensitivity system has been reconfigured as a single channel ion detector with an amplifier to give a bandwidth comparable to the phosphor response time. A digital pulse processing method has been developed to determine pulse heights from the detector signal so as to obtain time-resolved information on the ion energy distribution of the plasma ions lost to the wall of the TJ-II stellarator. Finally, the potential of this approach for magnetic confined fusion plasmas is evaluated by studying representative TJ-II discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zurro
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, Asociación Euratom-CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Chugunov IN, Kiptily VG, Shevelev AE, Gin DB. Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Hot Plasmas. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.13182/fst11-a11601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. N. Chugunov
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation,
| | - V. G. Kiptily
- Euroatom/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - A. E. Shevelev
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation,
| | - D. B. Gin
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation,
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14
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Nocente M, Tardocchi M, Chugunov I, Pereira RC, Edlington T, Fernandes AM, Gin D, Grosso G, Kiptily V, Murari A, Neto A, Perelli Cippo E, Pietropaolo A, Proverbio I, Shevelev A, Sousa J, Syme B, Gorini G. Energy resolution of gamma-ray spectroscopy of JET plasmas with a LaBr3 scintillator detector and digital data acquisition. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:10D321. [PMID: 21058454 DOI: 10.1063/1.3501386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new high efficiency, high resolution, fast γ-ray spectrometer was recently installed at the JET tokamak. The spectrometer is based on a LaBr3(Ce) scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube. A digital data acquisition system is used to allow spectrometry with event rates in excess of 1 MHz expected in future JET DT plasmas. However, at the lower rates typical of present day experiments, digitization can degrade the energy resolution of the system, depending on the algorithms used for extracting pulse height information from the digitized pulses. In this paper, the digital and analog spectrometry methods were compared for different experimental conditions. An algorithm based on pulse shape fitting was developed, providing energy resolution equivalent to the traditional analog spectrometry method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nocente
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca and Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Associazione EURATOM-ENEA-CNR, 20125 Milano, Italy.
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15
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Carvalho B, Batista A, Correia M, Neto A, Fernandes H, Gonçalves B, Sousa J. Reconfigurable ATCA hardware for plasma control and data acquisition. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Fernandes A, Pereira R, Sousa J, Neto A, Carvalho P, Batista A, Carvalho B, Varandas C, Tardocchi M, Gorini G. Parallel processing method for high-speed real time digital pulse processing for gamma-ray spectroscopy. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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