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Liu L, He XF, Yu DL, Shi ZB, Lu J, Xia F, Zheng DL, Zhang N, He XX, Wei YL, Zang LG, Yang ZC, Yan LW, Liu Y, Yang QW. Visible wide-angle view imaging system for the first plasma on the HL-2M tokamak. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:3211-3216. [PMID: 33983221 DOI: 10.1364/ao.418903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The wide-angle view imaging system, in terms of a tangential view diagnostic with field of view (FOV) of 56.8° and a downward-looking diagnostic from the top of the machine with FOV of 94.7°, has been newly constructed for the first plasma of the HL-2M tokamak achieved in December 2020. Its mission in this stage is to monitor the plasma evolution during its startup, sustainment, and disruption in the visible spectral range as well as the plasma-wall interaction. For the latter ultrawide view diagnostic, nearly three-quarters of the divertor region and half the area of the inner wall are in the view range. Both the diagnostics are characterized by a similar optical structure, i.e., the light emission from the plasma is collected by a front-end lens and transferred through an imaging fiber bundle to the camera. This optical structure is suitable for application in the complex tokamak environment mainly because the fiber bundle is flexible. Photos of glow discharges are acquired prior to the first plasma for testing the FOVs in the vacuum vessel. The spatial resolution is ∼4mm for the tangential view diagnostic and ∼10mm for the downward-looking diagnostic. The temporal resolutions, ranging from 90 to 360 Hz by changing the region of interest or binning acquisition mode of the color camera, are applied to record the plasma evolutions and/or dust creation events during the first plasma campaign.
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Zhou F, Ming T, Wang Y, Wang Z, Long F, Zhuang Q, Li G, Liang Y, Gao X. Development of a high-speed vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) imaging system for the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:073505. [PMID: 28764528 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-speed vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) imaging system for edge plasma studies is being developed on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). Its key optics is composed of an inverse type of Schwarzschild telescope made of a set of Mo/Si multilayer mirrors, a micro-channel plate (MCP) equipped with a P47 phosphor screen and a high-speed camera with CMOS sensors. In order to remove the contribution from low-energy photons, a Zr filter is installed in front of the MCP detector. With this optics, VUV photons with a wavelength of 13.5 nm, which mainly come from the line emission from intrinsic carbon (C vi: n = 4-2 transition) or the Ly-α line emission from injected Li iii on the EAST, can be selectively measured two-dimensionally with both high temporal and spatial resolutions. At present, this system is installed to view the plasma from the low field side in a horizontal port in the EAST. It has been operated routinely during the 2016 EAST experiment campaign, and the first result is shown in this work. To roughly evaluate the system performance, synthetic images are created. And it indicates that this system mainly measures the edge localized emissions by comparing the synthetic images and experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhou
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tingfeng Ming
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Feifei Long
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qing Zhuang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yunfeng Liang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Saint-Laurent F, Martin G, Alarcon T, Le Luyer A, Parks PB, Pastor P, Putvinski S, Reux C, Bucalossi J, Bremond S, Moreau P. Overview of Runaway Electron Control and Mitigation Experiments on Tore Supra and Lessons Learned in View of ITER. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-a24090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Martin
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - T. Alarcon
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - A. Le Luyer
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - P. B. Parks
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186
| | - P. Pastor
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - S. Putvinski
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - C. Reux
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - J. Bucalossi
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - S. Bremond
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - P.H. Moreau
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Granstedt EM, Petrov P, Knapp K, Cordero M, Patel V. Fast imaging diagnostics on the C-2U advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration device. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11D416. [PMID: 27910382 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The C-2U device employed neutral beam injection, end-biasing, and various particle fueling techniques to sustain a Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC) plasma. As part of the diagnostic suite, two fast imaging instruments with radial and nearly axial plasma views were developed using a common camera platform. To achieve the necessary viewing geometry, imaging lenses were mounted behind re-entrant viewports attached to welded bellows. During gettering, the vacuum optics were retracted and isolated behind a gate valve permitting their removal if cleaning was necessary. The axial view incorporated a stainless-steel mirror in a protective cap assembly attached to the vacuum-side of the viewport. For each system, a custom lens-based, high-throughput optical periscope was designed to relay the plasma image about half a meter to a high-speed camera. Each instrument also contained a remote-controlled filter wheel, set between shots to isolate a particular hydrogen or impurity emission line. The design of the camera platform, imaging performance, and sample data for each view is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Granstedt
- Tri Alpha Energy, P.O. Box 7010, Rancho Santa Margarita, California 92688, USA
| | - P Petrov
- Tri Alpha Energy, P.O. Box 7010, Rancho Santa Margarita, California 92688, USA
| | - K Knapp
- Tri Alpha Energy, P.O. Box 7010, Rancho Santa Margarita, California 92688, USA
| | - M Cordero
- Tri Alpha Energy, P.O. Box 7010, Rancho Santa Margarita, California 92688, USA
| | - V Patel
- Tri Alpha Energy, P.O. Box 7010, Rancho Santa Margarita, California 92688, USA
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Scotti F, Soukhanovskii VA. A dual wavelength imaging system for plasma-surface interaction studies on the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:123103. [PMID: 26724002 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A two-channel spectral imaging system based on a charge injection device radiation-hardened intensified camera was built for studies of plasma-surface interactions on divertor plasma facing components in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) tokamak. By means of commercially available mechanically referenced optical components, the two-wavelength setup images the light from the plasma, relayed by a fiber optic bundle, at two different wavelengths side-by-side on the same detector. Remotely controlled filter wheels are used for narrow bandpass and neutral density filters on each optical path allowing for simultaneous imaging of emission at wavelengths differing in brightness up to 3 orders of magnitude. Applications on NSTX-U will include the measurement of impurity influxes in the lower divertor strike point region and the imaging of plasma-material interaction on the head of the surface analysis probe MAPP (Material Analysis and Particle Probe). The diagnostic setup and initial results from its application on the lithium tokamak experiment are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scotti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - V A Soukhanovskii
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Chektybayev B, Shapovalov G, Kolodeshnikov A. Visible wide angle view imaging system of KTM tokamak based on multielement image fiber bundle. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:053505. [PMID: 26026523 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the paper, new visible wide angle view imaging system of KTM tokamak is described. The system has been designed to observe processes inside of plasma and the processes occurring due to plasma-wall interactions through the long equatorial port. Imaging system is designed based on special image fiber bundle and entrance wide angle lens, which provide image of large section of the vacuum chamber, both poloidal half-section and divertor through the sufficiently long equatorial port. The system also consists of two video cameras: slow and fast with image intensifier. Commercial equipment had been used in design of the system that allowed reducing the cost and time for research and development. The paper also discusses advantages and disadvantages of the system in comparison with conventional endoscopes based on a lens system and considers its promising utilization in future tokamaks and future steady state fusion reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chektybayev
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan
| | - G Shapovalov
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan
| | - A Kolodeshnikov
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan
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Saint-Laurent F, Martin G, Alarcon T, Le Luyer A, Pastor P, Putvinski S, Vincent B, Bucalossi J, Bremond S, Moreau P, Nardon E, Reux C. FIRE, a novel concept of massive gas injection for disruption mitigation in ITER: Validation on Tore Supra. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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