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Zhang XY, Qing WJ, Zhang XL, Jiao SD, Li Q, Ding YH, Wang L, Cheng ZF. Upgrade of vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy system on J-TEXT tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:073503. [PMID: 34340446 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopy system on the Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak has been upgraded to achieve fast acquisition for the study of impurity transport in transient modulated experiments. In this upgrade, the previous high-energy charge-coupled device detector was replaced by a microchannel plate with a CsI-coated photocathode and P43 phosphor to transform the VUV light to visible light, which is then acquired by a high-speed electron-multiplying charge-coupled device. Two-stage focusing was achieved using a reference slit plate illuminated successively by a green light source and the Lyman series hydrogen spectral lines from the vacuum-conditioning plasma. The spatial resolution was evaluated as ∼4 mm based on the level of image blurring from the alignment plate. A response time of ∼2 ms was obtained with the ten-vertical-track setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - W J Qing
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - X L Zhang
- Advanced Energy Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - S D Jiao
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Q Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Y H Ding
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - L Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Z F Cheng
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Zhang K, Zheng D, Sun P, Cui Z, Dong C, Lu P, Fu B, Liu Z, Shi Z, Yang Q. Development of high-speed vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy using a modified Seya-Namioka monochromator and channel electron multiplier detector in the HL-2A tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10D134. [PMID: 30399879 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-speed vacuum ultraviolet monochromator is developed for the HL-2A tokamak through the introduction of a novel channel electron multiplier in a modified Seya-Namioka spectrometer. A good signal to noise ratio of above 2000 is attained in the development phase of the system with typical operating parameters for observing routine HL-2A plasmas. The wavelength calibration is performed using characteristic line emissions from a hollow cathode light source with helium and argon discharges. The first measurement result of the monochromator at a sample rate of 60 kHz is presented in comparison with the visible Dα signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dianlin Zheng
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhengying Cui
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunfeng Dong
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bingzhong Fu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zetian Liu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongbing Shi
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingwei Yang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Song I, Seon CR, Hong J, An YH, Barnsley R, Guirlet R, Choe W. Compact advanced extreme-ultraviolet imaging spectrometer for spatiotemporally varying tungsten spectra from fusion plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:093509. [PMID: 28964220 DOI: 10.1063/1.5002077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A compact advanced extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer operating in the EUV wavelength range of a few nanometers to measure spatially resolved line emissions from tungsten (W) was developed for studying W transport in fusion plasmas. This system consists of two perpendicularly crossed slits-an entrance aperture and a space-resolved slit-inside a chamber operating as a pinhole, which enables the system to obtain a spatial distribution of line emissions. Moreover, a so-called v-shaped slit was devised to manage the aperture size for measuring the spatial resolution of the system caused by the finite width of the pinhole. A back-illuminated charge-coupled device was used as a detector with 2048 × 512 active pixels, each with dimensions of 13.5 × 13.5 μm2. After the alignment and installation on Korea superconducting tokamak advanced research, the preliminary results were obtained during the 2016 campaign. Several well-known carbon atomic lines in the 2-7 nm range originating from intrinsic carbon impurities were observed and used for wavelength calibration. Further, the time behavior of their spatial distributions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inwoo Song
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - C R Seon
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, South Korea
| | - Joohwan Hong
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Y H An
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, South Korea
| | - R Barnsley
- ITER Organizations, 13115 Saint-Paul-lèz-Durance, France
| | - R Guirlet
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lèz-Durance, France
| | - Wonho Choe
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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4
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Zhang L, Morita S, Xu Z, Wu Z, Zhang P, Wu C, Gao W, Ohishi T, Goto M, Shen J, Chen Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Dong C, Zhang H, Huang X, Gong X, Hu L, Chen J, Zhang X, Wan B, Li J. A fast-time-response extreme ultraviolet spectrometer for measurement of impurity line emissions in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:123509. [PMID: 26724029 DOI: 10.1063/1.4937723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A flat-field extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer working in the 20-500 Å wavelength range with fast time response has been newly developed to measure line emissions from highly ionized tungsten in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) with a tungsten divertor, while the monitoring of light and medium impurities is also an aim in the present development. A flat-field focal plane for spectral image detection is made by a laminar-type varied-line-spacing concave holographic grating with an angle of incidence of 87°. A back-illuminated charge-coupled device (CCD) with a total size of 26.6 × 6.6 mm(2) and pixel numbers of 1024 × 255 (26 × 26 μm(2)/pixel) is used for recording the focal image of spectral lines. An excellent spectral resolution of Δλ0 = 3-4 pixels, where Δλ0 is defined as full width at the foot position of a spectral line, is obtained at the 80-400 Å wavelength range after careful adjustment of the grating and CCD positions. The high signal readout rate of the CCD can improve the temporal resolution of time-resolved spectra when the CCD is operated in the full vertical binning mode. It is usually operated at 5 ms per frame. If the vertical size of the CCD is reduced with a narrow slit, the time response becomes faster. The high-time response in the spectral measurement therefore makes possible a variety of spectroscopic studies, e.g., impurity behavior in long pulse discharges with edge-localized mode bursts. An absolute intensity calibration of the EUV spectrometer is also carried out with a technique using the EUV bremsstrahlung continuum at 20-150 Å for quantitative data analysis. Thus, the high-time resolution tungsten spectra have been successfully observed with good spectral resolution using the present EUV spectrometer system. Typical tungsten spectra in the EUV wavelength range observed from EAST discharges are presented with absolute intensity and spectral identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Shigeru Morita
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan
| | - Zong Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenwei Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Chengrui Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | | | - Motoshi Goto
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan
| | - Junsong Shen
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Chunfeng Dong
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Fusion Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan
| | - Xianli Huang
- Department of Fusion Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan
| | - Xianzu Gong
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Liqun Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Junlin Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Baonian Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Jiangang Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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Cui Z, Dong C, Zhou H, Morita S, Sun P, Fu B, Lu P, Ding X, Yang Q, Duan X. First measurements of highly ionized impurity emission distribution by grazing-incidence flat-field extreme ultraviolet spectrometer in HL-2A. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:11E426. [PMID: 25430333 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A space-resolved grazing-incidence flat-field extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer has been developed in the HL-2A tokamak to measure vertical impurity emission profiles with simultaneous spectral, temporal, and spatial resolution. The spectrometer working in the wavelength range of 30-500 Å has been equipped with a gold-coated varied-line-spacing holographic grating with curvature of 5606 mm and a back illuminated charge-coupled device with size of 6.6 × 26.6 mm(2) (255 × 1024 pixels). A lower half of the HL-2A plasma with averaged minor radius of 40 cm is observed when the spectrometer with horizontal dispersion is placed at a distance of 7.5 m away from the plasma center. An excellent spatial resolution of 12 mm is achieved when a space-resolved slit with vertical width of 0.5 mm is adopted. The radial profiles of intrinsic impurities in several ionization stages have been measured with high throughput and extremely low stray light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengying Cui
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunfeng Dong
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hangyu Zhou
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shigeru Morita
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - Ping Sun
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bingzhong Fu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuantong Ding
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingwei Yang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuru Duan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
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6
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Wei YL, Yu DL, Liu L, Ida K, von Hellermann M, Cao JY, Sun AP, Ma Q, Chen WJ, Liu Y, Yan LW, Yang QW, Duan XR, Liu Y. High spatial and temporal resolution charge exchange recombination spectroscopy on the HL-2A tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:103503. [PMID: 25362389 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A 32/64-channel charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) diagnostic system is developed on the HL-2A tokamak (R = 1.65 m, a = 0.4 m), monitoring plasma ion temperature and toroidal rotation velocity simultaneously. A high throughput spectrometer (F/2.8) and a pitch-controlled fiber bundle enable the temporal resolution of the system up to 400 Hz. The observation geometry and an optimized optic system enable the highest radial resolution up to ∼1 cm at the plasma edge. The CXRS system monitors the carbon line emission (C VI, n = 8-7, 529.06 nm) whose Doppler broadening and Doppler shift provide ion temperature and plasma rotation velocity during the neutral beam injection. The composite CX spectral data are analyzed by the atomic data and analysis structure charge exchange spectroscopy fitting (ADAS CXSFIT) code. First experimental results are shown for the case of HL-2A plasmas with sawtooth oscillations, electron cyclotron resonance heating, and edge transport barrier during the high-confinement mode (H-mode).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Wei
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - D L Yu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - L Liu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - K Ida
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - M von Hellermann
- ITER Diagnostic Team, IO, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 St Paul lez Durance, France
| | - J Y Cao
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - A P Sun
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Q Ma
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - W J Chen
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - L W Yan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Q W Yang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - X R Duan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
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Gao JM, Liu Y, Li W, Cui ZY, Dong YB, Lu J, Xia ZW, Yi P, Yang QW. Inversion of infrared imaging bolometer based on one-dimensional and three-dimensional modeling in HL-2A. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:043505. [PMID: 24784605 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Linear regularization has been applied to the HL-2A infrared imaging bolometer to reconstruct local plasma emission with one-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) modeling under the assumption of toroidal symmetry. In the 3D modeling, a new method to calculate the detector point response function is introduced. This method can be adapted to an arbitrarily shaped pinhole. With the full 3D treatment of the detector geometry, up to 50% of the mean-squared error is reduced compared with the 1D modeling. This is attributed to the effects of finite detector size being taken into account in the 3D modeling. Meanwhile, the number of the bolometer pixels has been optimized to 20 × 20 by making a trade-off between the number of bolometer pixels and the sensitivity of the system. The plasma radiated power density distributions have been calculated as a demonstration using 1D modeling and 3D modeling, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gao
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Y Liu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - W Li
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Z Y Cui
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Y B Dong
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - J Lu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Z W Xia
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - P Yi
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Q W Yang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
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Huang X, Morita S, Oishi T, Goto M, Dong C. Space-resolved extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy free of high-energy neutral particle noise in wavelength range of 10-130 Å on the large helical device. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:043511. [PMID: 24784611 DOI: 10.1063/1.4872384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A flat-field space-resolved extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer system working in wavelength range of 10-130 Å has been constructed in the Large Helical Device (LHD) for profile measurements of bremsstrahlung continuum and line emissions of heavy impurities in the central column of plasmas, which are aimed at studies on Zeff and impurity transport, respectively. Until now, a large amount of spike noise caused by neutral particles with high energies (≤180 keV) originating in neutral beam injection has been observed in EUV spectroscopy on LHD. The new system has been developed with an aim to delete such a spike noise from the signal by installing a thin filter which can block the high-energy neutral particles entering the EUV spectrometer. Three filters of 11 μm thick beryllium (Be), 3.3 μm thick polypropylene (PP), and 0.5 μm thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET: polyester) have been examined to eliminate the spike noise. Although the 11 μm Be and 3.3 μm PP filters can fully delete the spike noise in wavelength range of λ ≤ 20 Å, the signal intensity is also reduced. The 0.5 μm PET filter, on the other hand, can maintain sufficient signal intensity for the measurement and the spike noise remained in the signal is acceptable. As a result, the bremsstrahlung profile is successfully measured without noise at 20 Å even in low-density discharges, e.g., 2.9 × 10(13) cm(-3), when the 0.5 μm PET filter is used. The iron n = 3-2 Lα transition array consisting of FeXVII to FeXXIV is also excellently observed with their radial profiles in wavelength range of 10-18 Å. Each transition in the Lα array can be accurately identified with its radial profile. As a typical example of the method a spectral line at 17.62 Å is identified as FeXVIII transition. Results on absolute intensity calibration of the spectrometer system, pulse height and noise count analyses of the spike noise between holographic and ruled gratings and wavelength response of the used filters are also presented with performance of the present spectrometer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Huang
- Department of Fusion Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Toki 509-5292 Gifu, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morita
- Department of Fusion Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Toki 509-5292 Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsutarou Oishi
- Department of Fusion Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Toki 509-5292 Gifu, Japan
| | - Motoshi Goto
- Department of Fusion Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Toki 509-5292 Gifu, Japan
| | - Chunfeng Dong
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
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Shen Y, Lu B, Du X, Li Y, Fu J, Wang F, Zhang H, Xiong Y, Wang Q, Shi Y, Wan B. Spatially-resolved flat-field soft X-ray spectrometer on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Zhou H, Cui Z, Morita S, Fu B, Goto M, Sun P, Dong C, Gao Y, Xu Y, Lu P, Yang Q, Duan X. Absolute sensitivity calibration of vacuum and extreme ultraviolet spectrometer systems and Z(eff) measurement based on bremsstrahlung continuum in HL-2A tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:10D507. [PMID: 23126850 DOI: 10.1063/1.4729671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A grazing-incidence flat-field extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer has been newly developed in HL-2A tokamak. Typical spectral lines are observed from intrinsic impurities of carbon, oxygen, iron, and extrinsic impurity of helium in the wavelength range of 20 Å-500 Å. Bremsstrahlung continuum is measured at different electron densities of HL-2A discharges to calibrate absolute sensitivity of the EUV spectrometer system and to measure effective ionic charge, Z(eff). The sensitivity of a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrometer system is also absolutely calibrated in overlapped wavelength range of 300 Å-500 Å by comparing the intensity between VUV and EUV line emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Zhou
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, PO Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China.
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