1
|
Mohebbifar M. Optical measurement of gas vibrational-translational relaxation time with high accuracy by the laser photo-acoustic set-up. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
2
|
Oxygen Gas Sensing with Photothermal Spectroscopy in a Hollow-Core Negative Curvature Fiber. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216084. [PMID: 33114721 PMCID: PMC7663727 DOI: 10.3390/s20216084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a compact all-fiber oxygen sensor using photothermal interferometry with a short length (4.3 cm) of hollow-core negative curvature fibers. The hollow-core fiber has double transmission windows covering both visible and near-infrared wavelength regions. Absorption of a pump laser beam at 760 nm produces photothermal phase modulation and a probe Fabry-Perot interferometer operating at 1550 nm is used to detect the phase modulation. With wavelength modulation and first harmonic detection, a limit of detection down to 54 parts per million (ppm) with a 600-s averaging time is achieved, corresponding to a normalized equivalent absorption of 7.7 × 10−8 cm−1. The oxygen sensor has great potential for in situ detection applications.
Collapse
|
3
|
Radney JG, Zangmeister CD. Comparing Aerosol Refractive Indices Retrieved from Full Distribution and Size- and Mass-Selected Measurements. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER 2018; 220:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.08.021. [PMID: 30983630 PMCID: PMC6459413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Refractive index retrievals (also termed inverse Mie methods or optical closure) have seen considerable use as a method to extract the refractive index of aerosol particles from measured optical properties. Retrievals of an aerosol refractive index use one of two primary methods: 1) measurements of the extinction, absorption and/or scattering cross-sections or efficiencies of size- (and mass-) selected particles for mass-mobility refractive index retrievals (MM-RIR) or 2) measurements of aerosol size distributions and a combination of the extinction, absorption and/or scattering coefficients for full distribution refractive index retrievals (FD-RIR). These two methods were compared in this study using pure and mixtures of ammonium sulfate (AS) and nigrosin aerosol, which constitute a non-absorbing and absorbing material, respectively. The results indicate that the retrieved complex refractive index values are correlated to the amount of nigrosin in the aerosol but can be highly variable with differences in the real and imaginary components that range between -0.002 and 0.216 and -0.013 and 0.086; the average and standard deviation of the differences are 0.046 ± 0.046 and 0.023 ± 0.033, respectively. Forward calculation of the optical properties yielded average absolute values of the relative deviation of ≈ 15 % and ≈ 26 % for FD-RIR data using the MM-RIR values and contrariwise. The range of retrieved refractive indices were used to calculate the normalized global average aerosol radiative forcing of a model accumulation mode remote continental aerosol. Deviations using the refractive indices of the pure materials range from 9 % to 32 % for AS and 27 % to 45 % for nigrosin. For mixtures of nigrosin and AS, deviations were all > 100 % and not always able to capture the correct direction of the forcing; i.e., positive versus negative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James G. Radney
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - Christopher D. Zangmeister
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Radney JG, Zangmeister CD. Light Source Effects on Aerosol Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Measurements. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER 2017; 187:145-149. [PMID: 28066027 PMCID: PMC5207050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy measurements of flame-generated soot aerosol coated with small amounts of water yielded absorption enhancements that were dependent on the laser used: quasi-continuous wave (Q-CW, ≈ 650 ps pulse duration and 78 MHz repetition rate) versus continuous wave (CW). Water coating thickness was controlled by exposing the aerosol to a set relative humidity (RH). At ≈ 85 % RH, the mass of the soot particles increased by an amount comparable to a monolayer of water being deposited and enhanced the measured absorption by 36 % and 15 % for the Q-CW and CW lasers, respectively. Extinction measurements were also performed using a cavity ring-down spectrometer (extinction equals the sum of absorption and scattering) with a CW laser and negligible enhancement was observed at all RH. These findings demonstrate that source choice can impact measurements of aerosols with volatile coatings and that the absorption enhancements at high RH previously measured by Radney and Zangmeister (2015) [1] are the result of laser source used (Q-CW) and not from an increase in the particle absorption cross section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James G. Radney
- Corresponding Author (J. Radney) Phone: (301) 975-3904. Fax: (301) 975-3670
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Radney JG, Zangmeister CD. Measurement of Gas and Aerosol Phase Absorption Spectra across the Visible and Near-IR Using Supercontinuum Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7356-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James G. Radney
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Christopher D. Zangmeister
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lack DA, Moosmüller H, McMeeking GR, Chakrabarty RK, Baumgardner D. Characterizing elemental, equivalent black, and refractory black carbon aerosol particles: a review of techniques, their limitations and uncertainties. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:99-122. [PMID: 24297322 PMCID: PMC3877426 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Elemental-, equivalent black- and refractory black-carbon are terms that have been defined in order to dissect the more general term, black carbon, into its component parts related to its specific chemical and optical properties and its impact on climate and health. Recent publications have attempted to clarify the meaning of these terms with respect to their environmental impact, particularly on climate. Here, we focus on the measurement aspects, reviewing the most commonly implemented techniques for the direct and indirect derivation of black carbon properties, their strengths, limitations, and uncertainties, and provide a non-exhaustive bibliography where the reader can find more detailed information. This review paper is designed as a guide for those wishing to learn about the current state of black carbon measurement instrumentation, how calibration is carried out, when one instrument may have the advantage over another, and where new techniques are needed to fill important knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Lack
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3337 USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | | | - Gavin R. McMeeking
- Droplet Measurement Technologies, 2545 Central Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
| | | | - Darrel Baumgardner
- Droplet Measurement Technologies, 2545 Central Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Campbell HM, Havey DK. Pressure-broadening of water transitions near 7180 cm(-1) by helium isotopes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 109:232-238. [PMID: 23542497 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pressure-broadening parameters for several H2O transitions near 7180 cm(-1) are obtained which describe collisions with (3)He and (4)He. The sensitivity of those parameters to choice of theoretical line profile (Galatry vs. Voigt) is investigated. H2O is an important species in atmospheric chemistry and astronomy. Because of this, basic fundamental research, which explores the nature of the H2O spectrum in the presence of different gases of varying physical properties, can provide useful reference data which can be applied in the fields of atmospheric and planetary remote sensing. Measurements were made using an intensity-modulated laser photoacoustic spectrometer. Results from the present work show that Galatry line profiles, with a constrained narrowing parameter, more accurately describe experimental spectra than Voigt profiles over a wide range of experimental pressure conditions. Average pressure-broadening parameters were found to be 0.0216 cm(-1)/atm and 0.0209 cm(-1)/atm for H2O in (3)He and (4)He, respectively, and were compared to a literature model for the mass-dependence of line broadening. Specific values were obtained for each transition with nominal combined uncertainties of 2-6%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vess E, Anderson C, Awadalla V, Estes E, Jeon C, Wallace C, Hu X, Havey D. Investigation of an energy-gap model for photoacoustic O2 A-band spectra: H2O calibration near 7180cm−1. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
9
|
Vess EM, Wallace CJ, Campbell HM, Awadalla VE, Hodges JT, Long DA, Havey DK. Measurement of H2O Broadening of O2 A-Band Transitions and Implications for Atmospheric Remote Sensing. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:4069-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301194j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Vess
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, James Madison University,
MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - C. J. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, James Madison University,
MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - H. M. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, James Madison University,
MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - V. E. Awadalla
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, James Madison University,
MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - J. T. Hodges
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100
Bureau Drive, MS 8320, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - D. A. Long
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100
Bureau Drive, MS 8320, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - D. K. Havey
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, James Madison University,
MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wallace CJ, Jeon C, Anderson CN, Havey DK. H2O Broadening of a CO2 Line and Its Nearest Neighbors Near 6360 cm–1. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13804-10. [PMID: 22013917 DOI: 10.1021/jp208800s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - C. Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - C. N. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - D. K. Havey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Havey DK, Bueno PA, Gillis KA, Hodges JT, Mulholland GW, van Zee RD, Zachariah MR. Photoacoustic Spectrometer with a Calculable Cell Constant for Measurements of Gases and Aerosols. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7935-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101366e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Havey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Pedro A. Bueno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Keith A. Gillis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Joseph T. Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - George W. Mulholland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Roger D. van Zee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Michael R. Zachariah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| |
Collapse
|