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Montgomery DS. Invited article: X-ray phase contrast imaging in inertial confinement fusion and high energy density research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:021103. [PMID: 36859012 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
X-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) provides enhanced image contrast beyond absorption-based x-ray imaging alone due to refraction and diffraction from gradients in the object material density. It is sensitive to small variations in density, such as internal voids, cracks, grains, defects, and material flow, as well as to stronger density variations such as from a shock wave. Beyond its initial use in biology and materials science, XPCI is now routinely used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high energy density (HED) research, first to characterize ICF capsules and targets, and later applied in dynamic experiments, where coherent x-ray sources, ultrafast x-ray pulses, and high temporal and spatial resolution are required. In this Review article, XPCI image formation theory is presented, its diverse use in ICF and HED research is discussed, the unique requirements for ultrafast XPCI imaging are given, as well as current challenges and issues in its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Montgomery
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Zhou T, Wang H, Connolley T, Scott S, Baker N, Sawhney K. Development of an X-ray imaging system to prevent scintillator degradation for white synchrotron radiation. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:801-807. [PMID: 29714191 PMCID: PMC5929358 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518003193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The high flux of the white X-ray beams from third-generation synchrotron light sources can significantly benefit the development of high-speed X-ray imaging, but can also bring technical challenges to existing X-ray imaging systems. One prevalent problem is that the image quality deteriorates because of dust particles accumulating on the scintillator screen during exposure to intense X-ray radiation. Here, this problem has been solved by embedding the scintillator in a flowing inert-gas environment. It is also shown that the detector maintains the quality of the captured images even after days of X-ray exposure. This modification is cost-efficient and easy to implement. Representative examples of applications using the X-ray imaging system are also provided, including fast tomography and multimodal phase-contrast imaging for biomedical and geological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunhe Zhou
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Hongchang Wang
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Thomas Connolley
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Steward Scott
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Nick Baker
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Kawal Sawhney
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
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Olbinado MP, Just X, Gelet JL, Lhuissier P, Scheel M, Vagovic P, Sato T, Graceffa R, Schulz J, Mancuso A, Morse J, Rack A. MHz frame rate hard X-ray phase-contrast imaging using synchrotron radiation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:13857-13871. [PMID: 28788829 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.013857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Third generation synchrotron light sources offer high photon flux, partial spatial coherence, and ~10-10 s pulse widths. These enable hard X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) with single-bunch temporal resolutions. In this work, we exploited the MHz repetition rates of synchrotron X-ray pulses combined with indirect X-ray detection to demonstrate the potential of XPCI with millions of frames per second multiple-frame recording. This allows for the visualization of aperiodic or stochastic transient processes which are impossible to be realized using single-shot or stroboscopic XPCI. We present observations of various phenomena, such as crack tip propagation in glass, shock wave propagation in water and explosion during electric arc ignition, which evolve in the order of km/s (µm/ns).
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Flippo KA, Kline JL, Doss FW, Loomis EN, Emerich M, Devolder B, Murphy TJ, Fournier KB, Kalantar DH, Regan SP, Barrios MA, Merritt EC, Perry TS, Tregillis IL, Welser-Sherrill L, Fincke JR. Development of a Big Area BackLighter for high energy density experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:093501. [PMID: 25273720 DOI: 10.1063/1.4893349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A very large area (7.5 mm(2)) laser-driven x-ray backlighter, termed the Big Area BackLighter (BABL) has been developed for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to support high energy density experiments. The BABL provides an alternative to Pinhole-Apertured point-projection Backlighting (PABL) for a large field of view. This bypasses the challenges for PABL in the equatorial plane of the NIF target chamber where space is limited because of the unconverted laser light that threatens the diagnostic aperture, the backlighter foil, and the pinhole substrate. A transmission experiment using 132 kJ of NIF laser energy at a maximum intensity of 8.52 × 10(14) W/cm(2) illuminating the BABL demonstrated good conversion efficiency of >3.5% into K-shell emission producing ~4.6 kJ of high energy x rays, while yielding high contrast images with a highly uniform background that agree well with 2D simulated spectra and spatial profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - J L Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - F W Doss
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - E N Loomis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - M Emerich
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - B Devolder
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - T J Murphy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D H Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E C Merritt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - I L Tregillis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - L Welser-Sherrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - J R Fincke
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
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Koch JA, Landen OL, Suter LJ, Masse LP, Clark DS, Ross JS, Mackinnon AJ, Meezan NB, Thomas CA, Ping Y. Refraction-enhanced backlit imaging of axially symmetric inertial confinement fusion plasmas. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:3538-3556. [PMID: 23736240 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.003538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
X-ray backlit radiographs of dense plasma shells can be significantly altered by refraction of x rays that would otherwise travel straight-ray paths, and this effect can be a powerful tool for diagnosing the spatial structure of the plasma being radiographed. We explore the conditions under which refraction effects may be observed, and we use analytical and numerical approaches to quantify these effects for one-dimensional radial opacity and density profiles characteristic of inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. We also show how analytical and numerical approaches allow approximate radial plasma opacity and density profiles to be inferred from point-projection refraction-enhanced radiography data. This imaging technique can provide unique data on electron density profiles in ICF plasmas that cannot be obtained using other techniques, and the uniform illumination provided by point-like x-ray backlighters eliminates a significant source of uncertainty in inferences of plasma opacity profiles from area-backlit pinhole imaging data when the backlight spatial profile cannot be independently characterized. The technique is particularly suited to in-flight radiography of imploding low-opacity shells surrounding hydrogen ice, because refraction is sensitive to the electron density of the hydrogen plasma even when it is invisible to absorption radiography. It may also provide an alternative approach to timing shockwaves created by the implosion drive, that are currently invisible to absorption radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Koch
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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Stutman D, Finkenthal M. Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry for high energy density plasma diagnostic. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:113508. [PMID: 22128976 DOI: 10.1063/1.3660808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High resolution density diagnostics are difficult in high energy density laboratory plasmas (HEDLP) experiments due to the scarcity of probes that can penetrate above solid density plasmas. Hard x-rays are one possible probe for such dense plasmas. We study the possibility of applying an x-ray method recently developed for medical imaging, differential phase-contrast with Talbot-Lau interferometers, for the diagnostic of electron density and small-scale hydrodynamic instabilities in HEDLP experiments. The Talbot method uses micro-periodic gratings to measure the refraction and ultra-small angle scatter of x-rays through an object and is attractive for HEDLP diagnostic due to its capability to work with incoherent and polychromatic x-ray sources such as the laser driven backlighters used for HEDLP radiography. Our paper studies the potential of the Talbot method for HEDLP diagnostic, its adaptation to the HEDLP environment, and its extension of high x-ray energy using micro-periodic mirrors. The analysis is illustrated with experimental results obtained using a laboratory Talbot interferometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stutman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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