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Jin J, Zhang Q, Bornhauser P, Knopp G, Marquardt R, Radi PP. Rovibrational investigation of a new high-lying 0 u + state of Cu 2 by using two-color resonant four-wave-mixing spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:184305. [PMID: 35568551 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly excited electronic state of dicopper is observed and characterized for the first time. The [39.6]0u +-X1Σg +(0g +) system is measured at rotational resolution by using degenerate and two-color resonant four-wave-mixing, as well as laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Double-resonance experiments are performed by labeling selected rotational levels of the ground state by tuning the probe laser wavelength to transitions in the well-known (1-0) band of the B0u +-X1Σg +(0g +) electronic system. Spectra obtained by scans of the pump laser in the UV wavelength range were then assigned unambiguously by the stringent double-resonance selection rules. The absence of a Q-band suggests a parallel transition (ΔΩ = 0) and determines the term symbol of the state as 0u + in Hund's case (c) notation. The equilibrium constants for 63Cu2 are Te = 39 559.921(92) cm-1, ωe = 277.70(14) cm-1, Be = 0.104 942(66) cm-1, and re = 2.2595(11) Å. These findings are supported by high-level ab initio calculations at the MRCI+Q level, which clearly identifies this state as resulting from a 4p ← 3d transition. In addition, three dark perturber states are found in the v = 1 and v = 2 vibrational levels of the new state. A deperturbation analysis characterizes the interaction and rationalizes the anomalous dips in the excitation spectrum of the [39.6]0u +-X1Σg +(0g +) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaye Jin
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bornhauser
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Knopp
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Marquardt
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal - CS90032, 67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Peter P Radi
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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2
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Beck M, Bornhauser P, Visser B, Knopp G, Bokhoven JAV, Radi PP. Spectroscopic disentanglement of the quantum states of highly excited Cu 2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3270. [PMID: 31332175 PMCID: PMC6646321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals, characterised by their partially filled d orbitals, provide the basis for many of the most relevant processes in chemistry, biology, and physics. Embedded as single atoms or in small clusters, they give rise to exceptional optical, chemical, and magnetic properties. So far, it has proven impossible to disentangle the complex network of excited quantum states, which greatly hinders prediction and control of material properties. Here, we apply two-colour resonant four-wave mixing to quantitatively resolve the quantum states of the neutral copper dimer. This allows us to unwind the individual spectral lines by isotopic composition and rotational quantum number and reveals a rich network of bright and perturbing dark states. While this work presents a road map for the experimental study of the bonding between and with transition metal atoms, it also provides experimental reference data for prospective quantum chemical approaches on handling systems with a high density of states. Transition metals are at the basis of key processes in chemistry and biology but their complex electronic structures make understanding of their properties a challenge. Here the authors resolve individual spectral lines of Cu2 in the deep UV region by two-colour resonant four-wave mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beck
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - P Bornhauser
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Bradley Visser
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Northwestern Switzerland, 5610, Windisch, Switzerland
| | - G Knopp
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J A van Bokhoven
- Energy and Environment Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P P Radi
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
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3
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Visser B, Beck M, Bornhauser P, Knopp G, van Bokhoven JA, Marquardt R, Gourlaouen C, Radi PP. Identification of a new low energy 1 u state in dicopper with resonant four-wave mixing. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:214308. [PMID: 29221416 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The low energy electronic structure of the copper dimer has been re-investigated using non-linear four-wave mixing spectroscopy and high level ab initio calculations. In addition to the measurement of the previously reported A, B, and C electronic states, a new state denoted A' is identified with T0 = 20 100.4090(16) cm-1 (63Cu2). Rotational analysis of the A'-X (0,0) and (1,0) transitions leads to the assignment of A' 1u. Ab initio calculations present the first theoretical description of the low energy states of the copper dimer in Hund's case (c) and confirm the experimental assignment. The discovery of this new low energy excited state emphasizes that spin-orbit coupling is significant in states with d-hole electronic configurations and resolves a decades-long mystery in the initial assignment of the A state.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Visser
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M Beck
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - P Bornhauser
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - G Knopp
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - R Marquardt
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg. 4, Rue Blaise Pascal-CS90032, 67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - C Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg. 4, Rue Blaise Pascal-CS90032, 67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - P P Radi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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4
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Mendoza-Luna LG, Shiltagh NMK, Watkins MJ, Bonifaci N, Aitken F, von Haeften K. Excimers in the Lowest Rotational Quantum State in Liquid Helium. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4666-4670. [PMID: 27809539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for helium excimers (He2*) in the lowest allowed rotational quantum state in liquid helium is presented. He2* was generated by a corona discharge in the gas and normal liquid phases. Fluorescence spectra recorded in the visible region between 3.8 and 5.0 K and 0.2 and 5.6 bar showed the rotationally resolved d3Σu+ → b3Πg transition of He2*. Analysis of the pressure and temperature dependence of lineshifts and line intensities showed features of solvated He2* superimposed on its gas-phase spectrum and, in the liquid phase only, pressure-induced rotational cooling. These findings suggest that He2* can be used to investigate bulk helium in different phases at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Guillermo Mendoza-Luna
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Nagham M K Shiltagh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Kerbala , Karbala, Iraq
| | - Mark J Watkins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Nelly Bonifaci
- G2ELab-CNRS Equipe MDE, 25 Av. des Martyrs BP 166, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Frédéric Aitken
- G2ELab-CNRS Equipe MDE, 25 Av. des Martyrs BP 166, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Klaus von Haeften
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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Buelna X, Freund A, Gonzalez D, Popov E, Eloranta J. Ejection of Metal Particles into Superfluid 4He by Laser Ablation. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:11010-11017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Buelna
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University at Northridge, 18111
Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Adam Freund
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University at Northridge, 18111
Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Daniel Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University at Northridge, 18111
Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Evgeny Popov
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University at Northridge, 18111
Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Jussi Eloranta
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University at Northridge, 18111
Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330, United States
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Popov E, Eloranta J. Copper dimer interactions on a thermomechanical superfluid 4He fountain. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:204704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4921778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University at Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, California 91330, USA
| | - Jussi Eloranta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University at Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, California 91330, USA
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Peter Toennies
- a Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation , Göttingen , Germany
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8
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Popov E, Mammetkuliyev M, Eloranta J. Dynamics of vortex assisted metal condensation in superfluid helium. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:204307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4807382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Pörtner N, Toennies JP, Vilesov AF, Stienkemeier F. Anomalous fine structures of the 000band of tetracene in large He droplets and their dependence on droplet size. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.679633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Vehmanen E, Ghazarian V, Sams C, Khachatryan I, Eloranta J, Apkarian VA. Injection of atoms and molecules in a superfluid helium fountain: Cu and Cu2He(n) (n = 1, ..., ∞). J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:7077-88. [PMID: 21449544 DOI: 10.1021/jp1123986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce an experimental platform designed around a thermomechanical helium fountain, which is aimed at investigating spectroscopy and dynamics of atoms and molecules in the superfluid and at its vapor interface. Laser ablation of copper, efficient cooling and transport of Cu and Cu(2) through helium vapor (1.5 K < T < 20 K), formation of linear and T-shaped Cu(2)-He complexes, and their continuous evolution into large Cu(2)-He(n) clusters and droplets are among the processes that are illustrated. Reflection is the dominant quantum scattering channel of translationally cold copper atoms (T = 1.7 K) at the fountain interface. Cu(2) dimers mainly travel through the fountain unimpeded. However, the conditions of fountain flow and transport of molecules can be controlled to demonstrate injection and, in particular, injection into a nondivergent columnar fountain with a plug velocity of about 1 m/s. The experimental observables are interpreted with the aid of bosonic density functional theory calculations and ab initio interaction potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Vehmanen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN 40014, Finland
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11
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Lebedev V, Moroshkin P, Weis A. Spectroscopy of Nonspherical Atomic Bubbles in Solid Helium. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:7169-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200159s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Lebedev
- Département de Physique, Université de Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - P. Moroshkin
- Département de Physique, Université de Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - A. Weis
- Département de Physique, Université de Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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12
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Callegari C, Ancilotto F. Perturbation Method to Calculate the Interaction Potentials and Electronic Excitation Spectra of Atoms in He Nanodroplets. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:6789-96. [PMID: 21434657 DOI: 10.1021/jp111157w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Callegari
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Graz, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria, EU
| | - Francesco Ancilotto
- Dipartimento di Fisica ‘G. Galilei’, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- CNR-IOM-Democritos, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
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