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Falcinelli S, Rosi M. Production and Characterization of Molecular Dications: Experimental and Theoretical Efforts. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184157. [PMID: 32932839 PMCID: PMC7571021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dications are doubly charged cations of importance in flames, plasma chemistry and physics and in the chemistry of the upper atmosphere of Planets. Furthermore, they are exotic species able to store a considerable amount of energy at a molecular level. This high energy content of several eV can be easily released as translational energy of the two fragment monocations generated by their Coulomb explosion. For such a reason, they were proposed as a new kind of alternative propellant. The present topic review paper reports on an overview of the main contributions made by the authors’ research groups in the generation and characterization of simple molecular dications during the last 40 years of coupling experimental and theoretical efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Falcinelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (M.R.); Tel.: +39-075-585-3862 (S.F.); +39-075-585-3858 (M.R.)
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
- SCITEC, CNR, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (M.R.); Tel.: +39-075-585-3862 (S.F.); +39-075-585-3858 (M.R.)
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Gao K, Sheng L. Theoretical investigation of HNgNH3(+) ions (Ng = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe). J Chem Phys 2015; 142:144301. [PMID: 25877572 DOI: 10.1063/1.4916648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium geometries, harmonic frequencies, and dissociation energies of HNgNH3(+) ions (Ng = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) were investigated using the following method: Becke-3-parameter-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP), Boese-Matrin for Kinetics (BMK), second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), and coupled-cluster with single and double excitations as well as perturbative inclusion of triples (CCSD(T)). The results indicate that HHeNH3(+), HArNH3(+), HKrNH3(+), and HXeNH3(+) ions are metastable species that are protected from decomposition by high energy barriers, whereas the HNeNH3(+) ion is unstable because of its relatively small energy barrier for decomposition. The bonding nature of noble-gas atoms in HNgNH3(+) was also analyzed using the atoms in molecules approach, natural energy decomposition analysis, and natural bond orbital analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunqi Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
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Sabzyan H, Keshavarz E, Noorisafa Z. Diatomic dications and dianions. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-013-0359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dyke JM, Jonathan N, Morris A. Recent Progress in the Study of Transient Species with Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01442358209353327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Deleuze MS, Francois JP, Kryachko ES. The Fate of Dicationic States in Molecular Clusters of Benzene and Related Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:16824-34. [PMID: 16316229 DOI: 10.1021/ja042238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calculations employing density functional theory indicate that, rather than undergoing fragmentation, dicationic clusters of benzene, hexafluorobenzene, and naphthalene produced by sequential one-electron or sudden double-ionization experiments on the neutrals can relax via the formation of inter-ring covalent C-C bonds, along with a series of proton transfers that enable a substantial reduction of inter- and intramolecular Coulomb repulsions. The theoretically predicted chemically bound structures correspond to deep local energy minima on the potential energy surface pertaining to the lowest electronic state of the dications and can therefore be regarded as metastable (kinetically long-lived) species. This discovery invalidates on theoretical grounds the liquid-droplet model of multiply charged clusters and sheds very unexpected light on possible consequences in chemistry of the intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) mechanism [Cederbaum, L. S.; et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 79, 4778; Jahnke, T.; et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 93, 163401] for deep inner-valence ionized states. Propagation of charge rearrangement reactions and proton transfers to several monomers may eventually lead to the formation of rather extended dicationic assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Deleuze
- Theoretische Chemie Onderzoeksgroep, Departement SBG, Universiteit Hasselt, Gebouw D, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Głuch K, Fedor J, Matt-Leubner S, Echt O, Stamatovic A, Probst M, Scheier P, Märk TD. Kinetic-energy release in Coulomb explosion of metastable C3H52+. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1536978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ascenzi D, Franceschi P, Tosi P, Bassi D, Kaczorowska M, Harvey JN. Bond-forming reactions of dications: Production of ArO+ and ArO2+ in the reaction of Ar2+ with O2. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1533751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nenajdenko VG, Shevchenko NE, Balenkova ES, Alabugin IV. 1,2-Dications in organic main group systems. Chem Rev 2003; 103:229-82. [PMID: 12517185 DOI: 10.1021/cr0000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Walker NR, Wright RR, Barran PE, Cox H, Stace AJ. Unexpected stability of [Cu⋅Ar]2+, [Ag⋅Ar]2+, [Au⋅Ar]2+, and their larger clusters. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1352036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schröder D, Schwarz H. Generation, Stability, and Reactivity of Small, Multiply Charged Ions in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991332x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wright JS, Carpenter DJ, Alekseyev AB, Liebermann HP, Lingott R, Buenker RJ. Thermodynamically stable diatomic dications: potential curves and radiative lifetimes for CaCl2+ including relativistic effects. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Matt S, Dünser B, Senn G, Scheier P, Märk TD. Production and decay of highly-charged fullerene ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02274921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Scheier P, Dünser B, Wörgötter R, Matt S, Muigg D, Senn G, Måk TD. Electron impact ionization of C60and C70: production and properties of parent and fragment ions studied with a two-sector field mass spectrometer. INT REV PHYS CHEM 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/01442359609353177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kolbuszewski M, Wright JS, Buenker RJ. Avoided crossings in potential curves of BF2+: A study of models for bonding in diatomic dications. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Scheier P, Märk TD. Observation of the septuply charged ion C607+ and its metastable decay into two charged fragments via superasymmetric fission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:54-57. [PMID: 10056718 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Chen Z, Ben-Itzhak I, Lin CD, Koch W, Frenking G, Gertner I, Rosner B. Mean-lifetime calculations of the metastable doubly charged NeAr2+ rare-gas dimer. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:3472-3478. [PMID: 9910647 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Martrenchard-Barra S, Jouvet C, Lardeux-Dedonder C, Solgadi D. Molecular dynamics simulations of the formation process of very small doubly charged para-difluorobenzene clusters produced in a supersonic expansion. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)85717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ben-Itzhak I, Gertner I, Heber O, Rosner B. Formation and mean lifetime measurements of the long-lived doubly charged HeNe2+ rare-gas dimer. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)87230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Koch W, Frenking G, Gobbi A. The electronic ground state of the NeAr2+ dication. A complete active space SCF/multi-reference CI study. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)85388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ben-Itzhak I, Gertner I, Rosner B. Formation and mean lifetime of the metastable doubly charged rare-gas dimer NeAr2+. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1993; 47:289-294. [PMID: 9908922 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.47.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Brenner V, Martrenchard S, Millie P, Jouvet C, Lardeux-Dedonder C, Solgadi D. Theoretical interpretation of the stability of “anomalously” small doubly charged paradifluorobenzene clusters. Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(92)85008-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Amirav A. Electron impact and hyperthermal surface ionization mass spectrometry in supersonic molecular beams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210260102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ben-Itzhak I, Gertner I, Bortman D, Zajfman D. Formation of doubly charged molecular ion Ne22+ in sub-MeV stripping collision Ne2++Ar-->Ne22+. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 41:6548-6551. [PMID: 9903062 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.6548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Frenking G, Cremer D. The chemistry of the noble gas elements helium, neon, and argon — Experimental facts and theoretical predictions. NOBLE GAS AND HIGH TEMPERATURE CHEMISTRY 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-52124-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Saunders WA. Transition from metastability to stability of Gen2+ clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 40:1400-1402. [PMID: 9991986 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Scheier P, Walder G, Stamatovic A, Märk T. Critical appearance size of doubly charged Xe clusters revisited. J Chem Phys 1989. [DOI: 10.1063/1.455766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lezius M, Märk T. Direct experimental evidence for the Coulomb explosion of doubly charged argon cluster ions. Arn2+. Chem Phys Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)87193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Irion M, Selinger A, Castleman A, Ferguson E, Weil K. Studies of the dissociation products of methyl nitrite and deuterated methyl nitrite ions at high mass resolution. Chem Phys Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(88)80219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Scheier P, Märk T. Triply charged argon clusters: production and stability (appearance energy and appearance size). Chem Phys Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(87)80279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Characterisation of cluster ions formed from inert gas atoms plus small molecules and radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(86)80035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Galindo‐Uribarri A, Lee HW, Chang KH. Beams of doubly ionized molecules from a tandem accelerator. J Chem Phys 1985. [DOI: 10.1063/1.449123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Märk T, Castleman A. Experimental Studies on Cluster Ions. ADVANCES IN ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2199(08)60266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Stephan K, Märk TD, Futrell JH, Helm H. Electron impact ionization of (N2)2: Appearance energies of N+3and N+4. J Chem Phys 1984. [DOI: 10.1063/1.447144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Märk T. Comments on “Häufigkeitsverteilungen von einfach und doppelt positiv geladenen molekülionen ausgewählter chemischer elemente im funkenplasma”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(84)87096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stephan K, Märk TD, Märk E, Stamatovic A, Djuric N, Castleman AW. Metastable Decomposition of Ar3+ Cluster Ions Into Ar2+ and Ar+. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/ctpp.19830230404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Stephan K, Futrell J, Peterson K, Castleman A, Wagner H, Djuric N, Mark T. An electron-impact study of ammonia clusters in a supersonic molecular beam: appearance potentials of NH4+, (NH3)2+, (NH3)2H+, (NH3)3+, (NH33H+ and (NH2NH3)+. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(82)80023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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