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Lu QB. Reaction Cycles of Halogen Species in the Immune Defense: Implications for Human Health and Diseases and the Pathology and Treatment of COVID-19. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061461. [PMID: 32545714 PMCID: PMC7349336 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19, which is causing a global pandemic. One current focus is drug repurposing research, but those drugs have limited therapeutic efficacies and known adverse effects. The pathology of COVID-19 is essentially unknown. Without this understanding, it is challenging to discover a successful treatment to be approved for clinical use. This paper addresses several key biological processes of reactive oxygen, halogen and nitrogen species (ROS, RHS and RNS) that play crucial physiological roles in organisms from plants to humans. These include why superoxide dismutases, the enzymes to catalyze the formation of H2O2, are required for protecting ROS-induced injury in cell metabolism, why the amount of ROS/RNS produced by ionizing radiation at clinically relevant doses is ~1000 fold lower than the endogenous ROS/RNS level routinely produced in the cell and why a low level of endogenous RHS plays a crucial role in phagocytosis for immune defense. Herein we propose a plausible amplification mechanism in immune defense: ozone-depleting-like halogen cyclic reactions enhancing RHS effects are responsible for all the mentioned physiological functions, which are activated by H2O2 and deactivated by NO signaling molecule. Our results show that the reaction cycles can be repeated thousands of times and amplify the RHS pathogen-killing (defense) effects by 100,000 fold in phagocytosis, resembling the cyclic ozone-depleting reactions in the stratosphere. It is unraveled that H2O2 is a required protective signaling molecule (angel) in the defense system for human health and its dysfunction can cause many diseases or conditions such as autoimmune disorders, aging and cancer. We also identify a class of potent drugs for effective treatment of invading pathogens such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), cancer and other diseases, and provide a molecular mechanism of action of the drugs or candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Jensen ET. Excitation and quenching mechanisms in the near-UV photodissociation of CH3Br and CH3Cl adsorbed on D2O or CH3OH on Cu(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9173-85. [PMID: 25757378 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp06128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical processes for CH3X (X = Cl, Br, I) adsorbed on top of thin films of D2O or CH3OH on a Cu(110) substrate is studied by time-of-flight mass spectrometry for a range of UV wavelengths (351-193 nm). Photodissociation via dissociative electron attachment by photoelectrons and by neutral photodissociation is identified and quantified based on the observed dynamics of the desorbing CH3 fragments. Photoelectron-driven dissociation of CH3X is found to be a maximum for monolayer quantities of the D2O or CH3OH on Cu(110), but with differing kinetic energy release on the two substrates. The dynamics of CH3Br and CH3Cl photodissociation qualitatively differ on CH3OH/Cu(110) as compared to D2O/Cu(110), which is ascribed to differing molecular structures for these systems. Evidence is presented for an efficient inter-molecular quenching mechanism for neutral photoexcitation of CH3Cl and CH3Br on the CH3OH/Cu(110) substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Jensen
- Department of Physics, University of Northern BC, 3333 University, Way, Prince George B.C., V2N 4Z9, Canada.
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Polanyi J, Wang JX, Yang S. Photoinduced Charge-Transfer Dissociation in van der Waals Complexes. III. Na···FCH3. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miller ER, Muirhead GD, Jensen ET. Mechanisms for the near-UV photodissociation of CH3I on D2O/Cu(110). J Chem Phys 2013; 138:084702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4770225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ayoub Y, Asscher M. Interaction of Ethyl Chloride with Amorphous Solid Water Thin Film on Ru(001) and O/Ru(001) Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:7514-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900888j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Ayoub
- Institute of Chemistry and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Micha Asscher
- Institute of Chemistry and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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6
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Jensen ET. Charge-transfer photodissociation of adsorbed molecules via electron image states. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:044301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2822331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pursell DP, Dai HL. Photochemistry of Vinyl Chloride Physisorbed on Ag(111) through Molecular Anion Formation Induced by Substrate Electron Attachment. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:10374-82. [PMID: 16722742 DOI: 10.1021/jp055997c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed 266 and 355 nm ultraviolet laser irradiation of monolayer vinyl chloride physisorbed on Ag(111) results in molecular dissociation leading to C2H3 and Cl, much of which is adsorbed to the surface. On the basis of observations made on dissociation dependences on chlorine isotope and photon energy, it is deduced that upon excitation vinyl chloride forms a transient negative ion through a substrate mediated, vertical electron attachment mechanism. The anion either dissociates or relaxes through energy transfer to the neutral state causing the neutral molecule to desorb. The threshold for vertical attachment of substrate electron is estimated to be 0.8 eV below the vacuum level, in agreement with the experimentally observed wavelength dependence in photoinduced dissociation. Chemisorbed Cl on the Ag(111) surface inhibits the photodissociation process by increasing the substrate work function and consequently the energy threshold for electron vertical attachment. Upon heating the Ag(111) surface, adsorbed vinyl combines to produce 1,3-butadiene in a first order, diffusion limited, process with an activation energy of 10.4 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Pursell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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Balog R, Stano M, Limão-Vieira P, König C, Bald I, Mason NJ, Illenberger E. Low energy electron interaction with free and bound SF5CF3: Negative ion formation from single molecules, clusters and nanofilms. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1617978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lee JG, Hong SH, Ahner J, Yates JT. Surface aligned ion-molecule reaction: direct observation of initial and final ion momenta. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:253202. [PMID: 12484883 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.253202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An ion-molecule reaction has been studied by measuring the momentum of both the reactant and the product ions. This is carried out in an ordered molecular film of CD3I where electron stimulated desorption causes the reaction CD+3+ CD3I--> C2D+5+DI. The close similarity of the normal momentum of CD+3 and C2D+5 indicates that a sticky collision occurs in which, to within 10%, the momentum of the reactant ion is transferred to the momentum of the product ion. The measurement represents the first use of molecularly aligned species to study momentum effects in an ion-molecule reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Gook Lee
- Surface Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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11
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Johnson CC, Jensen ET. Photolysis of CH3I on Cu(110) at 337 nm: Direct and charge-transfer photodissociation. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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12
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Lu PH, Polanyi JC, Rogers D. Electron-induced “localized atomic reaction” (LAR): Chlorobenzene adsorbed on Si(111) 7×7. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nishimura SY, Aldrich DN, Hoerth MT, Ralston CJ, Tro NJ. Photochemistry of CH3I Adsorbed on Al2O3(0001). J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9922864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108
| | - D. N. Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108
| | - M. T. Hoerth
- Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108
| | - C. J. Ralston
- Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108
| | - N. J. Tro
- Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108
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Khan KA, Camillone N, Osgood RM. Chain-Length Dependence of the Dissociation Dynamics of Oriented Molecular Adsorbates: n-Alkyl Bromides on GaAs(110). J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp990782m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A. Khan
- Columbia Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Nicholas Camillone
- Columbia Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Richard M. Osgood
- Columbia Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Chen JM, Liu RG, Hsu YJ, Yang SC, Liu YC, Lee YP, Wen CR, Chuang TJ. Adsorption and photon-stimulated desorption of CCl4 on an Al(111) surface investigated with synchrotron radiation. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Ayotte P, Gamache J, Bass AD, Fabrikant II, Sanche L. Absolute cross sections for dissociative electron attachment to condensed CH3Cl and CH3Br: Effects of potential energy curve crossing and capture probability. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Ayotte
- Groupe du CRM en Sciences des Radiations, Faculteá de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - J. Gamache
- Groupe du CRM en Sciences des Radiations, Faculteá de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - A. D. Bass
- Groupe du CRM en Sciences des Radiations, Faculteá de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - I. I. Fabrikant
- Groupe du CRM en Sciences des Radiations, Faculteá de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - L. Sanche
- Groupe du CRM en Sciences des Radiations, Faculteá de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
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Bent BE. Mimicking Aspects of Heterogeneous Catalysis: Generating, Isolating, and Reacting Proposed Surface Intermediates on Single Crystals in Vacuum. Chem Rev 1996; 96:1361-1390. [PMID: 11848794 DOI: 10.1021/cr940201j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Bent
- Department of Chemistry and Columbia Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Sun Z, Schwaner AL, White JM. Photoinduced charge transfer reactions at surfaces: CF3I on Ag(111). J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Castaño J, Zapata V, Makarov G, Ureña AG. TEA CO 2-Laser Induced SF 6+ Ba Beam-Surface Ionization. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199500052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Martin JS, Greeley JN, Morris JR, Feranchak BT, Jacobs DC. Scattering state‐selected NO+on GaAs(110): The effect of translational and vibrational energy on NO−and O−product formation. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.467039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Garrett SJ, Holbert VP, Stair PC, Weitz E. The adsorption and photochemistry of CD3I on TiO2(110). J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.466294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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22
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Sun ZJ, Schwaner A, White J. Photoinduced charge transfer at surfaces: CF3I adsorbed on Ag(111). Chem Phys Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(94)00041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Dixon‐Warren SJ, Jensen ET, Polanyi JC. Photochemistry of adsorbed molecules. XI. Charge‐transfer photodissociation and photoreaction in chloromethanes on Ag(111). J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.464888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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