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van Wasen S, You Y, Beck S, Riedel J, Volmer DA. Miniaturized Protein Digestion Using Acoustic Levitation with Online High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4190-4195. [PMID: 36794939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The combination of acoustically levitated droplets, mid-IR laser evaporation, and subsequent post-ionization by secondary electrospray ionization was applied for monitoring the enzymatic digestion of various proteins. Acoustically levitated droplets are an ideal, wall-free model reactor, readily allowing compartmentalized microfluidic trypsin digestions. Time-resolved interrogation of the droplets yielded real-time information on the progress of the reaction and thus provided insights into reaction kinetics. After 30 min of digestion in the acoustic levitator, the obtained protein sequence coverages were identical to the reference overnight digestions. Importantly, our results clearly demonstrate that the applied experimental setup can be used for the real-time investigation of chemical reactions. Furthermore, the described methodology only uses a fraction of the typically applied amounts of solvent, analyte, and trypsin. Thus, the results exemplify the use of acoustic levitation as a green analytical chemistry alternative to the currently used batch reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian van Wasen
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Yi You
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
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2
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Effect of Choice of Solvent on Crystallization Pathway of Paracetamol: An Experimental and Theoretical Case Study. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The choice of solvents influences crystalline solid formed during the crystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The underlying effects are not always well understood because of the complexity of the systems. Theoretical models are often insufficient to describe this phenomenon. In this study, the crystallization behavior of the model drug paracetamol in different solvents was studied based on experimental and molecular dynamics data. The crystallization process was followed in situ using time-resolved Raman spectroscopy. Molecular dynamics with simulated annealing algorithm was used for an atomistic understanding of the underlying processes. The experimental and theoretical data indicate that paracetamol molecules adopt a particular geometry in a given solvent predefining the crystallization of certain polymorphs.
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Foresti D, Kroll KT, Amissah R, Sillani F, Homan KA, Poulikakos D, Lewis JA. Acoustophoretic printing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat1659. [PMID: 30182058 PMCID: PMC6118516 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based printing methods are widely used in applications ranging from biological microarrays to additive manufacturing. However, common approaches, such as inkjet or electrohydrodynamic printing, are well suited only for materials with low viscosity or specific electromagnetic properties, respectively. While in-air acoustophoretic forces are material-independent, they are typically weak and have yet to be harnessed for printing materials. We introduce an acoustophoretic printing method that enables drop-on-demand patterning of a broad range of soft materials, including Newtonian fluids, whose viscosities span more than four orders of magnitude (0.5 to 25,000 mPa·s) and yield stress fluids (τ0 > 50 Pa). By exploiting the acoustic properties of a subwavelength Fabry-Perot resonator, we have generated an accurate, highly localized acoustophoretic force that can exceed the gravitational force by two orders of magnitude to eject microliter-to-nanoliter volume droplets. The versatility of acoustophoretic printing is demonstrated by patterning food, optical resins, liquid metals, and cell-laden biological matrices in desired motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Foresti
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (D.F.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Katharina T. Kroll
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert Amissah
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Francesco Sillani
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Homan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer A. Lewis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (D.F.); (J.A.L.)
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Nguyen TY, Roessler EA, Rademann K, Emmerling F. Control of organic polymorph formation: crystallization pathways in acoustically levitated droplets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2016-1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTheoretical and experimental studies indicate that crystal nucleation can take more complex pathways than expected on the ground of the classical nucleation theory. Among these pathways are the formation of pre-nucleation clusters and amorphous precursor phases. A direct
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Kabelitz A, Guilherme A, Joester M, Reinholz U, Radtke M, Bienert R, Schulz K, Schmack R, Kraehnert R, Emmerling F. Time-resolved in situ studies on the formation mechanism of iron oxide nanoparticles using combined fast-XANES and SAXS. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01585e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of iron chlorides with an alkaline reagent is one of the most prominent methods for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Kabelitz
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Guilherme
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Joester
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Reinholz
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Radtke
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Bienert
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Schulz
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Schmack
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Kraehnert
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Brotton SJ, Kaiser RI. Novel high-temperature and pressure-compatible ultrasonic levitator apparatus coupled to Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectrometers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:055114. [PMID: 23742596 DOI: 10.1063/1.4804647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe an original apparatus comprising of an acoustic levitator enclosed within a pressure-compatible process chamber. To characterize any chemical and physical modifications of the levitated particle, the chamber is interfaced to complimentary, high-sensitivity Raman (4390-170 cm(-1)), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) (10,000-500 cm(-1)) spectroscopic probes. The temperature of the levitated particle can be accurately controlled by heating using a carbon dioxide laser emitting at 10.6 μm. The advantages of levitating a small particle combined with the two spectroscopic probes, process chamber, and infrared laser heating makes novel experiments possible relevant to the fields of, for example, planetary science, astrobiology, and combustion chemistry. We demonstrate that this apparatus is well suited to study the dehydration of a variety of particles including minerals and biological samples; and offers the possibility of investigating combustion processes involving micrometer-sized particles such as graphite. Furthermore, we show that the FTIR spectrometer enables the study of chemical reactions on the surfaces of porous samples and scientifically and technologically relevant, micrometer-thick levitated sheets. The FTIR spectrometer can also be used to investigate non-resonant and resonant scattering from small, irregularly-shaped particles across the mid-infrared range from 2.5 μm to 25 μm, which is relevant to scattering from interplanetary dust and biological, micrometer-sized samples but cannot be accurately modelled using Mie theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Brotton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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Brotton SJ, Kaiser RI. In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Study of Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and Epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O) Dehydration Utilizing an Ultrasonic Levitator. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:669-673. [PMID: 26281883 DOI: 10.1021/jz301861a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present an original apparatus combining an acoustic levitator and a pressure-compatible process chamber. To characterize in situ the chemical and physical modifications of a levitated, single particle while heated to well-defined temperatures using a carbon dioxide laser, the chamber is interfaced to a Raman spectroscopic probe. As a proof-of-concept study, by gradually increasing the heating temperature, we observed the variations in the Raman spectra as 150 μg of crystals of gypsum and epsomite were dehydrated in anhydrous nitrogen gas. We display spectra showing the decreasing intensities of the ν1 symmetric and ν3 asymmetric stretching modes of water with time and the simultaneous shift of the ν1(SO4(2-)) symmetric stretch mode to higher wavenumbers. Our results demonstrate that the new apparatus is well suited to study the dehydration of levitated species such as minerals and offers potential advantages compared with previous experiments on bulk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Brotton
- Department of Chemistry and NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry and NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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Schenk J, Panne U, Albrecht M. Interaction of levitated ionic liquid droplets with water. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:14171-7. [PMID: 23148594 DOI: 10.1021/jp309661p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a humid or dry atmosphere on acoustically levitated ionic liquid droplets was studied by volumetric analysis and vibrational spectroscopy. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids with two types of anions, fluorinated (BF(4) and PF(6)) and alkylsulfate anions, were investigated. The amount of absorbed water was correlated with structural differences of the ionic liquids and analyzed in terms of equilibrium mole fraction as well as absorption rate. The type of anion had the most significant influence on the amount of adsorbed water from the atmosphere. Furthermore, spectral changes in the in situ Raman spectra due to absorbed water were studied for all investigated ionic liquids. For 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, an exemplary detailed analysis of the intermolecular interactions between cations, anions and water was carried out based on the spectroscopic data. The observed band shifts were explained with a hydrogen bond between the anion and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schenk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
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