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G K, Kandasubramanian B. Exertions of Magnetic Polymer Composites Fabricated via 3D Printing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaja G
- CIPET: Institute of Petrochemicals Technology (IPT), HIL Colony, Edayar Road, Pathalam, Eloor, Udyogamandal P.O., Kochi683501, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Rapid Prototyping Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, DIAT (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025Maharashtra, India
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2
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Shabaniverki S, Juárez JJ. Directed Assembly of Particles for Additive Manufacturing of Particle-Polymer Composites. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:935. [PMID: 34442557 PMCID: PMC8401964 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Particle-polymer dispersions are ubiquitous in additive manufacturing (AM), where they are used as inks to create composite materials with applications to wearable sensors, energy storage materials, and actuation elements. It has been observed that directional alignment of the particle phase in the polymer dispersion can imbue the resulting composite material with enhanced mechanical, electrical, thermal or optical properties. Thus, external field-driven particle alignment during the AM process is one approach to tailoring the properties of composites for end-use applications. This review article provides an overview of externally directed field mechanisms (e.g., electric, magnetic, and acoustic) that are used for particle alignment. Illustrative examples from the AM literature show how these mechanisms are used to create structured composites with unique properties that can only be achieved through alignment. This article closes with a discussion of how particle distribution (i.e., microstructure) affects mechanical properties. A fundamental description of particle phase transport in polymers could lead to the development of AM process control for particle-polymer composite fabrication. This would ultimately create opportunities to explore the fundamental impact that alignment has on particle-polymer composite properties, which opens up the possibility of tailoring these materials for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Shabaniverki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Jaime J. Juárez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Center for Multiphase Flow Research and Education, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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3
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Shibaev AV, Smirnova ME, Kessel DE, Bedin SA, Razumovskaya IV, Philippova OE. Remotely Self-Healable, Shapeable and pH-Sensitive Dual Cross-Linked Polysaccharide Hydrogels with Fast Response to Magnetic Field. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1271. [PMID: 34066084 PMCID: PMC8151316 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of actuators with remote control is important for the construction of devices for soft robotics. The present paper describes a responsive hydrogel of nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymer carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar with dynamic covalent cross-links and embedded cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the gel, acting as additional multifunctional non-covalent linkages between the polymer chains. High magnetization of the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles provides to the gel a strong responsiveness to the magnetic field, even at rather small content of nanoparticles. It is demonstrated that labile cross-links in the polymer matrix impart to the hydrogel the ability of self-healing and reshaping as well as a fast response to the magnetic field. In addition, the gel shows pronounced pH sensitivity due to pH-cleavable cross-links. The possibility to use the multiresponsive gel as a magnetic-field-triggered actuator is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Shibaev
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.E.S.); (D.E.K.); (O.E.P.)
| | - Maria E. Smirnova
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.E.S.); (D.E.K.); (O.E.P.)
| | - Darya E. Kessel
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.E.S.); (D.E.K.); (O.E.P.)
| | - Sergey A. Bedin
- Institute of Physics, Technology and Informational Systems, Moscow Pedagogical State University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.B.); (I.V.R.)
| | - Irina V. Razumovskaya
- Institute of Physics, Technology and Informational Systems, Moscow Pedagogical State University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.B.); (I.V.R.)
| | - Olga E. Philippova
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.E.S.); (D.E.K.); (O.E.P.)
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4
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Large-Scale Shape Transformations of a Sphere Made of a Magnetoactive Elastomer. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122933. [PMID: 33302589 PMCID: PMC7763455 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetostriction effect, i.e., deformation under the action of a uniform applied field, is analyzed to detail for a spherical sample of a magnetoactive elastomer (MAE). A close analogy with the field-induced elongation of spherical ferrofluid droplets implies that similar characteristic effects viz. hysteresis stretching and transfiguration into a distinctively nonellipsoidal bodies, should be inherent to MAE objects as well. The absence until now of such studies seems to be due to very unfavorable conclusions which follow from the theoretical estimates, all of which are based on the assumption that a deformed sphere always retains the geometry of ellipsoid of revolution just changing its aspect ratio under field. Building up an adequate numerical modelling tool, we show that the ‘ellipsoidal’ approximation is misleading beginning right from the case of infinitesimal field strengths and strain increments. The results obtained show that the above-mentioned magnetodeformational effect should distinctively manifest itself in the objects made of quite ordinary MAEs, e.g., composites on the base of silicone cautchouc filled with micron-size carbonyl iron powder.
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Chavez J, Böhm V, Becker TI, Gast S, Zeidis I, Zimmermann K. Actuators based on a controlled particle-matrix interaction in magnetic hybrid materials for applications in locomotion and manipulation systems. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The paper deals with the investigation of magneto-sensitive elastomers (MSE) and their application in technical actuator systems. MSE consist of an elastic matrix containing suspended magnetically soft and/or hard particles. Additionally, they can also contain silicone oil, graphite particles, thermoplastic components, etc., in various concentrations in order to tune specific properties such as viscosity, conductivity and thermoelasticity, respectively. The focuses of investigations are the beneficial properties of MSE in prototypes for locomotion and manipulation purposes that possess an integrated sensor function. The research follows the principle of a model-based design, i.e. the working steps are ideation, mathematical modelling, material characterization as well as building first functional models (prototypes). The developed apedal (without legs) and non-wheeled locomotion systems use the interplay between material deformations and the mechanical motion in connection with the issues of control and stability. Non-linear friction phenomena lead to a monotonous forward motion of the systems. The aim of this study is the design of such mechanical structures, which reduce the control costs. The investigations deal with the movement and control of ‘intelligent’ mechanisms, for which the magnetically field-controlled particle-matrix interactions provide an appropriate approach. The presented grippers enclose partially gripped objects, which is an advantage for handling sensitive objects. Form-fit grippers with adaptable contour at the contact area enable a uniform pressure distribution on the surface of gripped objects. Furthermore, with the possibility of active shape adaptation, objects with significantly differing geometries can be gripped. To realise the desired active shape adaptation, the effect of field-induced plasticity of MSE is used. The first developed prototypes mainly confirm the functional principles as such without direct application. For this, besides the ability of locomotion and manipulation itself, further technological possibilities have to be added to the systems. The first steps are therefore being taken towards integrated MSE based adaptive sensor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhohan Chavez
- Technische Universität Ilmenau, Technische Mechanik , Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Valter Böhm
- Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg, Fakultät Maschinenbau , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Tatiana I. Becker
- Technische Universität Ilmenau, Technische Mechanik , Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Simon Gast
- Technische Universität Ilmenau, Technische Mechanik , Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Igor Zeidis
- Technische Universität Ilmenau, Technische Mechanik , Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Klaus Zimmermann
- Technische Universität Ilmenau, Technische Mechanik , Ilmenau , Germany
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6
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Stepanov GV, Borin DY, Bakhtiiarov AV, Storozhenko PA. Hybrid magnetic elastomers prepared on the basis of a SIEL-grade resin and their magnetic and rheological properties. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hybrid magnetic elastomers (HMEs) belong to a novel type of magnetocontrollable elastic materials capable of demonstrating extensive variations of their parameters under the influence of magnetic fields. Like all cognate materials, HMEs are based on deformable polymer filled with a mixed or modified powder. The complex of properties possessed by the composite is a reflection of interactions occurring between the polymer matrix and the particles also participating in interactions among themselves. For example, introduction of magnetically hard components into the formula results in the origination of a number of significantly different behavioral features entirely unknown to magnetorheological composites of the classic type. Optical observation of samples based on magnetically hard filler gave the opportunity to establish that initial magnetization imparts magnetic moments to initially unmagnetized grains, as a result of which chain-like structures continue to be a feature of the material even after external field removal. In addition, applying a reverse field causes them to turn into the polymer as they rearrange into new ring-like structures. Exploration of the relationship between the rheological properties and magnetic field conducted on a rheometer using vibrational mechanical analysis showed an increase of the relative elastic modulus by more than two orders of magnitude or by 3.8 MPa, whereas the loss factor exhibited steady growth with the field up to a value of 0.7 being significantly higher than that demonstrated by elastomers with no magnetically hard particles. At the same time, measuring the electroconductivity of elastomers filled with a nickel-electroplated carbonyl iron powder made it possible to observe that such composites demonstrated an increase of variation of the resistivity of the composite influenced by magnetic field in comparison to elastomers containing untreated iron particles. The studies conducted indicate that this material exhibits both magnetorheological and magnetoresistive effect and does indeed have the potential for use in various types of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady V. Stepanov
- State Scientific Research Institute for Chemical Technologies of Organoelement Compounds , 105118 Moscow , Russia
| | - Dmitry Yu. Borin
- Institute of Mechatronic Engineering , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Anton V. Bakhtiiarov
- State Scientific Research Institute for Chemical Technologies of Organoelement Compounds , 105118 Moscow , Russia
| | - Pavel A. Storozhenko
- State Scientific Research Institute for Chemical Technologies of Organoelement Compounds , 105118 Moscow , Russia
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7
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Shi W, Huang J, Fang R, Liu M. Imparting Functionality to the Hydrogel by Magnetic-Field-Induced Nano-assembly and Macro-response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5177-5194. [PMID: 31916743 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are composed of 3D hydrophilic networks with an abundance of water; they are analogous to biological soft tissues. Their unique physico-chemical properties endow hydrogels with great potential in many fields, including tissue engineering and flexible sensing. However, inadequate functionality, such as lack of rapid responsiveness, severely limits practical applications in many areas. Therefore, imparting functionality to the hydrogel is a hot research topic. The magnetic field, as an important physical field, provides a new strategy with a variety of advantages. Magnetic-field-induced ordered nano-assembly brought anisotropic properties and novel performance. Furthermore, the magnetic responsiveness of hydrogels with magnetic nanoparticles can lead to the generation of functionality under magnetic fields. Thus, we aim to systematically describe the significant effect of magnetic fields on the functionality of the hydrogel. In this review, magnetic-field-induced assembly of nanomaterials with different dimensions and resulting functional performance are introduced. The functionalities of hydrogels based on magnetic-field-induced macroscopic responses are also summarized. We believe this review will motivate more exploration of the application of magnetic fields to develop functional hydrogel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
| | - Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
| | - Ruochen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
- International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
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8
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Deuflhard M, Eberbeck D, Hietschold P, Wilharm N, Mühlberger M, Friedrich RP, Alexiou C, Mayr SG. Magnetically responsive composites: electron beam assisted magnetic nanoparticle arrest in gelatin hydrogels for bioactuation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14654-14662. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tailored ferrogel bioactuators are feasible by arresting nanoparticles in simple gelatin gels with the help of electron beam treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Deuflhard
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM)
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
- Division of Surface Physics
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences
| | - Dietmar Eberbeck
- Department 8.2 Biosignals
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin
- 10587 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Philine Hietschold
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM)
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
- Division of Surface Physics
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences
| | - Nils Wilharm
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM)
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
- Division of Surface Physics
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences
| | - Marina Mühlberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology
- Head and Neck Surgery
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON)
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen
| | - Ralf P. Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology
- Head and Neck Surgery
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON)
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology
- Head and Neck Surgery
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON)
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen
| | - Stefan G. Mayr
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM)
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
- Division of Surface Physics
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences
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9
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Merkulov D. Research of the deformation of a thin body with a magnetizable elastomer in the magnetic field of a coil. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201818509009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformation of a thin cylindrical body with a magnetizable elastomer based on silicone in the magnetic field of an electromagnetic coil is investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is observed that a bistability of the thin body equilibrium shape exists at some values of the coil current. The method of measuring elasticity coefficients of the magnetizable elastomer in the Mooney – Rivlin model is proposed.
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10
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Liu Q, Li H, Lam KY. Development of a Multiphysics Model to Characterize the Responsive Behavior of Magnetic-Sensitive Hydrogels with Finite Deformation. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5633-5646. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Liu
- School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hua Li
- School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - K. Y. Lam
- School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
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11
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Pattanashetti NA, Heggannavar GB, Kariduraganavar MY. Smart Biopolymers and their Biomedical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Kalita VM, Snarskii AA, Zorinets D, Shamonin M. Single-particle mechanism of magnetostriction in magnetoactive elastomers. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:062503. [PMID: 27415313 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.062503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs) are composite materials comprised of micrometer-sized ferromagnetic particles in a nonmagnetic elastomer matrix. A single-particle mechanism of magnetostriction in MAEs, assuming the rotation of a soft magnetic, mechanically rigid particle with uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in magnetic fields is identified and considered theoretically within the framework of an alternative model. In this mechanism, the total magnetic anisotropy energy of the filling particles in the matrix is the sum over single particles. Matrix displacements in the vicinity of the particle and the resulting direction of the magnetization vector are calculated. The effect of matrix deformation is pronounced well if the magnetic anisotropy coefficient K is much larger than the shear modulus µ of the elastic matrix. The feasibility of the proposed magnetostriction mechanism in soft magnetoactive elastomers and gels is elucidated. The magnetic-field-induced internal stresses in the matrix lead to effects of magnetodeformation and may increase the elastic moduli of these composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor M Kalita
- National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute," Prospekt Peremohy 37, Kiev 03056, Ukraine
- Institute of Physics NAS of Ukraine, Prospekt Nauky 46, Kiev 03028, Ukraine
| | - Andrei A Snarskii
- National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute," Prospekt Peremohy 37, Kiev 03056, Ukraine
- Institute for Information Recording NAS of Ukraine, Shpaka Street 2, 03113 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Denis Zorinets
- National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute," Prospekt Peremohy 37, Kiev 03056, Ukraine
| | - Mikhail Shamonin
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg, Prüfeninger Strasse 58, 93049 Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Brand HR, Pleiner H. Macroscopic behavior of ferronematic gels and elastomers. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2014; 37:122. [PMID: 25471930 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2014-14122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the derivation of the macroscopic equations for uniaxial ferronematic gels and elastomers. We deal with the superparamagnetic case, where no permanent magnetization is present and the anisotropy is provided by the nematic director. We include the magnetization as an independent dynamic degree of freedom. As a consequence special emphasis is laid on possible static and dynamic cross-couplings between magnetization and the non-magnetic degrees of freedom, as director reorientations, flow, elastic strains and relative rotations between director and the elastic network. In particular, we find reversible dynamic cross-couplings among rotations of the magnetization, the director, relative rotations, and deformational flow that allow for new possibilities to manipulate such materials. Application of simple (oscillatory) shear induces, in general, a finite magnetization normal to the shear plane and a relative rotation in the shear plane, whose amplitudes are linear in the shear rate. Induced magnetization, induced relative rotation and the director are mutually orthogonal, with the director aligned obliquely to the flow direction. This orientation is independent of the shear rate and is a material property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut R Brand
- Theoretische Physik III, Universität Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany,
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14
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Cezar CA, Kennedy SM, Mehta M, Weaver JC, Gu L, Vandenburgh H, Mooney DJ. Biphasic ferrogels for triggered drug and cell delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1869-76. [PMID: 24862232 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ferrogels are an attractive material for many biomedical applications due to their ability to deliver a wide variety of therapeutic drugs on-demand. However, typical ferrogels have yet to be optimized for use in cell-based therapies, as they possess limited ability to harbor and release viable cells. Previously, an active porous scaffold that exhibits large deformations and enhanced biological agent release under moderate magnetic fields has been demonstrated. Unfortunately, at small device sizes optimal for implantation (e.g., 2 mm thickness), these monophasic ferrogels no longer achieve significant deformation due to a reduced body force. A new biphasic ferrogel, containing an iron oxide gradient, capable of large deformations and triggered release even at small gel dimensions, is presented in this study. Biphasic ferrogels demonstrate increased porosity, enhanced mechanical properties, and potentially increased biocompatibility due to their reduced iron oxide content. With their ability to deliver drugs and cells on-demand, it is expected that these ferrogels will have wide utility in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Cezar
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Stephen M. Kennedy
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Manav Mehta
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - James C. Weaver
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Luo Gu
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Herman Vandenburgh
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - David J. Mooney
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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15
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Zubarev AY. To the theory of rheological properties of magnetopolymer suspensions. SOFT MATTER 2013; 9:9709-9713. [PMID: 26029780 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51776d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the theoretical study of the magnetorhelogical properties of dilute suspensions of polymer coils with ferromagnetic nanoparticles adsorbed on the macromolecules. The analysis shows that, under an applied magnetic field, these coils elongate in the field direction and swell. Both these factors lead to a significant increase in the effective viscosity of the system. Estimates show that in the magnetopolymer compositions, strong magnetoviscous effects are expected even though in standard ferrofluids these effects are negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu Zubarev
- Ural Federal University, Lenin Ave., 51, Ekaterinburg, Russia. E-mail:
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16
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Annunziata MA, Menzel AM, Löwen H. Hardening transition in a one-dimensional model for ferrogels. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:204906. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4807003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Elfimova EA, Ivanov AO, Camp PJ. Theory and simulation of anisotropic pair correlations in ferrofluids in magnetic fields. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:194502. [PMID: 22612098 DOI: 10.1063/1.4717718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisotropic pair correlations in ferrofluids exposed to magnetic fields are studied using a combination of statistical-mechanical theory and computer simulations. A simple dipolar hard-sphere model of the magnetic colloidal particles is studied in detail. A virial-expansion theory is constructed for the pair distribution function (PDF) which depends not only on the length of the pair separation vector, but also on its orientation with respect to the field. A detailed comparison is made between the theoretical predictions and accurate simulation data, and it is found that the theory works well for realistic values of the dipolar coupling constant (λ = 1), volume fraction (φ ≤ 0.1), and magnetic field strength. The structure factor is computed for wavevectors either parallel or perpendicular to the field. The comparison between theory and simulation is generally very good with realistic ferrofluid parameters. For both the PDF and the structure factor, there are some deviations between theory and simulation at uncommonly high dipolar coupling constants, and with very strong magnetic fields. In particular, the theory is less successful at predicting the behavior of the structure factors at very low wavevectors, and perpendicular Gaussian density fluctuations arising from strongly correlated pairs of magnetic particles. Overall, though, the theory provides reliable predictions for the nature and degree of pair correlations in ferrofluids in magnetic fields, and hence should be of use in the design of functional magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Elfimova
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Ural Federal University, 51 Lenin Avenue, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia
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Ravichandran R, Sundarrajan S, Venugopal JR, Mukherjee S, Ramakrishna S. Advances in polymeric systems for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:286-311. [PMID: 22278779 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of tissue engineered scaffolds are major concerns in the quest to fabricate ideal scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. The polymer scaffolds employed for tissue engineering applications should possess multifunctional properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and favorable mechanical properties as it comes in direct contact with the body fluids in vivo. Additionally, the polymer system should also possess biomimetic architecture and should support stem cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. As the progress in polymer technology continues, polymeric biomaterials have taken characteristics more closely related to that desired for tissue engineering and clinical needs. Stimuli responsive polymers also termed as smart biomaterials respond to stimuli such as pH, temperature, enzyme, antigen, glucose and electrical stimuli that are inherently present in living systems. This review highlights the exciting advancements in these polymeric systems that relate to biological and tissue engineering applications. Additionally, several aspects of technology namely scaffold fabrication methods and surface modifications to confer biological functionality to the polymers have also been discussed. The ultimate objective is to emphasize on these underutilized adaptive behaviors of the polymers so that novel applications and new generations of smart polymeric materials can be realized for biomedical and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Ravichandran
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Pan Y, Gao Y, Shi J, Wang L, Xu B. A versatile supramolecular hydrogel of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) for binding metal ions and magnetorheological response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wood DS, Camp PJ. Modeling the properties of ferrogels in uniform magnetic fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:011402. [PMID: 21405693 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.011402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The properties of ferrogels in homogeneous magnetic fields are studied using a simple microscopic model and Monte Carlo simulations. The main phenomena of interest concern the anisotropy and enhancement of the elastic moduli that result from applying uniform magnetic fields before and after the magnetic grains are locked in to the polymer-gel matrix by cross-linking reactions. The positional organization of the magnetic grains is influenced by the application of a magnetic field during gel formation, leading to a pronounced anisotropy in the mechanical response of the ferrogel to an applied magnetic field. In particular, the elastic moduli can be enhanced to different degrees depending on the mutual orientation of the fields during and after ferrogel formation. The model represents ferrogels by ensembles of dipolar spheres dispersed in elastic matrices. Experimental trends are shown to be reflected accurately in the simulations of the microscopic model. In addition, the simulations yield microscopic insights on the organization of the magnetic grains. Finally, simple relationships between the elastic moduli and the magnetization are proposed. If supplemented by the magnetization curve, these relationships yield the dependencies of the elastic moduli on the applied magnetic field, which are often measured directly in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean S Wood
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Filipcsei G, Zrínyi M. Magnetodeformation effects and the swelling of ferrogels in a uniform magnetic field. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:276001. [PMID: 21399267 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/27/276001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic field sensitive gels (ferrogels or magnetoelastic gels) are three-dimensional cross-linked networks of flexible polymers swollen by ferrofluids or magnetic fluids. We have studied the response of magnetic field sensitive polymer gels to an external magnetic field. Two phenomena were investigated in detail: deformation and swelling under a uniform magnetic field. Gel spheres containing magnetic particles distributed randomly in the gel matrix as well as pearl chain aggregates chemically fixed in the network were exposed to a static homogeneous magnetic field. It was found that the spatial distribution of the magnetic particles plays an essential role in the magnetodeformation effect. A weak effect was observed for gels containing randomly distributed magnetic particles. In response to the magnetic field induction, these gel spheres elongated along the field lines and were compressed in the perpendicular direction. No magnetodeformation was observed for gels containing aligned particles in the polymer matrix. The influence of an external magnetic field on the equilibrium swelling degree was also the subject of this study. Using thermodynamic arguments it was shown that a uniform external field may result in deswelling of the ferrogels at high field intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveva Filipcsei
- Materials Structure and Modelling Research Group of HAS at BME, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
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Sánchez-Ferrer A, Reufer M, Mezzenga R, Schurtenberger P, Dietsch H. Inorganic-organic elastomer nanocomposites from integrated ellipsoidal silica-coated hematite nanoparticles as crosslinking agents. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:185603. [PMID: 20388973 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/18/185603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of nanocomposites with integrated ellipsoidal silica-coated hematite (SCH) spindle type nanoparticles which can act as crosslinking agents within an elastomeric matrix. Influence of the surface chemistry of the hematite, leading either to dispersed particles or crosslinked particles to the elastomer matrix, was studied via swelling, scattering and microscopy experiments. It appeared that without surface modification the SCH particles aggregate and act as defects whereas the surface modified SCH particles increase the crosslinking density and thus reduce the swelling properties of the nanocomposite in good solvent conditions. For the first time, inorganic SCH particles can be easily dispersed into a polymer network avoiding aggregation and enhancing the properties of the resulting inorganic-organic elastomer nanocomposite (IOEN).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez-Ferrer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, Food & Soft Materials Science Group, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Monz S, Tschöpe A, Birringer R. Magnetic properties of isotropic and anisotropic CoFe2O4-based ferrogels and their application as torsional and rotational actuators. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:021404. [PMID: 18850833 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.021404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
CoFe2O4-based ferrogels were prepared with both isotropic and anisotropic orientation of the magnetic anisotropy axis of the magnetic particles. In contrast to the superparamagnetic properties of the ferrofluid, the ferrogels exhibit hysteresis, indicating that (i) a significant fraction of magnetic particles has volumes beyond the critical value that allows Néelian relaxation, and (ii) a mechanical interaction between the particles and the polymer network exists, which prevents the particles from Brownian relaxation. The contribution of such particles was investigated by field cooling field warming and zero field cooling field warming measurements as well as temperature-dependent magnetization measurements. By application of an external field during gel polymerization, a magnetic texture was induced as confirmed by the angular dependence of mRmS and HC . The net-magnetic torque, exerted on the magnetic particles in an anisotropic ferrogel in combination with the soft elastic properties of the gel matrix enables the application as torsional soft actuator as demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monz
- FR 7.3 Technische Physik, Geb. D2 2, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Gollwitzer C, Turanov A, Krekhova M, Lattermann G, Rehberg I, Richter R. Measuring the deformation of a ferrogel sphere in a homogeneous magnetic field. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:164709. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2905212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yang Z, Gu H, Du J, Gao J, Zhang B, Zhang X, Xu B. Self-assembled hybrid nanofibers confer a magnetorheological supramolecular hydrogel. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Magnetic Field-Responsive Smart Polymer Composites. OLIGOMERS # POLYMER COMPOSITES # MOLECULAR IMPRINTING 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2006_104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Abramchuk S, Kramarenko E, Grishin D, Stepanov G, Nikitin LV, Filipcsei G, Khokhlov AR, Zrínyi M. Novel highly elastic magnetic materials for dampers and seals: part II. Material behavior in a magnetic field. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Filipcsei G, Szilágyi A, Csetneki I, Zrínyi M. Comparative Study on the Collapse Transition of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Gels and Magnetic Nanoparticles Loaded Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Gels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200690090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
When a ferrogel, which is chemically cross-linked polymer networks swollen with a ferrofluid, consisting of magnetic particles having nonlinear characteristics is subjected to an alternating current (ac) magnetic field, the magnetic response will generally consist of ac fields at frequencies of the higher-order harmonics. By using a perturbation approach, we investigate nonlinear ac responses of ferrogels, under an ac magnetic field either coupled with a dc magnetic field or not. It is shown that it is possible to detect the volume fraction and shape of particles in ferrogels by measuring such ac responses. Our results are very well understood in spectral representation and are favorably compared with the experimental observations of suspensions being beyond ferrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wang
- Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key laboratory) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Raikher YL, Rusakov VV, Coffey WT, Kalmykov YP. Dynamic susceptibilities of an assembly of dipolar particles in an elastic environment. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 63:031402. [PMID: 11308649 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.031402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical model to describe magnetodynamics of a ferrogel, i.e., an assembly of ferromagnetic nanoparticles embedded in a gel, is proposed. The reorientations of the particles are determined by the influence of the elastic matrix and the rotational Brownian motion. Due to the interplay between these two factors, the main parameter characterizing the static magnetic susceptibility of the system is the ratio of the elastic modulus of the matrix times particle volume to the thermal energy. It is shown that the main components of the dynamic magnetic-susceptibility tensor are determined by the combinations of the reference rates of several processes inherent to the system, namely, the elastic restoration of the particle orientation, Brownian rotary diffusion, and viscous relaxation of the particle angular momentum. In the framework of the model, absorption of the energy of an alternating external field by a ferrogel is studied. With allowance for the ever present interaction of elastic and Brownian forces, the effective relaxation times for the longitudinal and transverse components of the ferrogel magnetization are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Raikher
- Laboratory of Complex Fluids, Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013, Perm, Russia.
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Xulu PM, Filipcsei G, Zrínyi M. Preparation and Responsive Properties of Magnetically Soft Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Gels. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990967r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Szabó D, Czakó-Nagy I, Zrínyi M, Vértes A. Magnetic and Mössbauer Studies of Magnetite-Loaded Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2000; 221:166-172. [PMID: 10631016 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1999.6572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Materials producing strain in a magnetic field are known as magnetoelastic or magnetostrictive materials. A new type of material that is able to produce giant strain in a nonhomogeneous magnetic field has been developed. In these magnetic-field-sensitive gels (ferrogels) fine colloidal particles having superparamagnetic behavior are incorporated into a highly swollen elastic polymer network. Magnetic properties of ferrogels have been investigated using electron microscopy, static magnetization measurements, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Analysis of the data yielded information on the superparamagnetic behavior of ferrogels and made it possible to estimate the size distribution of the magnetic cores of magnetite particles made by chemical precipitation and built into a chemically cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol matrix. The results are interpreted on the basis of a core-shell model. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Szabó
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, Budapest, H-1521, Hungary
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Mayer C, Cabuil V, Lalot T, Thouvenot R. Einbau von magnetischen Nanopartikeln in neue Hybridnetze auf der Basis von Heteropolyanionen und Polyacrylamid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19991216)111:24<3878::aid-ange3878>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Szabó D, Szeghy G, Zrínyi M. Shape Transition of Magnetic Field Sensitive Polymer Gels. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980284w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Szabó
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Physics, Technical University of Budapest 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - G. Szeghy
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Physics, Technical University of Budapest 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - M. Zrínyi
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Physics, Technical University of Budapest 1521 Budapest, Hungary
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