1
|
Cai Y, Wang Y, Long L, Zhou S, Yan L, Zhang J, Zou H. Fabrication of Highly Thermally Resistant and Self-Healing Polysiloxane Elastomers by Constructing Covalent and Reversible Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300191. [PMID: 37329201 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of self-healing elastomers with high thermal stability for use in extreme thermal conditions such as aerospace remains a major challenge. A strategy for preparing self-healing elastomers with stable covalent bonds and dynamic metal-ligand coordination interactions as crosslinking sites in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is proposed. The added Fe (III) not only serves as the dynamic crosslinking point at room temperature which is crucial for self-healing performance, but also plays a role as free radical scavenging agent at high temperatures. The results show that the PDMS elastomers possessed an initial thermal degradation temperature over 380 °C and a room temperature self-healing efficiency as high as 65.7%. Moreover, the char residue at 800 °C of PDMS elastomer reaches 7.19% in nitrogen atmosphere, and up to 14.02% in air atmosphere by doping a small amount (i.e., 0.3 wt%) of Fe (III), which is remarkable for the self-healing elastomers that contain weak and dynamic bonds with relatively poor thermal stability. This study provides an insight into designing self-healing PDMS-based materials that can be targeted for use as high-temperature thermal protection coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lu Long
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shengtai Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Liwei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Huawei Zou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Influence of Sulfur-Curing Conditions on the Dynamics and Crosslinking of Rubber Networks: A Time-Domain NMR Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040767. [PMID: 35215681 PMCID: PMC8880187 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the structural and dynamic properties of rubber networks is of fundamental importance in rubber science and technology to design materials with optimized mechanical properties. In this work, natural and isoprene rubber networks obtained by curing at three different temperatures (140, 150, and 170 °C) and three different sulfur contents (1, 2, and 3 phr) in the presence of a 3 phr accelerator were studied using a combination of low-field time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) techniques, including 1H multiple-quantum experiments for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings (Dres), the application of the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill pulse sequence for the measurement of the transverse magnetization decay and the extraction of 1H T2 relaxation times, and the use of field cycling NMR relaxometry for the determination of T1 relaxation times. The microscopic properties determined by TD-NMR experiments were discussed in comparison with the macroscopic properties obtained using equilibrium swelling, moving die rheometer, and calorimetric techniques. The obtained correlations between NMR observables, crosslink density values, maximum torque values, and glass transition temperatures provided insights into the effects of the vulcanization temperature and accelerator/sulfur ratio on the structure of the polymer networks, as well as on the effects of crosslinking on the segmental dynamics of elastomers. Dres and T2 were found to show linear correlations with the crosslink density determined by equilibrium swelling, while T1 depends on the local dynamics of polymer segments related to the glass transition, which is also affected by chemical modifications of the polymer chains occurring during vulcanization.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen J, Ren X, Yi C, Su S, Wang X. Toughness and reinforcement of adipic acid-polyoxypropylene diamine copolymer modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A: Induced by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Saleesung T, Saeoui P, Sirisinha C. Assessment of crosslink network and network defects of unfilled and filled ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer using solid state nuclear magnetic relaxation spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanisararat Saleesung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mahidol University, Salaya Campus; Phuttamonthon 4 Rd Salaya Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Pongdhorn Saeoui
- Thailand Science Park; MTEC, National Sicence and Technology Development Agency; Paholyothin Rd Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Chakrit Sirisinha
- Rubber Technology Research Centre (RTEC), Faculty of Science; Mahidol University, Salaya Campus; Phuttamonthon 4 Rd Salaya Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu P, He H, Jiang C, Jia Y, Wang D, Yao X, Jia D, Luo Y. Enhanced oil resistance and mechanical properties of nitrile butadiene rubber/lignin composites modified by epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Can Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunchao Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Demin Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang P, Zhao F, Yuan Y, Shi X, Zhao S. Network evolution based on general-purpose diene rubbers/sulfur/TBBS system during vulcanization (I). POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Lewicki JP, Maxwell RS, Patel M, Herberg JL, Swain AC, Liggat JJ, Pethrick RA. Effect of meta-Carborane on Segmental Dynamics in a Bimodal Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Network. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801570e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Lewicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Maxwell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - Mogon Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - Julie L. Herberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C. Swain
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - John J. Liggat
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Pethrick
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carretero-González J, Retsos H, Verdejo R, Toki S, Hsiao BS, Giannelis EP, López-Manchado MA. Effect of Nanoclay on Natural Rubber Microstructure. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800893x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carretero-González
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Haris Retsos
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Raquel Verdejo
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Shigeyuki Toki
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Emmanuel P. Giannelis
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Miguel A. López-Manchado
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saalwächter K, Heuer A. Chain Dynamics in Elastomers As Investigated by Proton Multiple-Quantum NMR. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma052567b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chinn S, DeTeresa S, Sawvel A, Shields A, Balazs B, Maxwell RS. Chemical origins of permanent set in a peroxide cured filled silicone elastomer – tensile and 1H NMR analysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Saalwächter K, Herrero B, López-Manchado MA. Chain Order and Cross-Link Density of Elastomers As Investigated by Proton Multiple-Quantum NMR. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051238g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Berta Herrero
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maxwell RS, Chinn SC, Solyom D, Cohenour R. Radiation-Induced Cross-Linking in a Silica-Filled Silicone Elastomer As Investigated by Multiple Quantum 1H NMR. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047625s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Maxwell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, and Honeywell Inc. Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, Missouri 64141
| | - Sarah C. Chinn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, and Honeywell Inc. Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, Missouri 64141
| | - David Solyom
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, and Honeywell Inc. Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, Missouri 64141
| | - Rebecca Cohenour
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, and Honeywell Inc. Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, Missouri 64141
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang M, Bertmer M, Demco DE, Blümich B. Segmental and Local Chain Mobilities in Elastomers by13C−1H Residual Heteronuclear Dipolar Couplings. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048392+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Saalwächter K. 1H multiple-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of molecular order in polymer networks. II. Intensity decay and restricted slow dynamics. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:454-64. [PMID: 15267307 DOI: 10.1063/1.1630561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an approach towards the analysis of the intensity decay in proton multiple-quantum experiments on polymeric networks in terms of slow fluctuations of the residual dipole-dipole coupling tensor. Solutions for individual spin pairs as well as the three-spin system of methyl groups are derived, and the influence of the cycle time of the multiple-quantum pulse sequence is evaluated. The multiple-quantum strategy discussed herein features the advantage that the magnitude of the fluctuating part of the residual dipole-dipole coupling constant and the correlation time of the slow process can be determined independently of the integral residual coupling constant as well as its distribution. The theory is applied to experiments on end-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) model networks with mono- and bimodal chain length distributions, where it is found that, for all samples, correlation times of the slow processes average to about 1 ms, and that the magnitude of the fluctuating part of the dipole-dipole coupling is significantly smaller than the average dipole-dipole coupling constant. This observation is interpreted in terms of considerably restricted reorientations of topological constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kariyo S, Stapf S. NMR relaxation dispersion of vulcanized natural rubber. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2004; 25:64-71. [PMID: 14698387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2003.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of the 1H spin-lattice relaxation time on the magnetic field strength has been determined for linear and cross-linked polyisoprene for Larmor frequencies between 5 kHz and 20 MHz. Universal power-law relations are found for all temperatures and cross-link densities under investigation and are compared to published results of rotating-frame experiments on similar natural rubber samples. The shape of the individual dispersion functions can be superposed into a master curve using appropriate shift factors. While addition of filler particles even at large weight fractions has only a minor effect on the relaxation times, uniaxial deformation and swelling are demonstrated to alter the molecular dynamics significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sobiroh Kariyo
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie and Magnetic Resonance Center MARC, ITMC, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rachocki A, Tritt-Goc J, Piślewski N. NMR study of molecular dynamics in selected hydrophilic polymers. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2004; 25:42-46. [PMID: 14698383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2003.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependencies of the 1H spin-lattice relaxation times T1 and of the proton NMR second moment M2 in the temperature range from about 90 to 420 K were measured for methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The proton spin-lattice relaxation measurements reveal two minima due to the C3 reorientation of the methyl groups of the methoxy, methylenemethoxy or propylene oxide groups and the restricted motion of the segment of the polymer chain. The activation energy barriers for these motions were calculated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rachocki
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Harris DJ, Assink RA, Gillen KT. 1HT2-NMR monitoring of crosslinked polyolefin aging. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Fechete R, Demco DE, Blümich B. Chain orientation and slow dynamics in elastomers by mixed magic-Hahn echo decays. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1534577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
19
|
Grinberg F, Heidenreich M, Kuhn W. A new contrast parameter for visualization of the cross-link density in rubber based on the dipolar-correlation effect. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2002; 159:87-91. [PMID: 12468308 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-7807(02)00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new parameter for NMR mapping is suggested on the basis of the mean squared dipolar fluctuation (MSDF). The MSDF characterizes the relaxation mechanism due to ultra-slow dipolar fluctuations in liquids subject to local anisotropy of molecular motions. These fluctuations can be monitored on the time scale exceeding a few microseconds. In rubber materials, the MSDF is a function of the density of chemical cross-links strongly affecting (anisotropic) mesh chain fluctuations. Experimentally, the MSDF is determined from the attenuation curves of the quotient of the amplitudes of the stimulated and the primary echoes produced by the three 90 degrees radio-frequency pulse sequence. In order to evaluate the MSDF maps, the latter sequence was combined with the standard scheme of the magnetic field gradients providing a spatial resolution. The pixel values of the MSDF are "visualized" using grey shades related to the equidistant intervals covering the whole range of the measured values. The MSDF maps are demonstrated for the two composite samples. The first sample consists of a water filled tube in the middle part surrounded by high molecular mass polyisoprene (PI) in the outer part. The relaxation weighted spin density image of this sample is dominated by a water signal with PI producing a much weaker intensity. The MSDF map, on the contrary, enhances the relative intensity of the outer, PI, part while scaling the middle, water, part down to the level of noise. The second sample consists of the four rubber pieces with different cross-link density. This sample thus models an inhomogeneous rubber object. The MSDF map produces clear contrast for the relevant regions. The advantages of employing this kind of NMR mapping for a characterization of materials are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Grinberg
- Sektion Kernresonanzspektroskopie, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kariyo S, Stapf S. Influence of Cross-Link Density and Deformation on the NMR Relaxation Dispersion of Natural Rubber. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma025632f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sobiroh Kariyo
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie and Magnetic Resonance Center MARC, ITMC, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Stapf
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie and Magnetic Resonance Center MARC, ITMC, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maxwell RS, Balazs B. Residual dipolar coupling for the assessment of cross-link density changes in γ-irradiated silica-PDMS composite materials. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1477184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
22
|
Garbarczyk M, Kuhn W, Klinowski J, Jurga S. Characterization of aged nitrile rubber elastomers by NMR spectroscopy and microimaging. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Garbarczyk M, Grinberg F, Nestle N, Kuhn W. A novel approach to the determination of the crosslink density in rubber materials with the dipolar correlation effect in low magnetic fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|