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Duva G, Pithan L, Gerlach A, Janik A, Hinderhofer A, Schreiber F. Roughness evolution in strongly interacting donor:acceptor mixtures of molecular semiconductors. An in situ, real-time growth study using x-ray reflectivity. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:115003. [PMID: 33285533 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abd11c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of surface roughness in binary mixtures of the two molecular organic semiconductors (OSCs) diindenoperylene (DIP) as electron-donor and 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8-hexafluoro-tetracyano naphthoquinodimethane (F6TCNNQ) as electron-acceptor is studied. We co-deposit DIP and F6TCNNQ in vacuum with varying relative molar content while keeping a molar excess of DIP in order to produce phase-heterogeneous mixtures. The excess DIP phase segregates in pristine crystallites, whereas the remaining mixed phase is constituted by DIP:F6TCNNQ co-crystallites. We calculate the surface roughness as function of film thickness by modelling x-ray reflectivity data acquired in situ and in real-time during film growth. To model the experimental data, two distinct approaches, namely the kinematic approximation and the Parratt formalism, are applied. A comparative study of surface roughness evolution as function of DIP:F6TCNNQ mixing ratio is carried out implementing the Trofimov growth model within the kinematic approximation. Depending on the thickness regime, mixing ratio-specific trends are identified and discussed. To explain them, a growth mechanism for binary heterogeneous mixtures of strongly interacting OSCs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Duva
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Pithan
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Gerlach
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Janik
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Hinderhofer
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Schreiber
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter Interactions, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Zou T, Chang J, Chen Q, Nie Z, Duan L, Guo T, Song Y, Wu W, Wang H. Novel Strategy for Organic Cocrystals of n-Type and p-Type Organic Semiconductors with Advanced Optoelectronic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12067-12072. [PMID: 32548385 PMCID: PMC7271014 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cocrystallization has been applied widely for material synthesis. Recently cocrystal of organic molecules has been developing rapidly, taking the advantages of the flexibility and self-assembly of organic molecules. Here we report an experimental study of a cocrystal of copper-phthalocyanines and fluorinated ones. We have grown the samples via the vapor-phase deposition of the mixture with different mass ratios from 1:13.5 to 6:1. As suggested by our scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy, new crystal structures and morphologies through our novel strategy for the cocrystallization of these molecules have been found. Our work will provide a solid foundation to systematically synthesize the cocrystal of phthalocyanine molecules with new crystal structures, thus providing the opportunity to advance material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyu Zou
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Chang
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Qiuyuan Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Zhifeng Nie
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangfei Duan
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumin Song
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- UCL
Department of Physics and Astronomy and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Hai Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
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Dieterle J, Broch K, Hinderhofer A, Frank H, Gerlach A, Schreiber F. Revealing Suppressed Intermolecular Coupling Effects in Aggregated Organic Semiconductors by Diluting the Crystal: Model System Perfluoropentacene:Picene. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7016-7020. [PMID: 31322889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of intermolecular interactions on the optical properties of organic semiconductors, we employ mixing of the organic semiconductor perfluoropentacene (PFP; C22F14) with the wide band-gap organic semiconductor picene (PIC; C22H14). The binary mixed thin films are prepared by simultaneous coevaporation of PIC and PFP in vacuum. We determine the optical properties of the blends by differential reflectance spectroscopy (absorption) and photoluminescence (emission). PFP:PIC thin films are a rare case of mixed thin films with a known molecular packing. The formation of equimolar mixed domains with a crystal structure clearly different from that of the pure compounds is, in the case of nonequimolar blends, accompanied by pure domains of the excess compound. Due to the wide band gap of PIC, the effect of reduced intermolecular interactions between PFP molecules can be studied in detail without any direct contributions of PIC to the spectra. We find a strongly enhanced emission from PFP in the mixed thin films, which can be explained by decoupling. Real-time investigations of the absorption spectra during growth provide further insight into intermolecular coupling effects on optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dieterle
- Institut für Angewandte Physik , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Alexander Hinderhofer
- Institut für Angewandte Physik , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Heiko Frank
- Institut für Angewandte Physik , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Alexander Gerlach
- Institut für Angewandte Physik , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
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Lorch C, Broch K, Belova V, Duva G, Hinderhofer A, Gerlach A, Jankowski M, Schreiber F. Growth and annealing kinetics of α-sexithiophene and fullerene C60mixed films. J Appl Crystallogr 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716009936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin films of α-sexithiophene (6T) and C60mixtures deposited on nSiO substrates at 303 and 373 K were investigated in real time andin situduring the film growth using X-ray diffraction. The mixtures are observed to contain the well known 6T low-temperature crystal phase and the β phase, which usually coexist in pure 6T films. The addition of C60modifies the structure to almost purely β-phase-dominated films if the substrate is at 303 K. In contrast, at 373 K the low-temperature crystal phase of 6T dominates the film growth of the mixtures. Post-growth annealing experiments up to 373 K on equimolar mixtures and pure 6T films were also performed and followed in real time with X-ray diffraction. Annealing of pure 6T films results in a strong increase of film ordering, whereas annealing of equimolar 6T:C60mixed films does not induce any significant changes in the film structure. These results lend further support to theories about the important influence of C60on the growth behaviour and structure formation process of 6T in mixtures of the two materials.
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Wang X, Broch K, Schreiber F, Meixner AJ, Zhang D. Revealing nanoscale optical properties and morphology in perfluoropentacene films by confocal and tip-enhanced near-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:15919-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Combining confocal and high resolution near-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy, we propose a sensitive method for determining the local morphology in organic semiconductor thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and LISA+
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institute of Applied Physics
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
- Cavendish Laboratory
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute of Applied Physics
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Alfred J. Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and LISA+
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and LISA+
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
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