1
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Liu J, Marquez M, Lai Y, Ibrahim H, Légaré K, Lassonde P, Liu X, Hehn M, Mangin S, Malinowski G, Li Z, Légaré F, Liang J. Swept coded aperture real-time femtophotography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1589. [PMID: 38383494 PMCID: PMC10882056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-shot real-time femtophotography is indispensable for imaging ultrafast dynamics during their times of occurrence. Despite their advantages over conventional multi-shot approaches, existing techniques confront restricted imaging speed or degraded data quality by the deployed optoelectronic devices and face challenges in the application scope and acquisition accuracy. They are also hindered by the limitations in the acquirable information imposed by the sensing models. Here, we overcome these challenges by developing swept coded aperture real-time femtophotography (SCARF). This computational imaging modality enables all-optical ultrafast sweeping of a static coded aperture during the recording of an ultrafast event, bringing full-sequence encoding of up to 156.3 THz to every pixel on a CCD camera. We demonstrate SCARF's single-shot ultrafast imaging ability at tunable frame rates and spatial scales in both reflection and transmission modes. Using SCARF, we image ultrafast absorption in a semiconductor and ultrafast demagnetization of a metal alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdan Liu
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X1P7, Canada
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Miguel Marquez
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Yingming Lai
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Heide Ibrahim
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Katherine Légaré
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Philippe Lassonde
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Xianglei Liu
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Michel Hehn
- Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, Parc de Saurupt CS 50840, Nancy, 54011, France
| | - Stéphane Mangin
- Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, Parc de Saurupt CS 50840, Nancy, 54011, France
| | - Grégory Malinowski
- Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, Parc de Saurupt CS 50840, Nancy, 54011, France
| | - Zhengyan Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - François Légaré
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Jinyang Liang
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X1P7, Canada.
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2
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Ignatyeva DO, Belotelov VI. Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy of Short Spin Waves by All-Dielectric Metasurface. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4180. [PMID: 36500803 PMCID: PMC9738802 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The optical method of spin dynamics measurements via the detection of various magneto-optical effects is widely used nowadays. Besides it being a convenient method to achieve time-resolved measurements, its spatial resolution in the lateral direction is limited by a diffraction limit for the probe light. We propose a novel approach utilizing a Mie-resonance-based all-dielectric metasurface that allows for the extraction of a signal of a single submicron-wavelength spin wave from the wide spin precession spectra. This approach is based on the possibility of designing a metasurface that possesses nonuniform magneto-optical sensitivity to the different nanoscale regions of the smooth magnetic film due to the excitation of the Mie modes. The metasurface is tuned to be unsensitive to the long-wavelength spin precession, which is achieved by the optical resonance-caused zeroing of the magneto-optical effect for uniform magnetization in the vicinity of the resonance. At the same time, such a Mie-supporting metasurface exhibits selective sensitivity to a narrow range of short wavelengths equal to its period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria O. Ignatyeva
- Russian Quantum Center, 121353 Moscow, Russia
- Photonics and Quantum Technologies School, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Belotelov
- Russian Quantum Center, 121353 Moscow, Russia
- Photonics and Quantum Technologies School, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Yumoto G, Sekiguchi F, Hashimoto R, Nakamura T, Wakamiya A, Kanemitsu Y. Rapidly expanding spin-polarized exciton halo in a two-dimensional halide perovskite at room temperature. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp8135. [PMID: 35905182 PMCID: PMC9337763 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of the spatially resolved exciton spin dynamics in two-dimensional semiconductors has revealed the formation of a spatial pattern and long-range transport of the spin-polarized excitons, which holds promise for exciton-based spin-optoelectronic applications. However, the spatial evolution has been restricted to cryogenic temperatures because of the short exciton spin relaxation times at room temperature. Here, we report that two-dimensional halide perovskites can overcome this limitation owing to their relatively long exciton spin relaxation times and substantial exciton-exciton interactions. We demonstrate the emergence of a halo-like spatial profile in spin-polarized exciton population and its ultrafast expansion at room temperature by performing time-resolved Faraday rotation imaging of spin-polarized excitons in two-dimensional perovskite (C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)3Pb4I13. Exciton-exciton exchange interactions induce density-dependent nonlinear relaxation and ultrafast transport of exciton spins and give rise to a rapidly expanding halo-like spatial pattern. The density-dependent spatial control suggests the potential of using two-dimensional halide perovskites for spin-optoelectronic applications.
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4
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Zalewski T, Stupakiewicz A. Single-shot imaging of ultrafast all-optical magnetization dynamics with a spatiotemporal resolution. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:103004. [PMID: 34717439 DOI: 10.1063/5.0068304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a laboratory system for single-shot magneto-optical (MO) imaging of ultrafast magnetization dynamics with less than 8 fs temporal, micrometer spatial resolutions and a MO Faraday's rotation sensitivity of 4 mdeg/μm. We create a stack of MO images repeatedly employing a single pair of pump and defocused probe pulses to induce and visualize MO changes in the sample. Both laser beams are independently wavelength-tunable, allowing for a flexible, resonant adjustable two-color pump and probe scheme. To increase the MO contrast, the probe beam is spatially filtered through a 50 μm aperture. We performed the all-optical switching experiment in Co-doped yttrium iron garnet films (YIG:Co) to demonstrate the capability of the presented method. We determine the spatiotemporal distribution of the effective field of photo-induced anisotropy, driving the all-optical switching of the magnetization in the YIG:Co film without an external magnetic field. Moreover, using this imaging method, we tracked the process of the laser-induced magnetization precession.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zalewski
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - A Stupakiewicz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
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5
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Gomez MJ, Liu K, Lee JG, Wilson RB. High sensitivity pump-probe measurements of magnetic, thermal, and acoustic phenomena with a spectrally tunable oscillator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:023905. [PMID: 32113424 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe an optical pump/probe system for sensitive measurements of time-resolved optical measurements of material dynamics. The instrument design is optimized for time-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect (TR-MOKE) measurements of dynamics in magnetic materials. The system also allows for time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) measurements of thermal transport properties and picosecond acoustic measurements of film thickness and/or elastic constants. The system has several advantages over the conventional designs for TR-MOKE and/or TDTR systems. Measurements of pump-induced changes to the probe beam intensity are shot-noise limited. The system's design allows for MOKE and/or thermoreflectance measurements of both sides of a sample. Pumping and probing the sample on opposite sides allows nanoscale flash diffusivity measurements of transport properties. The wavelengths of the pump and probe beams are straightforward to tune between 350-525 nm and 690-1050 nm. A tunable wavelength allows for optical resonances in a wide array of materials to be excited and/or probed. Finally, the setup is calibrated to allow for the real and imaginary components of Kerr signals to be separately quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gomez
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Kexin Liu
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Jonathan G Lee
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Richard B Wilson
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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6
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A multiscale model of the effect of Ir thickness on the static and dynamic properties of Fe/Ir/Fe films. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3879. [PMID: 29497088 PMCID: PMC5832763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex magnetic properties of Fe/Ir/Fe sandwiches are studied using a hierarchical multi-scale model. The approach uses first principles calculations and thermodynamic models to reveal the equilibrium spinwave, magnetization and dynamic demagnetisation properties. Finite temperature calculations show a complex spinwave dispersion and an initially counter-intuitive, increasing exchange stiffness with temperature (a key quantity for device applications) due to the effects of frustration at the interface, which then decreases due to magnon softening. Finally, the demagnetisation process in these structures is shown to be much slower at the interface as compared with the bulk, a key insight to interpret ultrafast laser-induced demagnetization processes in layered or interface materials.
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7
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Hoveyda F, Hohenstein E, Judge R, Smadici S. Demagnetizing fields in all-optical switching. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:035801. [PMID: 29185999 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa9e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A model of demagnetizing fields and micromagnetic simulations are applied to examine the evolution of a demagnetized cylinder. In addition to three expected final magnetic structures, a fourth switched state is obtained over a range of magnetic energy densities. The switched state is absent when demagnetizing fields are neglected. The connection to all-optical switching of materials with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hoveyda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
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8
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Hashimoto Y, Daimon S, Iguchi R, Oikawa Y, Shen K, Sato K, Bossini D, Tabuchi Y, Satoh T, Hillebrands B, Bauer GEW, Johansen TH, Kirilyuk A, Rasing T, Saitoh E. All-optical observation and reconstruction of spin wave dispersion. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15859. [PMID: 28604690 PMCID: PMC5477491 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To know the properties of a particle or a wave, one should measure how its energy changes with its momentum. The relation between them is called the dispersion relation, which encodes essential information of the kinetics. In a magnet, the wave motion of atomic spins serves as an elementary excitation, called a spin wave, and behaves like a fictitious particle. Although the dispersion relation of spin waves governs many of the magnetic properties, observation of their entire dispersion is one of the challenges today. Spin waves whose dispersion is dominated by magnetostatic interaction are called pure-magnetostatic waves, which are still missing despite of their practical importance. Here, we report observation of the band dispersion relation of pure-magnetostatic waves by developing a table-top all-optical spectroscopy named spin-wave tomography. The result unmasks characteristics of pure-magnetostatic waves. We also demonstrate time-resolved measurements, which reveal coherent energy transfer between spin waves and lattice vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hashimoto
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Daimon
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.,Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ryo Iguchi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Oikawa
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ka Shen
- Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Koji Sato
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.,Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Davide Bossini
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tabuchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takuya Satoh
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Burkard Hillebrands
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Gerrit E W Bauer
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.,Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.,Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H Johansen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway.,Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Andrei Kirilyuk
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Rasing
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Eiji Saitoh
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.,Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.,Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai 319-1195, Japan
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9
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Hoveyda F, Hohenstein E, Smadici S. Heat accumulation and all-optical switching by domain wall motion in Co/Pd superlattices. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:225801. [PMID: 28398216 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6c93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
All-optical switching by domain wall motion has been obtained in Co/Pd superlattices with a TiS oscillator. Heat accumulation is part of the switching process for our experimental conditions. Numerical calculations point to a connection between domain wall motion and in-plane heat diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hoveyda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
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10
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Hellman F, Hoffmann A, Tserkovnyak Y, Beach GSD, Fullerton EE, Leighton C, MacDonald AH, Ralph DC, Arena DA, Dürr HA, Fischer P, Grollier J, Heremans JP, Jungwirth T, Kimel AV, Koopmans B, Krivorotov IN, May SJ, Petford-Long AK, Rondinelli JM, Samarth N, Schuller IK, Slavin AN, Stiles MD, Tchernyshyov O, Thiaville A, Zink BL. Interface-Induced Phenomena in Magnetism. REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS 2017; 89:025006. [PMID: 28890576 PMCID: PMC5587142 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.89.025006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews static and dynamic interfacial effects in magnetism, focusing on interfacially-driven magnetic effects and phenomena associated with spin-orbit coupling and intrinsic symmetry breaking at interfaces. It provides a historical background and literature survey, but focuses on recent progress, identifying the most exciting new scientific results and pointing to promising future research directions. It starts with an introduction and overview of how basic magnetic properties are affected by interfaces, then turns to a discussion of charge and spin transport through and near interfaces and how these can be used to control the properties of the magnetic layer. Important concepts include spin accumulation, spin currents, spin transfer torque, and spin pumping. An overview is provided to the current state of knowledge and existing review literature on interfacial effects such as exchange bias, exchange spring magnets, spin Hall effect, oxide heterostructures, and topological insulators. The article highlights recent discoveries of interface-induced magnetism and non-collinear spin textures, non-linear dynamics including spin torque transfer and magnetization reversal induced by interfaces, and interfacial effects in ultrafast magnetization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Hellman
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Axel Hoffmann
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tserkovnyak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Geoffrey S D Beach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Eric E Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0401, USA
| | - Chris Leighton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Allan H MacDonald
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0264, USA
| | - Daniel C Ralph
- Physics Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Dario A Arena
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-7100, USA
| | - Hermann A Dürr
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Peter Fischer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; Physics Department, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 94056, USA
| | - Julie Grollier
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales and Université Paris Sud 11, 1 Avenue Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Joseph P Heremans
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Tomas Jungwirth
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, 162 53 Praha 6, Czech Republic; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexey V Kimel
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Koopmans
- Department of Applied Physics, Center for NanoMaterials, COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilya N Krivorotov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Steven J May
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Amanda K Petford-Long
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - James M Rondinelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Nitin Samarth
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ivan K Schuller
- Department of Physics and Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Andrei N Slavin
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA
| | - Mark D Stiles
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6202, USA
| | - Oleg Tchernyshyov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - André Thiaville
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR CNRS 8502, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Barry L Zink
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
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