1
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Döppner T, Bethkenhagen M, Kraus D, Neumayer P, Chapman DA, Bachmann B, Baggott RA, Böhme MP, Divol L, Falcone RW, Fletcher LB, Landen OL, MacDonald MJ, Saunders AM, Schörner M, Sterne PA, Vorberger J, Witte BBL, Yi A, Redmer R, Glenzer SH, Gericke DO. Observing the onset of pressure-driven K-shell delocalization. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-05996-8. [PMID: 37225995 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The gravitational pressure in many astrophysical objects exceeds one gigabar (one billion atmospheres)1-3, creating extreme conditions where the distance between nuclei approaches the size of the K shell. This close proximity modifies these tightly bound states and, above a certain pressure, drives them into a delocalized state4. Both processes substantially affect the equation of state and radiation transport and, therefore, the structure and evolution of these objects. Still, our understanding of this transition is far from satisfactory and experimental data are sparse. Here we report on experiments that create and diagnose matter at pressures exceeding three gigabars at the National Ignition Facility5 where 184 laser beams imploded a beryllium shell. Bright X-ray flashes enable precision radiography and X-ray Thomson scattering that reveal both the macroscopic conditions and the microscopic states. The data show clear signs of quantum-degenerate electrons in states reaching 30 times compression, and a temperature of around two million kelvins. At the most extreme conditions, we observe strongly reduced elastic scattering, which mainly originates from K-shell electrons. We attribute this reduction to the onset of delocalization of the remaining K-shell electron. With this interpretation, the ion charge inferred from the scattering data agrees well with ab initio simulations, but it is significantly higher than widely used analytical models predict6.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
| | - M Bethkenhagen
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LGLTPE, CNRS UMR 5276, Lyon, France
| | - D Kraus
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - P Neumayer
- GSI Helmholtz-Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - R A Baggott
- The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M P Böhme
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Görlitz, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - R W Falcone
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - M J MacDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - A M Saunders
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - M Schörner
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - P A Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - J Vorberger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - B B L Witte
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - A Yi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - R Redmer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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2
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Abstract
X-ray graphite optics consists of thin layers of Pyrolytic Graphite (PG) attached to a substrate of focusing shape. Pyrolytic Graphite is a perfect artificial graphite obtained by annealing of carbon deposit at temperatures about 3000 °C under deformation. By varying the annealing conditions, one could get PG of different mosaic structure and mechanical properties. A wide variability of the reflecting layer characteristics and optics shape makes the graphite optics useful in an extended range of applications. The optics could be adjusted to applications that require moderate resolution as EDXRF (energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence) and as well as for high-resolution applications as EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure), XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge structure) and XES (X-ray emission spectroscopy). To realize the optics with theoretically optimized parameters the relationship between the production procedure and the mosaicity and reflectivity of the optics was experimentally studied. The influence of thickness, the type of PG (Highly Oriented PG (HOPG) or Highly Annealed PG (HAPG)) and substrate characteristics on the optics performance is presented.
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3
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Bishel DT, Bachmann B, Yi A, Kraus D, Divol L, Bethkenhagen M, Falcone RW, Fletcher LB, Glenzer SH, Landen OL, MacDonald MJ, Masters N, Neumayer P, Redmer R, Saunders AM, Witte BBL, Döppner T. Using time-resolved penumbral imaging to measure low hot spot x-ray emission signals from capsule implosions at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10G111. [PMID: 30399716 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and fielded a new x-ray pinhole-imaging snout that exploits time-resolved penumbral imaging of low-emission hot spots in capsule implosion experiments at the National Ignition Facility. We report results for a series of indirectly driven Be capsule implosions that aim at measuring x-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) spectra at extreme density conditions near stagnation. In these implosions, x-ray emission at stagnation is reduced by 100-1000× compared to standard inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions to mitigate undesired continuum background in the XRTS spectra. Our snout design not only enables measurements of peak x-ray emission times, t o , where standard ICF diagnostics would not record any signal, but also allows for inference of hot spot shapes. Measurement of t o is crucial to account for shot-to-shot variations in implosion velocity and therefore to benchmark the achieved plasma conditions between shots and against radiation hydrodynamic simulations. Additionally, we used differential filtering to infer a hot spot temperature of 520 ± 80 eV, which is in good agreement with predictions from radiation hydrodynamic simulations. We find that, despite fluctuations of the x-ray flash intensity of up to 5×, the emission time history is similar from shot to shot and slightly asymmetric with respect to peak x-ray emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Bishel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Yi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Kraus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Bethkenhagen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R W Falcone
- Physics Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J MacDonald
- Physics Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Neumayer
- GSI Helmholtz-Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - A M Saunders
- Physics Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B B L Witte
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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Krygier A, Coppari F, Kemp GE, Thorn DB, Craxton RS, Eggert JH, Garcia EM, McNaney JM, Park HS, Ping Y, Remington BA, Schneider MB. Developing a high-flux, high-energy continuum backlighter for extended x-ray absorption fine structure measurements at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10F114. [PMID: 30399955 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for in situ characterization of matter in the high energy density regime. An EXAFS platform is currently being developed on the National Ignition Facility. Development of a suitable X-ray backlighter involves minimizing the temporal duration and source size while maximizing spectral smoothness and brightness. One approach involves imploding a spherical shell, which generates a high-flux X-ray flash at stagnation. We present results from a series of experiments comparing the X-ray source properties produced by imploded empty and Ar-filled capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krygier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E M Garcia
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
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5
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Thorn DB, Coppari F, Döppner T, MacDonald MJ, Regan SP, Schneider MB. X-ray spectrometer throughput model for (selected) flat Bragg crystal spectrometers on laser plasma facilities. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10F119. [PMID: 30399669 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At large laser faculties, such as OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility (NIF), x-ray spectrometers are provided by the facility to diagnose plasma conditions or monitor backlighters. Often the calibration of these spectrometers is unknown or out of date. As a remedy to this situation, we present a simple ray trace method to calibrate flat crystal spectrometers using only basic information regarding the optical design of the spectrometer. This model is then used to output photometric throughput estimates, dispersion, solid angle, and spectral resolution estimates. This model is applied to the mono angle crystal spectrometer and Super Snout I at the NIF and the X-Ray Spectrometer at the OMEGA laser facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J MacDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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6
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LeFevre HJ, Ma K, Belancourt PX, MacDonald MJ, Döppner T, Huntington CM, Johnsen E, Keiter PA, Kuranz CC. A platform for x-ray Thomson scattering measurements of radiation hydrodynamics experiments on the NIF. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10F105. [PMID: 30399938 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental design for a radiation hydrodynamics experiment at the National Ignition Facility that measures the electron temperature of a shocked region using the x-ray Thomson scattering technique. Previous National Ignition Facility experiments indicate a reduction in Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth due to high energy fluxes, compared to the shocked energy flux, from radiation and electron heat conduction. In order to better quantify the effects of these energy fluxes, we modified the previous experiment to allow for non-collective x-ray Thomson scattering to measure the electron temperature. Photometric calculations combined with synthetic scattering spectra demonstrate an estimated noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J LeFevre
- Applied Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - K Ma
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P X Belancourt
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - M J MacDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C M Huntington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Johnsen
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P A Keiter
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C C Kuranz
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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7
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Qing B, Wei M, Yang G, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Xiong G, Lv M, Hu Z, Zhang J, Liu S, Yang J. A time-gated multi-channel x-ray crystal spectrometer on the Shenguang-III laser facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:083108. [PMID: 30184675 DOI: 10.1063/1.5033359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An eight-channel x-ray flat crystal spectrometer was developed for high energy density physics research at the Shenguang-III (SG-III) laser facility. The spectrometer uses trihydroxymethylaminomethane crystals (2d = 8.78 Å) to record Ti K-shell emission in the photon energy range of 4.65-5.05 keV. The spectrometer couples to an x-ray framing camera to achieve time-resolution. This has four microstrips, and each strip records two snapshots of the emission image. Based on the intersection positioning system with a dual-charge coupled device, the alignment system is easily operated and efficient. The instrument was tested and used for Au hohlraum plasma diagnosis experiments on SG-III. The He-α line and its Li-like satellites and the Ly-α line of a Ti tracer were detected, from which the spectral resolution of the instrument was analyzed. The spectral resolution E/ΔE at the Ti He-α line ranges from about 500 to 880 and mainly limited by the x-ray source size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qing
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Minxi Wei
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Guohong Yang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Gang Xiong
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Min Lv
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zhimin Hu
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Shenye Liu
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jiamin Yang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
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8
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Coppari F, Thorn DB, Kemp GE, Craxton RS, Garcia EM, Ping Y, Eggert JH, Schneider MB. X-ray source development for EXAFS measurements on the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:083907. [PMID: 28863696 DOI: 10.1063/1.4999649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extended X-ray absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements require a bright, spectrally smooth, and broad-band x-ray source. In a laser facility, such an x-ray source can be generated by a laser-driven capsule implosion. In order to optimize the x-ray emission, different capsule types and laser irradiations have been tested at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A crystal spectrometer is used to disperse the x-rays and high efficiency image plate detectors are used to measure the absorption spectra in transmission geometry. EXAFS measurements at the K-edge of iron at ambient conditions have been obtained for the first time on the NIF laser, and the requirements for optimization have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - E M Garcia
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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9
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Döppner T, Kraus D, Neumayer P, Bachmann B, Emig J, Falcone RW, Fletcher LB, Hardy M, Kalantar DH, Kritcher AL, Landen OL, Ma T, Saunders AM, Wood RD. Improving a high-efficiency, gated spectrometer for x-ray Thomson scattering experiments at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11E515. [PMID: 27910303 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We are developing x-ray Thomson scattering for applications in implosion experiments at the National Ignition Facility. In particular we have designed and fielded MACS, a high-efficiency, gated x-ray spectrometer at 7.5-10 keV [T. Döppner et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 11D617 (2014)]. Here we report on two new Bragg crystals based on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG), a flat crystal and a dual-section cylindrically curved crystal. We have performed in situ calibration measurements using a brass foil target, and we used the flat HOPG crystal to measure Mo K-shell emission at 18 keV in 2nd order diffraction. Such high photon energy line emission will be required to penetrate and probe ultra-high-density plasmas or plasmas of mid-Z elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA
| | - D Kraus
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P Neumayer
- Gesellschaft für Schwerionenphysik, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA
| | - J Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA
| | - R W Falcone
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94720, USA
| | - M Hardy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA
| | - D H Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA
| | - A L Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA
| | - A M Saunders
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R D Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA
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10
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Boehm KJ, Hash N, Barker D, Döppner T, Farrell MP, Fitzsimmons P, Kaczala D, Kraus D, Maranville B, Mauldin M, Neumayer P, Segraves K. Design and Engineering of a Target for X-Ray Thomson Scattering Measurements on Matter at Extreme Densities and Gigabar Pressures. Fusion Science and Technology 2016. [DOI: 10.13182/fst15-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.-J. Boehm
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - N. Hash
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - D. Barker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550
| | - T. Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. P. Farrell
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - P. Fitzsimmons
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - D. Kaczala
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - D. Kraus
- University of California, Department of Physics, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - B. Maranville
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. Mauldin
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - P. Neumayer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K. Segraves
- Schafer Corporation, 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, California 94551
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11
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Kraus D, Chapman DA, Kritcher AL, Baggott RA, Bachmann B, Collins GW, Glenzer SH, Hawreliak JA, Kalantar DH, Landen OL, Ma T, Le Pape S, Nilsen J, Swift DC, Neumayer P, Falcone RW, Gericke DO, Döppner T. X-ray scattering measurements on imploding CH spheres at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:011202. [PMID: 27575070 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.011202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have performed spectrally resolved x-ray scattering measurements on highly compressed polystyrene at pressures of several tens of TPa (100 Mbar) created by spherically convergent shocks at the National Ignition Facility. Scattering data of line radiation at 9.0 keV were recorded from the dense plasma shortly after shock coalescence. Accounting for spatial gradients, opacity effects, and source broadening, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the elastic scattering component to carbon K-shell ionization while at the same time constraining the temperature of the dense plasma. For six times compressed polystyrene, we find an average temperature of 86 eV and carbon ionization state of 4.9, indicating that widely used ionization models need revision in order to be suitable for the extreme states of matter tested in our experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kraus
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D A Chapman
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Plasma Physics Group, Radiation Physics Department, AWE plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - A L Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R A Baggott
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - J A Hawreliak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - D H Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Nilsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Neumayer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R W Falcone
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Masters ND, Fisher A, Kalantar D, Stölken J, Smith C, Vignes R, Burns S, Doeppner T, Kritcher A, Park HS. Debris and shrapnel assessments for National Ignition Facility targets and diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/717/1/012108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kraus D, Döppner T, Kritcher AL, Yi A, Boehm K, Bachmann B, Divol L, Fletcher LB, Glenzer SH, Landen OL, Masters N, Saunders AM, Weber C, Falcone RW, Neumayer P. Platform for spectrally resolved x-ray scattering from imploding capsules at the National Ignition Facility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/717/1/012067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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