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Bai XJ, Yan YH, Lei HY, Sun FZ, Wang TZ, Zhu CQ, Tan JH, Hu G, Li YF, Ma JL, Liao GQ, Zhang Z, Hu HS, Li YT. Two-dimensional monitoring of a laser-solid x-ray source spot via penumbral coded aperture imaging technique. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:043104. [PMID: 35489950 DOI: 10.1063/5.0082555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The uncertainties of spot size and position need to be clarified for x-ray sources as they can affect the detecting precision of the x-ray probe beam in applications such as radiography. In particular, for laser-driven x-ray sources, they would be more significant as they influence the inevitable fluctuation of the driving laser pulses. Here, we have employed the penumberal coded aperture imaging technique to diagnose the two-dimensional spatial distribution of an x-ray emission source spot generated from a Cu solid target irradiated by an intense laser pulse. Taking advantage of the high detection efficiency and high spatial resolution of this technique, the x-ray source spot is characterized with a relative error of ∼5% in the full width at half maximum of the intensity profile in a single-shot mode for general laser parameters, which makes it possible to reveal the information of the unfixed spot size and position precisely. Our results show the necessity and feasibility of monitoring the spot of these novel laser-driven x-ray sources via the penumbral coded aperture imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jie Bai
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yi-Hong Yan
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hong-Yi Lei
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fang-Zheng Sun
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tian-Ze Wang
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chang-Qing Zhu
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun-Hao Tan
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guang Hu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yan-Fei Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jing-Long Ma
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guo-Qian Liao
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hua-Si Hu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yu-Tong Li
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
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2
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Kritcher AL, Swift DC, Döppner T, Bachmann B, Benedict LX, Collins GW, DuBois JL, Elsner F, Fontaine G, Gaffney JA, Hamel S, Lazicki A, Johnson WR, Kostinski N, Kraus D, MacDonald MJ, Maddox B, Martin ME, Neumayer P, Nikroo A, Nilsen J, Remington BA, Saumon D, Sterne PA, Sweet W, Correa AA, Whitley HD, Falcone RW, Glenzer SH. A measurement of the equation of state of carbon envelopes of white dwarfs. Nature 2020; 584:51-54. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Bishel DT, Bachmann B, Yi A, Kraus D, Divol L, Bethkenhagen M, Falcone RW, Fletcher LB, Glenzer SH, Landen OL, MacDonald MJ, Masters N, Neumayer P, Redmer R, Saunders AM, Witte BBL, Döppner T. Using time-resolved penumbral imaging to measure low hot spot x-ray emission signals from capsule implosions at the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G111. [PMID: 30399716 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and fielded a new x-ray pinhole-imaging snout that exploits time-resolved penumbral imaging of low-emission hot spots in capsule implosion experiments at the National Ignition Facility. We report results for a series of indirectly driven Be capsule implosions that aim at measuring x-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) spectra at extreme density conditions near stagnation. In these implosions, x-ray emission at stagnation is reduced by 100-1000× compared to standard inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions to mitigate undesired continuum background in the XRTS spectra. Our snout design not only enables measurements of peak x-ray emission times, t o , where standard ICF diagnostics would not record any signal, but also allows for inference of hot spot shapes. Measurement of t o is crucial to account for shot-to-shot variations in implosion velocity and therefore to benchmark the achieved plasma conditions between shots and against radiation hydrodynamic simulations. Additionally, we used differential filtering to infer a hot spot temperature of 520 ± 80 eV, which is in good agreement with predictions from radiation hydrodynamic simulations. We find that, despite fluctuations of the x-ray flash intensity of up to 5×, the emission time history is similar from shot to shot and slightly asymmetric with respect to peak x-ray emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Bishel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Yi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Kraus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Bethkenhagen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R W Falcone
- Physics Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J MacDonald
- Physics Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Neumayer
- GSI Helmholtz-Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - A M Saunders
- Physics Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B B L Witte
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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Zylstra AB, Park HS, Ross JS, Fiuza F, Frenje JA, Higginson DP, Huntington C, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Pollock B, Remington B, Rinderknecht HG, Ryutov D, Séguin FH, Turnbull D, Wilks SC. Proton pinhole imaging on the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E704. [PMID: 27910515 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pinhole imaging of large (mm scale) carbon-deuterium (CD) plasmas by proton self-emission has been used for the first time to study the microphysics of shock formation, which is of astrophysical relevance. The 3 MeV deuterium-deuterium (DD) fusion proton self-emission from these plasmas is imaged using a novel pinhole imaging system, with up to five different 1 mm diameter pinholes positioned 25 cm from target-chamber center. CR39 is used as the detector medium, positioned at 100 cm distance from the pinhole for a magnification of 4 ×. A Wiener deconvolution algorithm is numerically demonstrated and used to interpret the images. When the spatial morphology is known, this algorithm accurately reproduces the size of features larger than about half the pinhole diameter. For these astrophysical plasma experiments on the National Ignition Facility, this provides a strong constraint on simulation modeling of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Fiuza
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D P Higginson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Huntington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Ryutov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Turnbull
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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5
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Bachmann B, Hilsabeck T, Field J, Masters N, Reed C, Pardini T, Rygg JR, Alexander N, Benedetti LR, Döppner T, Forsman A, Izumi N, LePape S, Ma T, MacPhee AG, Nagel S, Patel P, Spears B, Landen OL. Resolving hot spot microstructure using x-ray penumbral imaging (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E201. [PMID: 27910489 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and fielded x-ray penumbral imaging on the National Ignition Facility in order to enable sub-10 μm resolution imaging of stagnated plasma cores (hot spots) of spherically shock compressed spheres and shell implosion targets. By utilizing circular tungsten and tantalum apertures with diameters ranging from 20 μm to 2 mm, in combination with image plate and gated x-ray detectors as well as imaging magnifications ranging from 4 to 64, we have demonstrated high-resolution imaging of hot spot plasmas at x-ray energies above 5 keV. Here we give an overview of the experimental design criteria involved and demonstrate the most relevant influences on the reconstruction of x-ray penumbral images, as well as mitigation strategies of image degrading effects like over-exposed pixels, artifacts, and photon limited source emission. We describe experimental results showing the advantages of x-ray penumbral imaging over conventional Fraunhofer and photon limited pinhole imaging and showcase how internal hot spot microstructures can be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Hilsabeck
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Field
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Reed
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Pardini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Alexander
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Forsman
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S LePape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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6
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Kraus D, Chapman DA, Kritcher AL, Baggott RA, Bachmann B, Collins GW, Glenzer SH, Hawreliak JA, Kalantar DH, Landen OL, Ma T, Le Pape S, Nilsen J, Swift DC, Neumayer P, Falcone RW, Gericke DO, Döppner T. X-ray scattering measurements on imploding CH spheres at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:011202. [PMID: 27575070 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.011202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have performed spectrally resolved x-ray scattering measurements on highly compressed polystyrene at pressures of several tens of TPa (100 Mbar) created by spherically convergent shocks at the National Ignition Facility. Scattering data of line radiation at 9.0 keV were recorded from the dense plasma shortly after shock coalescence. Accounting for spatial gradients, opacity effects, and source broadening, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the elastic scattering component to carbon K-shell ionization while at the same time constraining the temperature of the dense plasma. For six times compressed polystyrene, we find an average temperature of 86 eV and carbon ionization state of 4.9, indicating that widely used ionization models need revision in order to be suitable for the extreme states of matter tested in our experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kraus
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D A Chapman
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Plasma Physics Group, Radiation Physics Department, AWE plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - A L Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R A Baggott
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - J A Hawreliak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - D H Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Nilsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Neumayer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R W Falcone
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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7
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Rygg JR, Zylstra AB, Séguin FH, LePape S, Bachmann B, Craxton RS, Garcia EM, Kong YZ, Gatu-Johnson M, Khan SF, Lahmann BJ, McKenty PW, Petrasso RD, Rinderknecht HG, Rosenberg MJ, Sayre DB, Sio HW. Note: A monoenergetic proton backlighter for the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:116104. [PMID: 26628185 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A monoenergetic, isotropic proton source suitable for proton radiography applications has been demonstrated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A deuterium and helium-3 gas-filled glass capsule was imploded with 39 kJ of laser energy from 24 of NIF's 192 beams. Spectral, spatial, and temporal measurements of the 15-MeV proton product of the (3)He(d,p)(4)He nuclear reaction reveal a bright (10(10) protons/sphere), monoenergetic (ΔE/E = 4%) spectrum with a compact size (80 μm) and isotropic emission (∼13% proton fluence variation and <0.4% mean energy variation). Simultaneous measurements of products produced by the D(d,p)T and D(d,n)(3)He reactions also show 2 × 10(10) isotropically distributed 3-MeV protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S LePape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - E M Garcia
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Y Z Kong
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B J Lahmann
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P W McKenty
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H W Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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