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Oberdick SD, Dodd SJ, Koretsky AP, Zabow G. Shaped Magnetogel Microparticles for Multispectral Magnetic Resonance Contrast and Sensing. ACS Sens 2024; 9:42-51. [PMID: 38113475 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents are microfabricated three-dimensional magnetic structures that encode nearby water protons with discrete frequencies. The agents have a unique radiofrequency (RF) resonance that can be tuned by engineering the geometric parameters of these microstructures. Multispectral contrast agents can be used as sensors by incorporating a stimulus-driven shape-changing response into their structure. These geometrically encoded magnetic sensors (GEMS) enable MRI-based sensing via environmentally induced changes to their geometry and their corresponding RF resonance. Previously, GEMS have been made using thin-film lithography techniques in a cleanroom environment. While these approaches offer precise control of the microstructure, they can be a limitation for researchers who do not have cleanroom access or microfabrication expertise. Here, an alternative approach for GEMS fabrication based on soft lithography is introduced. The fabrication scheme uses cheap, accessible materials and simple chemistry to produce shaped magnetic hydrogel microparticles with multispectral MRI contrast properties. The microparticles can be used as sensors by fabricating them out of shape-reconfigurable, "smart" hydrogels. The change in shape causes a corresponding shift in the resonance of the GEMS, producing an MRI-addressable readout of the microenvironment. Proof-of-principle experiments showing a multispectral response to pH change with cylindrical shell-shaped magnetogel GEMS are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Oberdick
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Stephen J Dodd
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Alan P Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gary Zabow
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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2
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Leulmi Pichot S, Vemulkar T, Verheyen J, Wallis L, Jones JO, Stewart AP, Welsh SJ, Stewart GD, Cowburn RP. Lithographically defined encoded magnetic heterostructures for the targeted screening of kidney cancer. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 6:276-286. [PMID: 38125591 PMCID: PMC10729922 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00701d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the 7th commonest cancer in the UK and the most lethal urological malignancy; 50% of all RCC patients will die from the condition. However, if identified early enough, small RCCs are usually cured by surgery or percutaneous procedures, with 95% 10 year survival. This study describes a newly developed non-invasive urine-based assay for the early detection of RCC. Our approach uses encoded magnetically controllable heterostructures as a substrate for immunoassays. These heterostructures have molecular recognition abilities and embedded patterned codes for a rapid identification of RCC biomarkers. The magnetic heterostructures developed for this study have a magnetic configuration designed for a remote multi axial control of their orientation by external magnetic fields, this control facilitates the code readout when the heterostructures are in liquid. Furthermore, the optical encoding of each set of heterostructures provides a multiplexed analyte capture platform, as different sets of heterostructures, specific to different biomarkers can be mixed together in a patient sample. Our results show a precise magnetic control of the heterostructures with an efficient code readout during liquid immunoassays. The use of functionalised magnetic heterostructures as a substrate for immunoassay is validated for urine specimen spiked with recombinant RCC biomarkers. Initial results of the newly proposed screening method on urine samples from RCC patients, and controls with no renal disorders are presented in this study. Comprehensive optimisation cycles are in progress to validate the robustness of this technology as a novel, non-invasive screening method for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Leulmi Pichot
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | | | | | - Lauren Wallis
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - James O Jones
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Andrew P Stewart
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Sarah J Welsh
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Russell P Cowburn
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
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3
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Adhikari S, Li J, Wang Y, Ruijs L, Liu J, Koopmans B, Orrit M, Lavrijsen R. Optical Monitoring of the Magnetization Switching of Single Synthetic-Antiferromagnetic Nanoplatelets with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:1512-1518. [PMID: 37215319 PMCID: PMC10197163 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic antiferromagnetic nanoplatelets (NPs) with a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (SAF-PMA NPs) have a large potential in future local mechanical torque-transfer applications for e.g., biomedicine. However, the mechanisms of magnetization switching of these structures at the nanoscale are not well understood. Here, we have used a simple and relatively fast single-particle optical technique that goes beyond the diffraction limit to measure photothermal magnetic circular dichroism (PT MCD). This allows us to study the magnetization switching as a function of applied magnetic field of single 122 nm diameter SAF-PMA NPs with a thickness of 15 nm. We extract and discuss the differences between the switching field distributions of large ensembles of NPs and of single NPs. In particular, single-particle PT MCD allows us to address the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the magnetic switching fields of the NPs at the single-particle level. We expect this new insight to help understand better the dynamic torque transfer, e.g., in biomedical and microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Adhikari
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, LION, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J. Li
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Y. Wang
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, LION, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
- School
of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute
of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - L. Ruijs
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - J. Liu
- School
of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute
of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - B. Koopmans
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - M. Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, LION, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R. Lavrijsen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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4
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Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Surface Enhancements, and Biological Challenges. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), their physicochemical properties, their potential applications, and their association with the consequent toxicological effects in complex biologic systems. These MNPs have generated an accelerated development and research movement in the last two decades. They are solving a large portion of problems in several industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, water remediation, photoelectronics, and information storage, to name a few. As a result, more MNPs are put into contact with biological organisms, including humans, via interacting with their cellular structures. This situation will require a deeper understanding of these particles’ full impact in interacting with complex biological systems, and even though extensive studies have been carried out on different biological systems discussing toxicology aspects of MNP systems used in biomedical applications, they give mixed and inconclusive results. Chemical agencies, such as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemical substances (REACH) legislation for registration, evaluation, and authorization of substances and materials from the European Chemical Agency (ECHA), have held meetings to discuss the issue. However, nanomaterials (NMs) are being categorized by composition alone, ignoring the physicochemical properties and possible risks that their size, stability, crystallinity, and morphology could bring to health. Although several initiatives are being discussed around the world for the correct management and disposal of these materials, thanks to the extensive work of researchers everywhere addressing the issue of related biological impacts and concerns, and a new nanoethics and nanosafety branch to help clarify and bring together information about the impact of nanoparticles, more questions than answers have arisen regarding the behavior of MNPs with a wide range of effects in the same tissue. The generation of a consolidative framework of these biological behaviors is necessary to allow future applications to be manageable.
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Vargas-Ortíz JR, Böhnel HN, Gonzalez C, Esquivel K. Magnetic nanoparticle behavior evaluation on cardiac tissue contractility through Langendorff rat heart technique as a nanotoxicology parameter. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Zamay TN, Prokopenko VS, Zamay SS, Lukyanenko KA, Kolovskaya OS, Orlov VA, Zamay GS, Galeev RG, Narodov AA, Kichkailo AS. Magnetic Nanodiscs-A New Promising Tool for Microsurgery of Malignant Neoplasms. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1459. [PMID: 34072903 PMCID: PMC8227103 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetomechanical therapy is one of the most perspective directions in tumor microsurgery. According to the analysis of recent publications, it can be concluded that a nanoscalpel could become an instrument sufficient for cancer microsurgery. It should possess the following properties: (1) nano- or microsized; (2) affinity and specificity to the targets on tumor cells; (3) remote control. This nano- or microscalpel should include at least two components: (1) a physical nanostructure (particle, disc, plates) with the ability to transform the magnetic moment to mechanical torque; (2) a ligand-a molecule (antibody, aptamer, etc.) allowing the scalpel precisely target tumor cells. Literature analysis revealed that the most suitable nanoscalpel structures are anisotropic, magnetic micro- or nanodiscs with high-saturation magnetization and the absence of remanence, facilitating scalpel remote control via the magnetic field. Additionally, anisotropy enhances the transmigration of the discs to the tumor. To date, four types of magnetic microdiscs have been used for tumor destruction: synthetic antiferromagnetic P-SAF (perpendicular) and SAF (in-plane), vortex Py, and three-layer non-magnetic-ferromagnet-non-magnetic systems with flat quasi-dipole magnetic structures. In the current review, we discuss the biological effects of magnetic discs, the mechanisms of action, and the toxicity in alternating or rotating magnetic fields in vitro and in vivo. Based on the experimental data presented in the literature, we conclude that the targeted and remotely controlled magnetic field nanoscalpel is an effective and safe instrument for cancer therapy or theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N. Zamay
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenecky, 660029 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (T.N.Z.); (K.A.L.); (O.S.K.); (G.S.Z.)
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir S. Prokopenko
- Institute of Physics and Informatics, Astafiev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, 660049 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
| | - Sergey S. Zamay
- Molecular Electronics Department, Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
| | - Kirill A. Lukyanenko
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenecky, 660029 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (T.N.Z.); (K.A.L.); (O.S.K.); (G.S.Z.)
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Olga S. Kolovskaya
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenecky, 660029 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (T.N.Z.); (K.A.L.); (O.S.K.); (G.S.Z.)
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vitaly A. Orlov
- School of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
- Kirensky Institute of Physics Federal Research Center KSC Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50, bld. 38, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Galina S. Zamay
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenecky, 660029 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (T.N.Z.); (K.A.L.); (O.S.K.); (G.S.Z.)
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Andrey A. Narodov
- Traumatology Orthopedics and Neurosurgery Department, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenecky, 660029 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
| | - Anna S. Kichkailo
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenecky, 660029 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (T.N.Z.); (K.A.L.); (O.S.K.); (G.S.Z.)
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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7
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Laureti S, Gerardino A, D'Acapito F, Peddis D, Varvaro G. The role of chemical and microstructural inhomogeneities on interface magnetism. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:205701. [PMID: 33530067 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of interfacing effects arising when different magnetic phases are in close contact has led to the discovery of novel physical properties and the development of innovative technological applications of nanostructured magnetic materials. Chemical and microstructural inhomogeneities at the interfacial region, driven by interdiffusion processes, chemical reactions and interface roughness may significantly affect the final properties of a material and, if suitably controlled, may represent an additional tool to finely tune the overall physical properties. The activity at the Nanostructured Magnetic Materials Laboratory (nM2-Lab) at CNR-ISM of Italy is aimed at designing and investigating nanoscale-engineered magnetic materials, where the overall magnetic properties are dominated by the interface exchange coupling. In this review, some examples of recent studies where the chemical and microstructural properties are critical in determining the overall magnetic properties in core/shell nanoparticles, nanocomposites and multilayer heterostructures are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laureti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, nM2-Lab, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), I-00015, Italy
| | - A Gerardino
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, via Cineto Romano 42, I-00156, Italy
| | - F D'Acapito
- CNR-IOM-OGG c/o ESRF, LISA CRG, c/o ESRF BP220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - D Peddis
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, nM2-Lab, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), I-00015, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, nM2-Lab, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genova, I-16146, Italy
| | - G Varvaro
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, nM2-Lab, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), I-00015, Italy
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8
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Silva AS, Sá SP, Bunyaev SA, Garcia C, Sola IJ, Kakazei GN, Crespo H, Navas D. Dynamical behaviour of ultrathin [CoFeB (t CoFeB)/Pd] films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:43. [PMID: 33420134 PMCID: PMC7794473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CoFeB-based ultrathin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are promising for different emerging technological applications such as nonvolatile memories with low power consumption and high-speed performance. In this work, the dynamical properties of [CoFeB (tCoFeB)/Pd (10 Å)]5 multilayered ultrathin films (1 Å ≤ tCoFeB ≤ 5 Å) are studied by using two complementary methods: time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect and broadband ferromagnetic resonance. The perpendicular magnetization is confirmed for multilayers with tCoFeB ≤ 4 Å. The effective perpendicular magnetic anisotropy reaches a clear maximum at tCoFeB = 3 Å. Further increase of CoFeB layer thickness reduces the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and the magnetization became in-plane oriented for tCoFeB ≥ 5 Å. This behaviour is explained by considering competing contributions from surface and magnetoelastic anisotropies. It was also found that the effective damping parameter αeff decreases with CoFeB layer thickness and for tCoFeB = 4 Å reaches a value of ~ 0.019 that is suitable for microwave applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Silva
- Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP), Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simão P Sá
- Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP), Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sergey A Bunyaev
- Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP), Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Garcia
- Departamento de Física y Centro Científico Tecnológico de Valparaíso-CCTVal, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, 2390123, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Iñigo J Sola
- Laser Applications and Photonics Group, Applied Physics Department, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Gleb N Kakazei
- Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP), Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Crespo
- Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP), Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Navas
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Naud C, Thébault C, Carrière M, Hou Y, Morel R, Berger F, Diény B, Joisten H. Cancer treatment by magneto-mechanical effect of particles, a review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3632-3655. [PMID: 36132753 PMCID: PMC9419242 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00187b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment by magneto-mechanical effect of particles (TMMEP) is a growing field of research. The principle of this technique is to apply a mechanical force on cancer cells in order to destroy them thanks to magnetic particles vibrations. For this purpose, magnetic particles are injected in the tumor or exposed to cancer cells and a low-frequency alternating magnetic field is applied. This therapeutic approach is quite new and a wide range of treatment parameters are explored to date, as described in the literature. This review explains the principle of the technique, summarizes the parameters used by the different groups and reports the main in vitro and in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Naud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Spintec 38000 Grenoble France
- BrainTech Lab, U1205, INSERM, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CHU-Grenoble France
| | | | - Marie Carrière
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Yanxia Hou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Robert Morel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Spintec 38000 Grenoble France
| | - François Berger
- BrainTech Lab, U1205, INSERM, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CHU-Grenoble France
| | - Bernard Diény
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Spintec 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Hélène Joisten
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Spintec 38000 Grenoble France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI 38000 Grenoble France
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10
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Reviewing Magnetic Particle Preparation: Exploring the Viability in Biosensing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20164596. [PMID: 32824330 PMCID: PMC7471997 DOI: 10.3390/s20164596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, we conceptually investigated the requirements of magnetic nanoparticles for their application in biosensing and related them to example systems of our thin-film portfolio. Analyzing intrinsic magnetic properties of different magnetic phases, the size range of the magnetic particles was determined, which is of potential interest for biosensor technology. Different e-beam lithography strategies are utilized to identify possible ways to realize small magnetic particles targeting this size range. Three different particle systems from 500 μm to 50 nm are produced for this purpose, aiming at tunable, vertically magnetized synthetic antiferromagnets, martensitic transformation in a single elliptical, disc-shaped Heusler Ni50Mn32.5Ga17.5 particle and nanocylinders of Co2MnSi-Heusler compound. Perspectively, new applications for these particle systems in combination with microfluidics are addressed. Using the concept of a magnetic on–off ratchet, the most suitable particle system of these three materials is validated with respect to magnetically-driven transport in a microfluidic channel. In addition, options are also discussed for improving the magnetic ratchet for larger particles.
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11
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Etemadi H, Plieger PG. Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles: Physical Characteristics, Historical Perspective, Clinical Trials, Technological Challenges, and Recent Advances. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Etemadi
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North 4474 New Zealand
| | - Paul G. Plieger
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North 4474 New Zealand
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12
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Leulmi Pichot S, Bentouati S, Ahmad SS, Sotiropoulos M, Jena R, Cowburn R. Versatile magnetic microdiscs for the radio enhancement and mechanical disruption of glioblastoma cancer cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8161-8171. [PMID: 35558340 PMCID: PMC9092955 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00164c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the use of highly versatile, lithographically defined magnetic microdiscs. Gold covered magnetic microdiscs are used in both radiosensitizing cancer cells, acting as intracellular emitters of secondary electrons during radiotherapy, and as well as inducing mechanical damage by exerting a mechanical torque when exposed to a rotating magnetic field. This study reveals that lithographically defined microdiscs with a uniform size of 2 microns in diameter highly increase the DNA damage and reduce the glioblastoma colony formation potential compared to conventional radiation therapy. Furthermore, the addition of mechanical disruption mediated by the magnetic component of the discs increased the efficiency of brain cancer cell killing. First study demonstrating the use of physically engineered magnetic particles that display two functionalities for cancer treatment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Leulmi Pichot
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Sabrina Bentouati
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Saif S Ahmad
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0XZ UK
| | - Marios Sotiropoulos
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Raj Jena
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0XZ UK
| | - Russell Cowburn
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
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13
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Varvaro G, Laureti S, Peddis D, Hassan M, Barucca G, Mengucci P, Gerardino A, Giovine E, Lik O, Nissen D, Albrecht M. Co/Pd-Based synthetic antiferromagnetic thin films on Au/resist underlayers: towards biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21891-21899. [PMID: 31701115 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06866j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thin film stacks consisting of multiple repeats M of synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) [Co/Pd]N/Ru/[Co/Pd]N units with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy were explored as potential starting materials to fabricate free-standing micro/nanodisks, which represent a promising candidate system for theranostic applications. The films were directly grown on a sacrificial resist layer spin-coated on SiOx/Si(100) substrates, required for the preparation of free-standing disks after its dissolution. Furthermore, the film stack was sandwiched between two Au layers to allow further bio-functionalization. For M ≤ 5, the samples fulfill all the key criteria mandatory for biomedical applications, i.e., zero remanence, zero field susceptibility at small fields and sharp switching to saturation, together with the ability to vary the total magnetic moment at saturation by changing the number of repetitions of the multi-stack. Moreover, the samples show strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, which is required for applications relying on the transduction of a mechanical force through the micro/nano-disks under a magnetic field, such as the mechanical cell disruption, which is nowadays considered a promising alternative to the more investigated magnetic hyperthermia approach for cancer treatment. In a further step, SAF microdisks were prepared from the continuous multi-stacks by combining electron beam lithography and Ar ion milling, revealing similar magnetic properties as compared to the continuous films.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Varvaro
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy.
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14
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Shanko ES, van de Burgt Y, Anderson PD, den Toonder JMJ. Microfluidic Magnetic Mixing at Low Reynolds Numbers and in Stagnant Fluids. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10110731. [PMID: 31671753 PMCID: PMC6915455 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic mixing becomes a necessity when thorough sample homogenization is required in small volumes of fluid, such as in lab-on-a-chip devices. For example, efficient mixing is extraordinarily challenging in capillary-filling microfluidic devices and in microchambers with stagnant fluids. To address this issue, specifically designed geometrical features can enhance the effect of diffusion and provide efficient mixing by inducing chaotic fluid flow. This scheme is known as “passive” mixing. In addition, when rapid and global mixing is essential, “active” mixing can be applied by exploiting an external source. In particular, magnetic mixing (where a magnetic field acts to stimulate mixing) shows great potential for high mixing efficiency. This method generally involves magnetic beads and external (or integrated) magnets for the creation of chaotic motion in the device. However, there is still plenty of room for exploiting the potential of magnetic beads for mixing applications. Therefore, this review article focuses on the advantages of magnetic bead mixing along with recommendations on improving mixing in low Reynolds number flows (Re ≤ 1) and in stagnant fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriola-Sophia Shanko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microsystems Research Section, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Yoeri van de Burgt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microsystems Research Section, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick D Anderson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polymer Technology Research Section, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microsystems Research Section, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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15
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Chiriac H, Radu E, Țibu M, Stoian G, Ababei G, Lăbușcă L, Herea DD, Lupu N. Fe-Cr-Nb-B ferromagnetic particles with shape anisotropy for cancer cell destruction by magneto-mechanical actuation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11538. [PMID: 30069055 PMCID: PMC6070495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a new type of magnetic particles (MPs) prepared by wet milling of superferromagnetic Fe-Cr-Nb-B precursor glassy ribbons for cancer treatment by magneto-mechanical actuation in low magnetic fields (1 ÷ 20 Oe). The rectangular shapes of MPs and the superferromagnetism of the glassy alloys of which are made the MPs induce important magnetic shape anisotropies which, in association with a large saturation magnetization, generate an improved torque in a rotating magnetic field, producing important damages on the cellular viability of MG-63 human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells. The specific parameters such as MPs concentration, frequency and intensity of the applied magnetic field, or the time of exposure have a strong influence on the cancer cells viability. The specific behavior of the Fe-Cr-Nb-B MPs offers them destructive effect even in low magnetic fields such as 10 Oe, and this characteristic allows the use of coils systems which provide large experimental spaces. The novel MPs are used for the magneto-mechanical actuation alone or in association with hyperthermia, but also can be transported to the tumor sites by means of stem cells carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chiriac
- National Institute of Research and Developnment for Technical Physics, Iași, Romania.
| | - E Radu
- National Institute of Research and Developnment for Technical Physics, Iași, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University, Iași, Romania
| | - M Țibu
- National Institute of Research and Developnment for Technical Physics, Iași, Romania
| | - G Stoian
- National Institute of Research and Developnment for Technical Physics, Iași, Romania
| | - G Ababei
- National Institute of Research and Developnment for Technical Physics, Iași, Romania
| | - L Lăbușcă
- National Institute of Research and Developnment for Technical Physics, Iași, Romania
| | - D-D Herea
- National Institute of Research and Developnment for Technical Physics, Iași, Romania
| | - N Lupu
- National Institute of Research and Developnment for Technical Physics, Iași, Romania
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16
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Mora B, Perez-Valle A, Redondo C, Boyano MD, Morales R. Cost-Effective Design of High-Magnetic Moment Nanostructures for Biotechnological Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8165-8172. [PMID: 29390182 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Disk-shaped magnetic nanostructures present distinctive features for novel biomedical applications. Fine tuning of geometry and dimensions is demanded to evaluate efficiency and capability of such applications. This work addresses a cost-effective, versatile, and maskless design of biocompatible high-magnetic moment elements at the sub-micrometer scale. Advantages and disadvantages of two high throughput fabrication routes using interference lithography were evaluated. Detrimental steps such as the release process of nanodisks into aqueous solution were optimized to fully preserve the magnetic properties of the material. Then, cell viability of the nanostructures was assessed in primary melanoma cultures. No toxicity effects were observed, validating the potential of these nanostructures in biotechnological applications. The present methodology will allow the fabrication of magnetic nanoelements at the sub-micrometer scale with unique spin configurations, such as vortex state, synthetic antiferromagnets, or exchange-coupled heterostructures, and their use in biomedical techniques that require a remote actuation or a magneto-electric response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Dolores Boyano
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, and Biocruces Health Research Institute , 48903 Barakaldo , Spain
| | - Rafael Morales
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , 48011 Bilbao , Spain
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17
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Chen B, Xu H, Ma C, Mattauch S, Lan D, Jin F, Guo Z, Wan S, Chen P, Gao G, Chen F, Su Y, Wu W. All-oxide–based synthetic antiferromagnets exhibiting layer-resolved magnetization reversal. Science 2017; 357:191-194. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aak9717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Mansell R, Vemulkar T, Petit DCMC, Cheng Y, Murphy J, Lesniak MS, Cowburn RP. Magnetic particles with perpendicular anisotropy for mechanical cancer cell destruction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4257. [PMID: 28652596 PMCID: PMC5484683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the effectiveness of out-of-plane magnetized magnetic microdiscs for cancer treatment through mechanical cell disruption under an applied rotating magnetic field. The magnetic particles are synthetic antiferromagnets formed from a repeated motif of ultrathin CoFeB/Pt layers. In-vitro studies on glioma cells are used to compare the efficiency of the CoFeB/Pt microdiscs with Py vortex microdiscs. It is found that the CoFeB/Pt microdiscs are able to damage 62 ± 3% of cancer cells compared with 12 ± 2% after applying a 10 kOe rotating field for one minute. The torques applied by each type of particle are measured and are shown to match values predicted by a simple Stoner-Wohlfarth anisotropy model, giving maximum values of 20 fNm for the CoFeB/Pt and 75 fNm for the Py vortex particles. The symmetry of the anisotropy is argued to be more important than the magnitude of the torque in causing effective cell destruction in these experiments. This work shows how future magnetic particles can be successfully designed for applications requiring control of applied torques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri Mansell
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OHE, UK.
| | - Tarun Vemulkar
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OHE, UK
| | - Dorothée C M C Petit
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OHE, UK
| | - Yu Cheng
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jason Murphy
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| | - Russell P Cowburn
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OHE, UK
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Vemulkar T, Welbourne EN, Mansell R, Petit DCMC, Cowburn RP. The mechanical response in a fluid of synthetic antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic microdiscs with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2017; 110:042402. [PMID: 28190886 PMCID: PMC5272821 DOI: 10.1063/1.4974211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate the magneto-mechanic behavior in a fluid environment of perpendicularly magnetized microdiscs with antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling. When suspended in a fluid and under the influence of a simple uniaxial applied magnetic field sequence, the microdiscs mechanically rotate to access the magnetic saturation processes that are either that of the easy axis, hard axis, or in-between the two, in order to lower their energy. Further, these transitions enable the magnetic particles to form reconfigurable magnetic chains, and transduce torque from uniaxial applied fields. These microdiscs offer an attractive platform for the fabrication of fluid based micro- and nanodevices, and dynamically self assembled complex architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vemulkar
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - E N Welbourne
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - R Mansell
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - D C M C Petit
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - R P Cowburn
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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20
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Goiriena-Goikoetxea M, García-Arribas A, Rouco M, Svalov AV, Barandiaran JM. High-yield fabrication of 60 nm Permalloy nanodiscs in well-defined magnetic vortex state for biomedical applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:175302. [PMID: 26984933 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/17/175302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Permalloy disc structures in magnetic vortex state constitute a promising new type of magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. They present high saturation magnetisation and lack of remanence, which ease the remote manipulation of the particles by magnetic fields and avoid the problem of agglomeration, respectively. Importantly, they are also endowed with the capability of low-frequency magneto-mechanical actuation. This effect has already been shown to produce cancer cell destruction using functionalized discs, about 1 μm in diameter, attached to the cell membrane. Here, Permalloy nanodiscs down to 60 nm in diameter are obtained by hole-mask colloidal lithography, which is proved to be a cost-effective method for the uniform patterning of large substrate areas, with a high production yield of nanostructures. The characterisation of the magnetic behaviour of the nanodiscs, complemented with micromagnetic simulations, confirms that they present a very well defined magnetic vortex configuration, unprecedented, to our knowledge, for nanostructures of this size prepared by a high-yield method. The successful detachment of the gold-covered nanodiscs from the substrate is also demonstrated by the use of sacrificial layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goiriena-Goikoetxea
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, (BCMaterials), Parque Tecnológico Bizkaia, Building 500, Derio, Spain
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21
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Controlled Payload Release by Magnetic Field Triggered Neural Stem Cell Destruction for Malignant Glioma Treatment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145129. [PMID: 26734932 PMCID: PMC4703386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have recently garnered attention as drug and particle carriers to sites of tumors, due to their natural ability to track to the site of interest. Specifically, neural stem cells (NSCs) have demonstrated to be a promising candidate for delivering therapeutics to malignant glioma, a primary brain tumor that is not curable by current treatments, and inevitably fatal. In this article, we demonstrate that NSCs are able to internalize 2 μm magnetic discs (SD), without affecting the health of the cells. The SD can then be remotely triggered in an applied 1 T rotating magnetic field to deliver a payload. Furthermore, we use this NSC-SD delivery system to deliver the SD themselves as a therapeutic agent to mechanically destroy glioma cells. NSCs were incubated with the SD overnight before treatment with a 1T rotating magnetic field to trigger the SD release. The potential timed release effects of the magnetic particles were tested with migration assays, confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry for apoptosis. After the magnetic field triggered SD release, glioma cells were added and allowed to internalize the particles. Once internalized, another dose of the magnetic field treatment was administered to trigger mechanically induced apoptotic cell death of the glioma cells by the rotating SD. We are able to determine that NSC-SD and magnetic field treatment can achieve over 50% glioma cell death when loaded at 50 SD/cell, making this a promising therapeutic for the treatment of glioma.
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Vemulkar T, Mansell R, Petit DCMC, Cowburn RP, Lesniak MS. Highly tunable perpendicularly magnetized synthetic antiferromagnets for biotechnology applications. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2015; 107:012403. [PMID: 26221056 PMCID: PMC4499039 DOI: 10.1063/1.4926336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic micro and nanoparticles are increasingly used in biotechnological applications due to the ability to control their behavior through an externally applied field. We demonstrate the fabrication of particles made from ultrathin perpendicularly magnetized CoFeB/Pt layers with antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling. The particles are characterized by zero moment at remanence, low susceptibility at low fields, and a large saturated moment created by the stacking of the basic coupled bilayer motif. We demonstrate the transfer of magnetic properties from thin films to lithographically defined 2 μm particles which have been lifted off into solution. We simulate the minimum energy state of a synthetic antiferromagnetic bilayer system that is free to rotate in an applied field and show that the low field susceptibility of the system is equal to the magnetic hard axis followed by a sharp switch to full magnetization as the field is increased. This agrees with the experimental results and explains the behaviour of the particles in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vemulkar
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - R Mansell
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - D C M C Petit
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - R P Cowburn
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - M S Lesniak
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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