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Hoener M, Kaczmarek D, Bierkandt T, Bodi A, Hemberger P, Kasper T. A pressurized flow reactor combustion experiment interfaced with synchrotron double imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:045115. [PMID: 32357689 DOI: 10.1063/1.5141168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new pressurized low-temperature combustion experiment has been commissioned at the Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute. The experiment uses photoionization with tunable synchrotron radiation and double imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence (i2PEPICO) detection at the vacuum ultraviolet beamline. The experimental setup is described, including the high-pressure reactor experiment, sampling interface, and reactant delivery system. The CRF-PEPICO (Combustion Reactions Followed by Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence) endstation and VUV beamline are briefly elaborated. The novel aspects of the apparatus and the new components are elucidated in detail, such as the fluid supply system to the reactor and the reactor integration into the endstation. We also present a system overview of the experimental setup. The technical details are followed by a description of the experimental procedure used to operate the pressurized flow reactor setup. Finally, first experimental results demonstrating the capability of the setup are provided and analyzed. A major advantage of this new experiment is that the excellent isomer resolution capabilities of the i2PEPICO technique can be transferred to the investigation of reactions at elevated pressures of several bars. This enables the investigation of pressure effects on the reactivity of fuel mixtures and covers more realistic conditions found in technical combustors. The capability to obtain quantitative oxidation data is confirmed, and the main and certain intermediate species are quantified for a selected condition. The results show excellent agreement with a chemical kinetics model and previously published reference measurements performed with a gas chromatography setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hoener
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows - Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics (IVG), University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany
| | - D Kaczmarek
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows - Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics (IVG), University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany
| | - T Bierkandt
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) - Institute of Combustion Technology, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - A Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry - Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - P Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry - Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - T Kasper
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows - Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics (IVG), University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany
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Abstract
The Future Fuels project combines research in several institutes of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) on the production and use of synthetic fuels for space, energy, transportation, and aviation. This article gives an overview of the research questions considered and results achieved so far and also provides insight into the multidimensional and interdisciplinary project approach. Various methods and models were used which are embedded in the research context and based on established approaches. The prospects for large-scale fuel production using renewable electricity and solar radiation played a key role in the project. Empirical and model-based investigations of the technological and cost-related aspects were supplemented by modelling of the integration into a future electricity system. The composition, properties, and the related performance and emissions of synthetic fuels play an important role both for potential oxygenated drop-in fuels in road transport and for the design and certification of alternative aviation fuels. In addition, possible green synthetic fuels as an alternative to highly toxic hydrazine were investigated with different tools and experiments using combustion chambers. The results provide new answers to many research questions. The experiences with the interdisciplinary approach of Future Fuels are relevant for the further development of research topics and co-operations in this field.
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Chu TC, Buras ZJ, Oßwald P, Liu M, Goldman MJ, Green WH. Modeling of aromatics formation in fuel-rich methane oxy-combustion with an automatically generated pressure-dependent mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:813-832. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06097e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An automatic generated mechanism for methane-rich combustion captures the chemistry from small molecules to three-ring aromatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chun Chu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | | | - Patrick Oßwald
- Institute of Combustion Technology
- German Aerospace Center (DLR)
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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Schripp T, Anderson B, Crosbie EC, Moore RH, Herrmann F, Oßwald P, Wahl C, Kapernaum M, Köhler M, Le Clercq P, Rauch B, Eichler P, Mikoviny T, Wisthaler A. Impact of Alternative Jet Fuels on Engine Exhaust Composition During the 2015 ECLIF Ground-Based Measurements Campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4969-4978. [PMID: 29601722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of fuels from renewable sources ("alternative fuels") in aviation is important for the reduction of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, but may also attribute to reduced release of particles from jet engines. The present experiment describes ground-based measurements in the framework of the ECLIF (Emission and Climate Impact of Alternative Fuels) campaign using an Airbus A320 (V2527-A5 engines) burning six fuels of chemically different composition. Two reference Jet A-1 with slightly different chemical parameters were applied and further used in combination with a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene (FT-SPK) to prepare three semi synthetic jet fuels (SSJF) of different aromatic content. In addition, one commercially available fully synthetic jet fuel (FSJF) featured the lowest aromatic content of the fuel selection. Neither the release of nitrogen oxide or carbon monoxide was significantly affected by the different fuel composition. The measured particle emission indices showed a reduction up to 50% (number) and 70% (mass) for two alternative jet fuels (FSJF, SSJF2) at low power settings in comparison to the reference fuels. The reduction is less pronounced at higher operating conditions but the release of particle number and particle mass is still significantly lower for the alternative fuels than for both reference fuels. The observed correlation between emitted particle mass and fuel aromatics is not strict. Here, the H/C ratio is a better indicator for soot emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schripp
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Bruce Anderson
- NASA Langley Research Center , Hampton , Virginia 23666 , United States
| | - Ewan C Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center , Hampton , Virginia 23666 , United States
| | - Richard H Moore
- NASA Langley Research Center , Hampton , Virginia 23666 , United States
| | - Friederike Herrmann
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Patrick Oßwald
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Claus Wahl
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Manfred Kapernaum
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Markus Köhler
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Patrick Le Clercq
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Bastian Rauch
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Philipp Eichler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik , Universität Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Blindern , 0371 Oslo , Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik , Universität Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Blindern , 0371 Oslo , Norway
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Köhler M, Oßwald P, Krueger D, Whitside R. Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553561 DOI: 10.3791/56965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This flexible tool offers a detailed observation of chemical gas-phase kinetics in reacting flows under well-controlled conditions. The vast range of operating conditions available in a laminar flow reactor enables access to extraordinary combustion applications that are typically not achievable by flame experiments. These include rich conditions at high temperatures relevant for gasification processes, the peroxy chemistry governing the low temperature oxidation regime or investigations of complex technical fuels. The presented setup allows measurements of quantitative speciation data for reaction model validation of combustion, gasification and pyrolysis processes, while enabling a systematic general understanding of the reaction chemistry. Validation of kinetic reaction models is generally performed by investigating combustion processes of pure compounds. The flow reactor has been enhanced to be suitable for technical fuels (e.g. multi-component mixtures like Jet A-1) to allow for phenomenological analysis of occurring combustion intermediates like soot precursors or pollutants. The controlled and comparable boundary conditions provided by the experimental design allow for predictions of pollutant formation tendencies. Cold reactants are fed premixed into the reactor that are highly diluted (in around 99 vol% in Ar) in order to suppress self-sustaining combustion reactions. The laminar flowing reactant mixture passes through a known temperature field, while the gas composition is determined at the reactors exhaust as a function of the oven temperature. The flow reactor is operated at atmospheric pressures with temperatures up to 1,800 K. The measurements themselves are performed by decreasing the temperature monotonically at a rate of -200 K/h. With the sensitive MBMS technique, detailed speciation data is acquired and quantified for almost all chemical species in the reactive process, including radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Köhler
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR);
| | - Patrick Oßwald
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR)
| | - Dominik Krueger
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR)
| | - Ryan Whitside
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR)
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Moser M, Pregger T, Simon S, König DH, Wörner A, Dietrich RU, Köhler M, Oßwald P, Grohmann J, Kathrotia T, Eckel G, Schweitzer D, Armbrust N, Dieter H, Scheffknecht G, Kern C, Thiessen J, Jess A, Aigner M. Synthetische flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe aus erneuerbaren Energien - Ergebnisse der Helmholtz Energieallianz. CHEM-ING-TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201500154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Speciation data for fuel-rich methane oxy-combustion and reforming under prototypical partial oxidation conditions. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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