A theoretical study of the dissociation of the sI methane hydrate induced by an external electric field

Promoting Effect of Common Marine Cations on Hydrate Dissociation and Structural Evolution under a Static Electric Field

Natural gas hydrate, a potential energy resource, is attracting worldwide attention. In this study, we propose a new method of hydrate dissociation which uses seawater and electrostatic fields (SE method) cooperatively. The hydrate molecular dissociation mechanism of gas hydrate is a key issue in studying the kinetic properties of gas hydrate using the SE method. Therefore, molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the thermodynamic properties and structural changes of methane hydrate (MH) in multiple kinds of salt solutions under an electrostatic field. The results show that the electric field can drive cations into the MH phase to form a series of random semiopen cages, which are essentially temporary and metastable. The variation in free energy indicates that it is more difficult for divalent cations to enter the hydrate phase than monovalent cations, meaning that the hydrate structures formed with divalent cations are more unstable. Then, the ion current occurred in the hydrate phase (called ion migration in this study), which greatly accelerated hydrate dissociation. In contrast, the promotion effect of cations with the same charge on MH dissociation is as follows: Sr²⁺ > K⁺ ≈ Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ ≈ Mg²⁺. In general, the presence of common marine cations enhanced the promotion effect of the electric field on gas hydrate dissociation.

An Integrated Experimental and Computational Platform to Explore Gas Hydrate Promotion, Inhibition, Rheology, and Mechanical Properties at McGill University: A Review

(1) Background: Gas hydrates are historically notable due to their prevalence and influence on operational difficulties in the oil and gas industry. Recently, new technologies involving the formation of gas hydrates to accomplish various applications have been proposed. This has created new motivation for the characterization of rheological and mechanical properties and the study of molecular phenomena in gas hydrates systems, particularly in the absence of oil and under pre-nucleation conditions. (2) Methodology: This work reviews advances in research on the promotion, inhibition, rheology, and mechanical properties of gas hydrates obtained through an integrated material synthesis-property characterization-multi-scale theoretical and computational platform at McGill University. (3) Discussion: This work highlights the findings from previous experimental work by our group and identifies some of their inherent physical limitations. The role of computational research methods in extending experimental results and observations in the context of mechanical properties of gas hydrates is presented. (4) Summary and Future perspective: Experimental limitations due to the length and time scales of physical phenomena associated with gas hydrates were identified, and future steps implementing the integrated experimental-computational platform to address the limitations presented here were outlined.

Observation of Electric-Field-Induced Liberation of Guest Molecules from Clathrate Hydrate

Clathrate hydrates can store a high density of guest molecules in cages. However, as a gas-storage material, the controllable release of guests therefrom is still challenging. Here we report on the utilization of an electric field as a control agent. Attenuated total reflectance surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) is used to investigate the release of tetrahydrofuran (THF) from the clathrate in the electrochemical double layer (EDL). When voltage is applied, the ATR-SEIRA signal from encaged THF rapidly decreases, and the water characteristic O-H absorption peak exhibits an appreciable blue-shift. Our measurements indicate a transformation of the hydrate lattice to a less H-bonded configuration at the electrode surface. In combination with previous experimental results on the orientation of water molecules in the EDL, we propose that the strong electric field in the EDL aligns the water molecules of the clathrate and distorts the hydrate lattice structure enough to release the trapped guest molecules.

Acoustic-propagation properties of methane clathrate hydrates from non-equilibrium molecular dynamics

Given methane hydrates' importance in marine sediments, as well as the widespread use of seabed acoustic-signaling methods in oil and gas exploration, the elastic characterization of these materials is particularly relevant. A greater understanding of the properties governing phonon, sound, and acoustic propagation would help to better classify methane-hydrate deposits, aiding in their discovery. Recently, we have published a new nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics (NEMD) methodology to recreate longitudinal and transverse perturbations, observing their propagation through a crystalline lattice by various metrics, to study the underlying S- and P-wave velocities (achieving excellent agreement with experiment) [Melgar et al., J. Phys. Chem. 122(5), 3006-3013 (2018); ibid.150, 084101 (2019)]. Here, we apply these NEMD methods to methane-clathrate systems to study acoustic-propagation characteristics, as well as the lattice elastic behavior. In so doing, we determine S- and P-wave velocities in excellent accord with experiment; we also ascertain the allowable magnitude range of acoustic perturbation and establish a threshold for lattice breakup and hydrate decomposition. Interestingly, upon dissociation, we observe the formation of methane nanobubbles, which agrees with previous studies on the microscopic fundamentals of hydrate dissociation by various means.

Non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics study of electromagnetic-field-induced propane-hydrate dissociation

Non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations have been performed for dissolution of planar propane-hydrate/water interfaces in externally-applied electromagnetic (e/m) fields in the microwave to far infrared range (∼2.45-200 GHz) at electric-field intensities up to 2.0 V/nm and at roughly 20 K over/under temperatures vis-à-vis the zero-field propane-hydrate melting point. Upon e/m-field application, there is a field-frequency threshold above which the dissociation rate drops significantly, with a plateau therein for larger-frequencies. It was found that higher intensity and lower frequency facilitates dissociation. Except in the presence of a thermal driving-force, the 10 GHz frequency shows more substantial rate-enhancement effect vis-à-vis static electric fields or, indeed, lower-frequency e/m fields.

A modeling study of methane hydrate decomposition in contact with the external surface of zeolites

Methane hydrate dissociates on the external surface of siliceous zeolites with methane absorbed by the solid and water forming a liquid-like phase.

A Theoretical Study of the Hydration of Methane, from the Aqueous Solution to the sI Hydrate-Liquid Water-Gas Coexistence

Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations were done with three recent water models TIP4P/2005 (Transferable Intermolecular Potential with 4 Points/2005), TIP4P/Ice (Transferable Intermolecular Potential with 4 Points/ Ice) and TIP4Q (Transferable Intermolecular Potential with 4 charges) combined with two models for methane: an all-atom one OPLS-AA (Optimal Parametrization for the Liquid State) and a united-atom one (UA); a correction for the C–O interaction was applied to the latter and used in a third set of simulations. The models were validated by comparison to experimental values of the free energy of hydration at 280, 300, 330 and 370 K, all under a pressure of 1 bar, and to the experimental radial distribution functions at 277, 283 and 291 K, under a pressure of 145 bar. Regardless of the combination rules used for σ_C,O, good agreement was found, except when the correction to the UA model was applied. Thus, further simulations of the sI hydrate were performed with the united-atom model to compare the thermal expansivity to the experiment. A final set of simulations was done with the UA methane model and the three water models, to study the sI hydrate-liquid water-gas coexistence at 80, 230 and 400 bar. The melting temperatures were compared to the experimental values. The results show the need to perform simulations with various different models to attain a reliable and robust molecular image of the systems of interest.