1
|
Fletcher LB, Levitan AL, McBride EE, Kim JB, Alves EP, Aquila A, Frost M, Goede S, King G, Lane TJ, Liang M, MacDonald MJ, Ofori-Okai BK, Schönwälder C, Sun P, Hastings JB, Boutet S, Glenzer SH. X-ray diffraction of metastable structures from supercooled liquid hydrogen. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17283. [PMID: 39068229 PMCID: PMC11283507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
We report time resolved observations of the crystallization from liquid hydrogen, supercooled to temperatures below the melting point, using 11.2 keV X-ray diffraction from the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Changes to the metastable solid and liquid structure factors have been dynamically measured. This allows for a direct determination of the lowest energy crystal polymorphs, the stacking probabilities, as well as the liquid and solid densities and temperatures. Such measurements provide experimental evidence of an Arrhenius-like growth kinetics along the stacking direction during supercooling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Abraham L Levitan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Emma E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jongjin B Kim
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Eduardo P Alves
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andrew Aquila
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mungo Frost
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sebastian Goede
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Grace King
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Thomas J Lane
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mengning Liang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michael J MacDonald
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | | | - Christopher Schönwälder
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peihao Sun
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Sebastien Boutet
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harmand M, Cammarata M, Chollet M, Krygier AG, Lemke HT, Zhu D. Single-shot X-ray absorption spectroscopy at X-ray free electron lasers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18203. [PMID: 37875533 PMCID: PMC10598033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) is a widely used X-ray diagnostic method for studying electronic and structural properties of matter. At first glance, the relatively narrow bandwidth and the highly fluctuating spectral structure of X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) sources seem to require accumulation over many shots to achieve high data quality. To date the best approach to implementing XAS at XFEL facilities has been using monochromators to scan the photon energy across the desired spectral range. While this is possible for easily reproducible samples such as liquids, it is incompatible with many important systems. Here, we demonstrate collection of single-shot XAS spectra over 10s of eV using an XFEL source, with error bars of only a few percent. We additionally show how to extend this technique over wider spectral ranges towards Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure measurements, by concatenating a few tens of single-shot measurements. Our results pave the way for future XAS studies at XFELs, in particular those in the femtosecond regime. This advance is envisioned to be especially important for many transient processes that can only be initiated at lower repetition rates, for difficult to reproduce excitation conditions, or for rare samples, such as those encountered in high-energy density physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Harmand
- IMPMC, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Marco Cammarata
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR UR1-CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthieu Chollet
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Andrew G Krygier
- IMPMC, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, 75005, Paris, France
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Henrik T Lemke
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Diling Zhu
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pan X, Šmíd M, Štefaníková R, Donat F, Baehtz C, Burian T, Cerantola V, Gaus L, Humphries OS, Hajkova V, Juha L, Krupka M, Kozlová M, Konopkova Z, Preston TR, Wollenweber L, Zastrau U, Falk K. Imaging x-ray spectrometer at the high energy density instrument of the European x-ray free electron laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:033501. [PMID: 37012789 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A multipurpose imaging x-ray crystal spectrometer is developed for the high energy density instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. The spectrometer is designed to measure x rays in the energy range of 4-10 keV, providing high-resolution, spatially resolved spectral measurements. A toroidally bent germanium (Ge) crystal is used, allowing x-ray diffraction from the crystal to image along a one-dimensional spatial profile while spectrally resolving along the other. A detailed geometrical analysis is performed to determine the curvature of the crystal. The theoretical performance of the spectrometer in various configurations is calculated by ray-tracing simulations. The key properties of the spectrometer, including the spectral and spatial resolution, are demonstrated experimentally on different platforms. Experimental results prove that this Ge spectrometer is a powerful tool for spatially resolved measurements of x-ray emission, scattering, or absorption spectra in high energy density physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Pan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Šmíd
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - R Štefaníková
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Donat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - C Baehtz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Cerantola
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - L Gaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - O S Humphries
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - V Hajkova
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Krupka
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Kozlová
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Z Konopkova
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - L Wollenweber
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K Falk
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Buttersack T, Mason PE, Jungwirth P, Schewe HC, Winter B, Seidel R, McMullen RS, Bradforth SE. Deeply cooled and temperature controlled microjets: Liquid ammonia solutions released into vacuum for analysis by photoelectron spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:043101. [PMID: 32357686 DOI: 10.1063/1.5141359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A versatile, temperature controlled apparatus is presented, which generates deeply cooled liquid microjets of condensed gases, expelling them via a small aperture into vacuum for use in photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The functionality of the design is demonstrated by temperature- and concentration-dependent PES measurements of liquid ammonia and solutions of KI and NH4I in liquid ammonia. The experimental setup is not limited to the usage of liquid ammonia solutions solely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Buttersack
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Philip E Mason
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - H Christian Schewe
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Molekülphysik, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Molekülphysik, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany and Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ryan S McMullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
| | - Stephen E Bradforth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rozmus W, Brantov A, Fortmann-Grote C, Bychenkov VY, Glenzer S. Electrostatic fluctuations in collisional plasmas. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:043207. [PMID: 29347579 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.043207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a theory of electrostatic fluctuations in two-component plasmas where electrons and ions are described by Maxwellian distribution functions at unequal temperatures. Based on the exact solution of the Landau kinetic equation, that includes electron-electron, electron-ion, and ion-ion collision integrals, the dynamic form factor, S(k[over ⃗],ω), is derived for weakly coupled plasmas. The collective plasma responses at ion-acoustic, Langmuir, and entropy mode resonances are described for arbitrary wave numbers and frequencies in the entire range of plasma collisionality. The collisionless limit of S(k[over ⃗],ω) and the strong-collision result based on the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and classical transport at T_{e}=T_{i} are recovered and discussed. Results of several Thomson scattering experiments in the broad range of plasma parameters are described and discussed by means of our theory for S(k[over ⃗],ω).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Rozmus
- Theoretical Physics Institute, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - A Brantov
- P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117924, Russia
| | | | - V Yu Bychenkov
- P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117924, Russia
| | - S Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 72 Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim JB, Göde S, Glenzer SH. Development of a cryogenic hydrogen microjet for high-intensity, high-repetition rate experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E328. [PMID: 27910321 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of high-intensity, high-repetition-rate lasers has led to the need for replenishing targets of interest for high energy density sciences. We describe the design and characterization of a cryogenic microjet source, which can deliver a continuous stream of liquid hydrogen with a diameter of a few microns. The jet has been imaged at 1 μm resolution by shadowgraphy with a short pulse laser. The pointing stability has been measured at well below a mrad, for a stable free-standing filament of solid-density hydrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Kim
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94551, USA
| | - S Göde
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94551, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94551, USA
| |
Collapse
|