1
|
Antimony Hall sensor testing at ITER and DEMO relevant temperatures. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
2
|
El-Ahmar S, Przychodnia M, Jankowski J, Prokopowicz R, Ziemba M, Szary MJ, Reddig W, Jagiełło J, Dobrowolski A, Ciuk T. The Comparison of InSb-Based Thin Films and Graphene on SiC for Magnetic Diagnostics under Extreme Conditions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5258. [PMID: 35890941 PMCID: PMC9321318 DOI: 10.3390/s22145258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to precisely measure magnetic fields under extreme operating conditions is becoming increasingly important as a result of the advent of modern diagnostics for future magnetic-confinement fusion devices. These conditions are recognized as strong neutron radiation and high temperatures (up to 350 °C). We report on the first experimental comparison of the impact of neutron radiation on graphene and indium antimonide thin films. For this purpose, a 2D-material-based structure was fabricated in the form of hydrogen-intercalated quasi-free-standing graphene on semi-insulating high-purity on-axis 4H-SiC(0001), passivated with an Al2O3 layer. InSb-based thin films, donor doped to varying degrees, were deposited on a monocrystalline gallium arsenide or a polycrystalline ceramic substrate. The thin films were covered with a SiO2 insulating layer. All samples were exposed to a fast-neutron fluence of ≈7×1017 cm-2. The results have shown that the graphene sheet is only moderately affected by neutron radiation compared to the InSb-based structures. The low structural damage allowed the graphene/SiC system to retain its electrical properties and excellent sensitivity to magnetic fields. However, InSb-based structures proved to have significantly more post-irradiation self-healing capabilities when subject to proper temperature treatment. This property has been tested depending on the doping level and type of the substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semir El-Ahmar
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (J.J.); (M.J.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Marta Przychodnia
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (J.J.); (M.J.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Jakub Jankowski
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (J.J.); (M.J.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Rafał Prokopowicz
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland; (R.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Maciej Ziemba
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland; (R.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Maciej J. Szary
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (J.J.); (M.J.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Wiktoria Reddig
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (J.J.); (M.J.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Jakub Jagiełło
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (A.D.); (T.C.)
| | - Artur Dobrowolski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (A.D.); (T.C.)
| | - Tymoteusz Ciuk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (A.D.); (T.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Entler S, Duran I, Kocan M, Vayakis G, Sladek P, Grover O, Sebek J, Vyborny K. Calibration of the ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic sensors. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
4
|
Entler S, Soban Z, Duran I, Kovarik K, Vyborny K, Sebek J, Tazlaru S, Strelecek J, Sladek P. Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030721. [PMID: 33494501 PMCID: PMC7865485 DOI: 10.3390/s21030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ceramic-chromium Hall sensors represent a temperature and radiation resistant alternative to Hall sensors based on semiconductors. Demand for these sensors is presently motivated by the ITER and DEMO nuclear fusion projects. The developed ceramic-chromium Hall sensors were tested up to a temperature of 550 °C and a magnetic field of 14 T. The magnitude of the sensitivity of the tested sensor was 6.2 mV/A/T at 20 °C and 4.6 mV/A/T at 500 °C. The sensitivity was observed to be weakly dependent on a temperature above 240 °C with an average temperature coefficient of 0.014%/°C and independent of the magnetic field with a relative average deviation below the measurement accuracy of 0.086%. A simulation of a neutron-induced transmutation was performed to assess changes in the composition of the chromium. After 5.2 operational years of the DEMO fusion reactor, the transmuted fraction of the chromium sensitive layer was found to be 0.27% at the most exposed sensor location behind the divertor cassette with a neutron fluence of 6.08 × 1025 n/m2. The ceramic-chromium Hall sensors show the potential to be suitable magnetic sensors for environments with high temperatures and strong neutron radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slavomir Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-2-6605-3393
| | - Zbynek Soban
- Institute of Physics of CAS, Cukrovarnicka 10/112, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Ivan Duran
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Karel Kovarik
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Karel Vyborny
- Institute of Physics of CAS, Cukrovarnicka 10/112, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Josef Sebek
- Institute of Physics of CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic;
| | - Stana Tazlaru
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (S.T.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Strelecek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (S.T.); (J.S.)
| | - Petr Sladek
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient of sensitive layer materials considered for DEMO Hall sensors. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
Prospects for the steady-state magnetic diagnostic based on antimony Hall sensors for future fusion power reactors. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
7
|
Status of steady-state magnetic diagnostic for ITER and outlook for possible materials of Hall sensors for DEMO. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.03.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Entler S, Sebek J, Duran I, Vyborny K, Grover O, Kocan M, Vayakis G. High magnetic field test of the ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic field Hall sensors at ITER relevant temperature. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10J112. [PMID: 30399944 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic field sensor diagnostics consist of sixty sensor units. Each sensor unit features a pair of ceramic-metal Hall sensors with a sensing layer made of bismuth. The sensors were tested simultaneously in the magnetic field ranging from -12 T to +12 T at the temperature range from 27 to 127 °C. The Hall coefficient and magnetoresistance of the bismuth layer related to the sensors were identified. In the sensor operating conditions, the Hall coefficient dependence on temperature was fitted with an exponential function with a relative error of less than 0.08%, and the dependence on the magnetic field was fitted with a Gaussian-like function with a relative error of less than 0.11%. An alternative expression based on the physical understanding of the free charge carrier transport in semimetals was derived to describe the dependence of the Hall coefficient on the magnetic field, and its fitting error of 1.2 mT in terms of the magnetic field measurement has met the ITER measurement accuracy requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Sebek
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - I Duran
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - K Vyborny
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Cukrovarnicka 10/112, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - O Grover
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Kocan
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - G Vayakis
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kocan M, Duran I, Entler S, Vayakis G, Agostinetti P, Brombin M, Carmona JM, Gambetta G, Jirman T, Marconato N, Moreau P, Peruzzo S, Spuig P, Walsh M. Steady state magnetic sensors for ITER and beyond: Development and final design (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10J119. [PMID: 30399664 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The measurements of the magnetic field in tokamaks such as ITER and DEMO will be challenging due to the long pulse duration, high neutron flux, and elevated temperatures. The long duration of the plasma pulse makes standard techniques, such as inductive coils, prone to errors. At the same time, the hostile environment, with repairs possible only on blanket exchange, if at all, requires a robust magnetic sensor. This contribution presents the final design of novel, steady-state, magnetic sensors for ITER. A poloidal array of 60 sensors mounted on the vacuum vessel outer shell contributes to the measurement of the plasma current, plasma-wall clearance, low-frequency MHD modes and will allow for crosscheck with the outer-vessel inductive coils. Each sensor hosts a pair of bismuth Hall probes, themselves an outcome of extensive R&D, including neutron irradiations (to 1023 n/m2), temperature cycling tests (73-473 K) and tests at high magnetic field (to 12 T). A significant effort has been devoted to optimize the sensor housing by design and prototyping. The production version features an indium-filled cell for in situ recalibration of the onboard thermocouple, vital for the interpretation of the Hall sensor measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kocan
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - I Duran
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Vayakis
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - P Agostinetti
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - M Brombin
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - J M Carmona
- AVS, Pol. Ind. Sigma Xixilion Kalea 2, Bajo Pabellón 10, 20870 Elgoibar, Spain
| | - G Gambetta
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - T Jirman
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - N Marconato
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - P Moreau
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - S Peruzzo
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - P Spuig
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - M Walsh
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kocan M, Duran I, Entler S, Vayakis G, Carmona J, Gitton P, Guirao J, Gonzalez M, Iglesias S, Pascual Q, Sandford G, Vacas C, Walsh M, Walton R. Final design of the ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic sensors. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
|