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Haberberger D, Shvydky A, Nilson PM, Ivancic S, Froula DH. Contrast optimization of Fresnel zone plate imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2890428. [PMID: 37184346 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) are circular diffractive elements that operate as a lens for x-rays. They have gained interest in the field of laser-plasma physics due to their ability to achieve higher spatial resolution than pinholes. Their design and implementation are complicated by the fact that a significant amount of the x-rays passing through the FZP will not diffract (zeroth order) and present a background to the measurement. This background can be large and inhomogeneous depending on the geometric setup of the experiment. Here, we present calculations of the diffracted (first order) and un-diffracted (zeroth order) flux profiles, which makes it possible to optimize the contrast between the first order imaging rays and the zeroth order background. Calculations for the implementation of a central block in the FZP, designed to block the zeroth from the entire field of view, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haberberger
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Shvydky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P M Nilson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Ivancic
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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2
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Do A, Kozioziemski BJ. Fresnel zone plate point spread function approximation for zeroth order mitigation in millimetric field of view x-ray imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:103507. [PMID: 36319332 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High spatial and temporal resolution x-ray radiography images are required at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) for high-energy density experiments. One technique that is in development to achieve the required resolution uses Fresnel zone plate (FZP) optics to image an object that is backlit by an x-ray source. The multiple FZP diffraction orders do not focus on the same plane, which increases the background and reduces the contrast. Understanding the point spread function of the different diffraction orders will allow the prediction of the expected background using simulations. We find that the two-dimensional point spread function of the FZP can be approximated by the addition of a sharp Gaussian with a disk. This allowed for the estimation of the background in NIF experimental images of Rayleigh-Taylor spikes and their interpretation. An alternative design of FZP is discussed to allow the inclusion of a zeroth order blocker to reduce the background.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Do
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B J Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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3
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Do A, Angulo AM, Hall GN, Nagel SR, Izumi N, Kozioziemski BJ, McCarville T, Ayers JM, Bradley DK. X-ray imaging of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities using Fresnel zone plate at the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:053511. [PMID: 34243355 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Being able to provide high-resolution x-ray radiography is crucial in order to study hydrodynamic instabilities in the high-energy density regime at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Current capabilities limit us to about 20 μm resolution using pinholes, but recent studies have demonstrated the high-resolution capability of the Fresnel zone plate optics at the NIF, measuring 2.3 μm resolution. Using a zinc Heα line at 9 keV as a backlighter, we obtained a radiograph of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities with a measured resolution of under 3 μm. Two images were taken with a time integrated detector and were time gated by a laser pulse duration of 600 ps, and a third image was taken with a framing camera with a 100 ps time gate on the same shot and on the same line of sight. The limiting factors on image quality for these two cases are the motion blur and the signal to noise ratio, respectively. We also suggest solutions to increase the image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Do
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A M Angulo
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - G N Hall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B J Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T McCarville
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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Marshall FJ, Ivancic ST, Mileham C, Nilson PM, Ruby JJ, Stoeckl C, Scheiner BS, Schmitt MJ. High-resolution x-ray radiography with Fresnel zone plates on the University of Rochester's OMEGA Laser Systems. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:033701. [PMID: 33820094 DOI: 10.1063/5.0034903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Experiments performed at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics with a continuous-wave (cw) x-ray source and on the OMEGA and OMEGA EP Laser Systems [Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997) and Waxer et al., Opt. Photonics News 16, 30 (2005)] have utilized a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) to obtain x-ray images with a spatial resolution as small as ∼1.5 μm. Such FZP images were obtained with a charge-coupled device or a framing camera at energies ranging from 4.5 keV to 6.7 keV using x-ray line emission from both the cw source and high-intensity, laser-beam-illuminated metal foils. In all cases, the resolution test results are determined from patterns and grids backlit by these sources. The resolutions obtained are shown to be due to a combination of the spectral content of the x-ray sources and detector resolution limited by the magnification of the images (14× to 22×). High-speed framing cameras were used to obtain FZP images with frame times as short as ∼30 ps. Double-shell implosions on OMEGA were backlit by laser-irradiated Fe foils, thus obtaining a framing-camera-limited, FZP-image resolution of ∼3 μm-4 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Marshall
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S T Ivancic
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Mileham
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P M Nilson
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J J Ruby
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B S Scheiner
- Plasma Theory and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS F699, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M J Schmitt
- Plasma Theory and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS F699, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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5
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Do A, Pickworth LA, Kozioziemski BJ, Angulo AM, Hall GN, Nagel SR, Bradley DK, Mccarville T, Ayers JM. Fresnel zone plate development for x-ray radiography of hydrodynamic instabilities at the National Ignition Facility. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:10777-10785. [PMID: 33361898 DOI: 10.1364/ao.408569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) and Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM) instabilities in a planar geometry at high energy densities at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) requires high spatial resolution imaging. We demonstrate the potential of Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) to achieve resolution that would unlock such studies. FZPs are circular aperiodic gratings that use diffraction to focus x rays and produce an image with high spatial resolution. Taking into account the NIF's challenging environment, we have designed a specific array of five FZPs for a zinc backlighter to take a radiograph of a target with 9 keV x rays. We measured a mean resolution for the FZP of 1.9µm±0.5µm and a ±1mm depth of focus at an x-ray calibration facility as well as a 2.3µm±0.4µm resolution on a resolution wire mesh shot on the NIF. We also performed an in-depth analysis of the image quality to assess the capability to resolve the small features present in RT and RM instabilities.
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Mabey P, Albertazzi B, Michel T, Rigon G, Makarov S, Ozaki N, Matsuoka T, Pikuz S, Pikuz T, Koenig M. Characterization of high spatial resolution lithium fluoride X-ray detectors. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:063702. [PMID: 31255030 DOI: 10.1063/1.5092265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The response of lithium fluoride (LiF) crystal detectors to monochromatic X-rays is measured in the multi-kilo-electron-volt range. This response, as a function of the X-ray dose, is independent of photon energy with no saturation level found. The response, as a function of the incident energy flux, is found to increase for photons of lower energy due to the differing attenuation lengths of X-ray photons within the crystal. Small differences are seen between different confocal microscopes used to scan the data, suggesting the need for absolute calibration. The spatial resolution of the LiF is also measured (1.19-1.36 μm) and is found to be independent of incident photon energy. Finally, a photometric study is performed in order to assess the feasibility of using these detectors at current X-ray free electron laser and laser facilities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mabey
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - B Albertazzi
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Th Michel
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - G Rigon
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - S Makarov
- Joint Institute for High Temperature RAS, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - N Ozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Matsuoka
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - S Pikuz
- Joint Institute for High Temperature RAS, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - T Pikuz
- Joint Institute for High Temperature RAS, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - M Koenig
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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7
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Advanced high resolution x-ray diagnostic for HEDP experiments. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16407. [PMID: 30401885 PMCID: PMC6219551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High resolution X-ray imaging is crucial for many high energy density physics (HEDP) experiments. Recently developed techniques to improve resolution have, however, come at the cost of a decreased field of view. In this paper, an innovative experimental detector for X-ray imaging in the context of HEDP experiments with high spatial resolution, as well as a large field of view, is presented. The platform is based on coupling an X-ray backligther source with a Lithium Fluoride detector, characterized by its large dynamic range. A spatial resolution of 2 µm over a field of view greater than 2 mm2 is reported. The platform was benchmarked with both an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) and an X-ray source produced by a short pulse laser. First, using a non-coherent short pulse laser-produced backlighter, reduced penumbra blurring, as a result of the large size of the X-ray source, is shown. Secondly, we demonstrate phase contrast imaging with a fully coherent monochromatic XFEL beam. Modeling of the absorption and phase contrast transmission of X-ray radiation passing through various targets is presented.
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Do A, Briat M, Baton SD, Krumrey M, Lecherbourg L, Loupias B, Pérez F, Renaudin P, Rubbelynck C, Troussel P. Two-channel high-resolution quasi-monochromatic X-ray imager for Al and Ti plasma. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:113702. [PMID: 30501355 DOI: 10.1063/1.5042069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution, high-sensitivity X-ray imaging is a real challenge in high-energy density plasma experiments. We present an improved design of the Fresnel ultra high-resolution imager instrument. Using an Ultra-High-Intensity (UHI) laser to generate hot and dense plasma in a small volume of an Al-Ti mixed target provides simultaneous imaging of both Al and Ti X-ray emission. Specifically, the Al Heβ (or Lyβ) and the Ti Heα lines are imaged with a resolution of (2.7 ± 0.3) μm and (5.5 ± 0.3) μm, respectively. It features two transmission Fresnel phase zone plates fabricated on the same substrate, each associated with a multilayer mirror for spectral selection. Their spatial resolution has been measured on the PTB synchrotron radiation facility laboratory at BESSY II and on the EQUINOX laser facility. Results obtained on an UHI experiment highlight the difference of emission zone sizes between Al and Ti lines and the versatility of this instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Do
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, DAM-Île de France, BP 12, 91680 Bruyères-les-Châtel, France
| | - M Briat
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, DAM-Île de France, BP 12, 91680 Bruyères-les-Châtel, France
| | - S D Baton
- LULI-CNRS, École Polytechnique, CEA: Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC Univ. Paris 06: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - M Krumrey
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Lecherbourg
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, DAM-Île de France, BP 12, 91680 Bruyères-les-Châtel, France
| | - B Loupias
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, DAM-Île de France, BP 12, 91680 Bruyères-les-Châtel, France
| | - F Pérez
- LULI-CNRS, École Polytechnique, CEA: Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC Univ. Paris 06: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - P Renaudin
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, DAM-Île de France, BP 12, 91680 Bruyères-les-Châtel, France
| | - C Rubbelynck
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, DAM-Île de France, BP 12, 91680 Bruyères-les-Châtel, France
| | - Ph Troussel
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, DAM-Île de France, BP 12, 91680 Bruyères-les-Châtel, France
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9
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Do A, Briat M, Chaleil A, Rubbelynck C, Lebugle M, David C, Troussel P. Characterization of a two-channel, high resolution hard x-ray microscope using Fresnel zone plates for laser-plasma interaction experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G122. [PMID: 30399857 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
New X-ray imaging techniques are currently being developed at the "Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives" in the context of Inertial Confinement Fusion. Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) are being considered as they can perform high-resolution and high-flux imaging in the X-ray domain. Here we present the characterization of a bi-lens FZPs resolution used in an imager prototype, designed for the LULI2000 laser facility. Characterization was performed on a synchrotron radiation facility and on a femtosecond laser facility. The resolution of the two FZP channels was measured to be between 2.4 μm and 5.2 μm and the expected total resolution for the diagnostic was to be 3.3 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Do
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI)-CEA, Polytechnique-X, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris VI, CNRS: UMR7605, LULI, École Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France and LULI, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 3 Rue Galilée, 9420 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - M Briat
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)-DAM-DIF, Bruyère le Châtel, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - A Chaleil
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)-DAM-DIF, Bruyère le Châtel, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - C Rubbelynck
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)-DAM-DIF, Bruyère le Châtel, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - M Lebugle
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - C David
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - P Troussel
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)-DAM-DIF, Bruyère le Châtel, F-91297 Arpajon, France
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Beckwith MA, Jiang S, Schropp A, Fernandez-Pañella A, Rinderknecht HG, Wilks SC, Fournier KB, Galtier EC, Xing Z, Granados E, Gamboa E, Glenzer SH, Heimann P, Zastrau U, Cho BI, Eggert JH, Collins GW, Ping Y. Imaging at an x-ray absorption edge using free electron laser pulses for interface dynamics in high energy density systems. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:053501. [PMID: 28571471 DOI: 10.1063/1.4982166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the energy of an x-ray probe to an absorption line or edge can provide material-specific measurements that are particularly useful for interfaces. Simulated hard x-ray images above the Fe K-edge are presented to examine ion diffusion across an interface between Fe2O3 and SiO2 aerogel foam materials. The simulations demonstrate the feasibility of such a technique for measurements of density scale lengths near the interface with submicron spatial resolution. A proof-of-principle experiment is designed and performed at the Linac coherent light source facility. Preliminary data show the change of the interface after shock compression and heating with simultaneous fluorescence spectra for temperature determination. The results provide the first demonstration of using x-ray imaging at an absorption edge as a diagnostic to detect ultrafast phenomena for interface physics in high-energy-density systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Beckwith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Jiang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
| | | | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E C Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z Xing
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Granados
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Gamboa
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P Heimann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Schenefeld D-22869, Germany
| | - B I Cho
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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