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Long Z, Yuan Z, Fan X, He Z. Hyperspectral digital holography realized by using an electro-optical frequency comb via injection locking. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1516-1519. [PMID: 38489439 DOI: 10.1364/ol.516131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Hyperspectral digital holography (HSDH) is a versatile holographic imaging technique that offers large unambiguous depth range and spectroscopic information. In this Letter, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, HSDH system that is realized by using an electro-optical frequency comb (EOFC) via injection locking. In comparison with conventional dual-comb HSDH, the proposed system only requires one EOFC and few other devices, which not only simplifies the system structure and reduces the cost but also improves the imaging speed. We validated the system using an EOFC with 20 optical frequencies spaced at 18 GHz intervals. In a total measurement time of 0.5 s, we successfully captured images of two targets that were 0.74 mm apart without phase ambiguity and obtained the transmission spectrum of an absorbing gas simultaneously. This work provides valuable insights for HSDH systems relying on an optical frequency comb.
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Javidi B, Carnicer A, Anand A, Barbastathis G, Chen W, Ferraro P, Goodman JW, Horisaki R, Khare K, Kujawinska M, Leitgeb RA, Marquet P, Nomura T, Ozcan A, Park Y, Pedrini G, Picart P, Rosen J, Saavedra G, Shaked NT, Stern A, Tajahuerce E, Tian L, Wetzstein G, Yamaguchi M. Roadmap on digital holography [Invited]. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:35078-35118. [PMID: 34808951 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This Roadmap article on digital holography provides an overview of a vast array of research activities in the field of digital holography. The paper consists of a series of 25 sections from the prominent experts in digital holography presenting various aspects of the field on sensing, 3D imaging and displays, virtual and augmented reality, microscopy, cell identification, tomography, label-free live cell imaging, and other applications. Each section represents the vision of its author to describe the significant progress, potential impact, important developments, and challenging issues in the field of digital holography.
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Lindquist EG, Gebhart TE, Elliott D, Garren EW, He Z, Kafle N, Smith CD, Thomas CE, Zinkle SJ, Biewer TM. Reconfiguration of an Electrothermal-Arc Plasma Source for In Situ PMI Studies. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2021.1909989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. G. Lindquist
- University of Tennessee, Nuclear Engineering Department, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - T. E. Gebhart
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Fusion Energy Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - D. Elliott
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Fusion Energy Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - E. W. Garren
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Fusion Energy Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Z. He
- University of Tennessee, Mechanical Aerospace and Biological Engineering Department, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - N. Kafle
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Fusion Energy Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - C. D. Smith
- University of Tennessee, Mechanical Aerospace and Biological Engineering Department, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - C. E. Thomas
- Third Dimension Technologies LLC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - S. J. Zinkle
- University of Tennessee, Nuclear Engineering Department, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Fusion Energy Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - T. M. Biewer
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Fusion Energy Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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Ottaviano A, Thuppul A, Hayes J, Dodson C, Li GZ, Chen Z, Wirz RE. In situ microscopy for plasma erosion of complex surfaces. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:073701. [PMID: 34340460 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the in situ visualization and profilometry of a plasma-facing surface is demonstrated using a long-distance microscope. The technique provides valuable in situ monitoring of the microscopic temporal and morphological evolution of a material surface subject to plasma-surface interactions, such as ion-induced sputter erosion. Focus variation of image stacks enables height surface profilometry, which allows a depth of field beyond the limits associated with high magnification. As a demonstration of this capability, the erosion of a volumetrically featured aluminum foam is quantified during ion-bombardment in a low-temperature argon plasma where the electron temperature is ∼7 eV and the plasma is biased relative to the target surface such that ions impinge at ∼300 eV. Three-dimensional height maps are reconstructed from the images captured with a long-distance microscope with an x-y resolution of 3 × 3 μm2 and a focus-variation resolution based on the motor step-size of 20 μm. The time-resolved height maps show a total surface recession of 730 μm and significant ligament thinning over the course of 330 min of plasma exposure. This technique can be used for developing plasma-facing components for a wide range of plasma devices for applications such as propulsion, manufacturing, hypersonics, and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Ottaviano
- Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Anirudh Thuppul
- Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - John Hayes
- Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Chris Dodson
- Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Gary Z Li
- Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Zhitong Chen
- Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Richard E Wirz
- Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Smith CD, Biewer TM, Gebhart T, Echols J, Thomas CE. A digital holography ex situ measurement characterization of plasma-exposed surface erosion from an electrothermal arc source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:033517. [PMID: 33819983 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Digital holography has been proposed to fulfill a need for an imaging diagnostic capable of in situ monitoring of surface erosion caused by plasma-material interaction in nuclear fusion devices. A digital holography diagnostic for 3D surface erosion measurement has been developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory with the goal of deployment on a plasma device. A proof-of-concept in situ demonstration is planned which would involve measurement of plasma erosion on targets exposed to an electrothermal arc source. This work presents the results of an ex situ characterization of the capability and limitations of holographic imaging of targets exposed to the arc source. Targets were designed to provide a fiducial for comparison of deformed and unaffected areas. The results indicated that the average net erosion was ∼150 nm/plasma exposure, which is expected to be within the diagnostic's measurement capacity. Surface roughness averages determined by holographic image analysis showed good agreement with measurements taken with a profilometer. The limit of the holography diagnostic's x-y spatial resolution was characterized by comparison with scanning electron microscope imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Smith
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - T M Biewer
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - T Gebhart
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J Echols
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - C E Thomas
- Third Dimension Technologies, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
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Smith CD, Biewer TM, Gebhart TE, Lindquist EG, Thomas CE. Measurements of dynamic surface changes by digital holography for in situ plasma erosion applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:033504. [PMID: 33820073 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There are currently few viable diagnostic techniques for in situ measurement of plasma facing component erosion. Digital holography is intended to fill this gap. Progress on the development of single and dual CO2 laser digital holography diagnostics for in situ plasma facing component erosion is discussed. The dual laser mode's synthetic wavelength allows the measurable range to be expanded by a factor of ∼400 compared to single laser digital holography. This allows the diagnostic to measure surface height changes of up to 4.5 μm in single laser mode and up to 2 mm in dual laser mode. Results include ex situ measurements of plasma eroded targets and also dynamic measurements of nm and μm scale motion of a target mounted on a precision translation stage. Dynamic measurements have successfully been made with the system operating in both single and dual laser modes, from ∼50 nm to ∼4 μm in single laser mode and up to ∼400 μm in dual laser mode (limited only by the stage speed and camera acquisition duration). These results demonstrate the feasibility of using digital holography to characterize plasma facing component erosion dynamically, i.e., during plasma exposure. Results of proof-of-principle in situ digital holographic measurements of targets exposed to an electrothermal arc plasma source are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Smith
- Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - T M Biewer
- Fusion Energy Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - T E Gebhart
- Fusion Energy Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - E G Lindquist
- Nuclear Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - C E Thomas
- Third Dimension Technologies, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
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