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Patton T, Shepherd A, Pouradier Duteil B, Rigoni Garola A, Brombin M, Candeloro V, Manduchi G, Pavei M, Pasqualotto R, Pimazzoni A, Siragusa M, Serianni G, Sartori E, Taliercio C, Barbato P, Cervaro V, Ghiraldelli R, Laterza B, Rossetto F. Design and Development of a Diagnostic System for a Non-Intercepting Direct Measure of the SPIDER Ion Source Beamlet Current. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6211. [PMID: 37448058 DOI: 10.3390/s23136211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Stable and uniform beams with low divergence are required in particle accelerators; therefore, beyond the accelerated current, measuring the beam current spatial uniformity and stability over time is necessary to assess the beam performance, since these parameters affect the perveance and thus the beam optics. For high-power beams operating with long pulses, it is convenient to directly measure these current parameters with a non-intercepting system due to the heat management requirement. Such a system needs to be capable of operating in a vacuum in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields and overvoltages, due to electrical breakdowns in the accelerator. Finally, the measure of the beam current needs to be efficiently integrated into a pulse file with the other relevant plant parameters to allow the data analyses required for beam optimization. This paper describes the development, design and commissioning of such a non-intercepting system, the so-called beamlet current monitor (BCM), aimed to directly measure the electric current of a particle beam. In particular, the layout of the system was adapted to the SPIDER experiment, the ion source (IS) prototype of the heating neutral beam injectors (HNB) for the ITER fusion reactor. The diagnostic is suitable to provide the electric current of five beamlets from DC up to 10 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alastair Shepherd
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Basile Pouradier Duteil
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Matteo Brombin
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Valeria Candeloro
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Centro Ricerche Fusione (CRF), University of Padua, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Gabriele Manduchi
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Pasqualotto
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Gianluigi Serianni
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Emanuele Sartori
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padua, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Cesare Taliercio
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Barbato
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Ghiraldelli
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Federico Rossetto
- Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy
- Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy
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Luchetta A, Taliercio C, Cruz N, Martini G, Manduchi G, Rigoni A, Trevisan L, Paolucci F, Labate C, Breda M, Capobianco R, Moressa M, Molon F, Sartore A, Simionato P, Zampiva E, Barbato P, Carraro M, Migliorato L. As built design of the control systems of the ITER full-size beam source SPIDER in the neutral beam test facility - A critical review. Fusion Engineering and Design 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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3
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Maistrello A, Agostini M, Bigi M, Brombin M, Dan M, Casagrande R, De Nardi M, Ferro A, Gaio E, Jain P, Lunardon F, Marconato N, Marcuzzi D, Recchia M, Patton T, Pavei M, Santoro F, Toigo V, Zanotto L, Barbisan M, Baseggio L, Bernardi M, Berton G, Boldrin M, Dal Bello S, Fasolo D, Franchin L, Ghiraldelli R, Grando L, Milazzo R, Pimazzoni A, Rigoni A, Sartori E, Serianni G, Shepherd A, Ugoletti M, Zaniol B, Zella D, Zerbetto E, Decamps H, Rotti C, Veltri P. Overview on electrical issues faced during the SPIDER experimental campaigns. Fusion Engineering and Design 2023; 190:113510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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4
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De Nardi M, Maistrello A, Casagrande R, Recchia M, Bigi M, Zanotto L, Decamps H. Special tests on the first unit of the solid-state RF amplifiers for the ITER HNB and the NBTF experiments. Fusion Engineering and Design 2023; 189:113466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Santoro F, Ferro A, Murari A, Granucci G, Romano R. Studies on high voltage dc cable connection to supply the acceleration grids of the Neutral Beam Injector for DTT. Fusion Engineering and Design 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Serianni G, Sartori E, Agnello R, Agostinetti P, Agostini M, Barbisan M, Brombin M, Candeloro V, Dalla Palma M, Delogu R, De Muri M, Fadone M, Mario I, Patton T, Pimazzoni A, Poggi C, Pouradier-Duteil B, Segalini B, Shepherd A, Spolaore M, Taliercio C, Ugoletti M, Veltri P, Zaniol B, Pasqualotto R. Spatially resolved diagnostics for optimization of large ion beam sources. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:081101. [PMID: 36050050 DOI: 10.1063/5.0084797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Giant negative ion sources for neutral beam injectors deliver huge negative ion currents, thanks to their multi-beamlet configuration. As the single-beamlet optics defines the transmission losses along the beamline, the extraction of a similar current for all beamlets is extremely desirable, in order to facilitate the beam source operation (i.e., around perveance match). This Review investigates the correlation between the vertical profile of beam intensity and the vertical profiles of plasma properties at the extraction region of the source, focusing on the influence of increasing cesium injection. Only by the combined use of all available source diagnostics, described in this Review, can beam features on the scale of the non-uniformities be investigated with a sufficient space resolution. At RF power of 50 kW/driver, with intermediate bias currents and a filter field of 2.4 mT, it is found that the central part of the four vertical beam segments exhibits comparable plasma density and beamlet currents; at the edges of the central segments, both the beam and electron density appear to decrease (probably maintaining fixed electron-to-ion ratio); at the bottom of the source, an increase of cesium injection can compensate for the vertical drifts that cause a much higher presence of electrons and a lower amount of negative ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Serianni
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - E Sartori
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - R Agnello
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Agostinetti
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - M Agostini
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - M Barbisan
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - M Brombin
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - V Candeloro
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - M Dalla Palma
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - R Delogu
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - M De Muri
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - M Fadone
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - I Mario
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - T Patton
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - A Pimazzoni
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - C Poggi
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - B Pouradier-Duteil
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - B Segalini
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - A Shepherd
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - M Spolaore
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - C Taliercio
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - M Ugoletti
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - P Veltri
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, F-13067, St. Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - B Zaniol
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - R Pasqualotto
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, UNIPD, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
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Tran M, Agostinetti P, Aiello G, Avramidis K, Baiocchi B, Barbisan M, Bobkov V, Briefi S, Bruschi A, Chavan R, Chelis I, Day C, Delogu R, Ell B, Fanale F, Fassina A, Fantz U, Faugel H, Figini L, Fiorucci D, Friedl R, Franke T, Gantenbein G, Garavaglia S, Granucci G, Hanke S, Hogge JP, Hopf C, Kostic A, Illy S, Ioannidis Z, Jelonnek J, Jin J, Latsas G, Louche F, Maquet V, Maggiora R, Messiaen A, Milanesio D, Mimo A, Moro A, Ochoukov R, Ongena J, Pagonakis I, Peponis D, Pimazzoni A, Ragona R, Rispoli N, Ruess T, Rzesnicki T, Scherer T, Spaeh P, Starnella G, Strauss D, Thumm M, Tierens W, Tigelis I, Tsironis C, Usoltceva M, Van Eester D, Veronese F, Vincenzi P, Wagner F, Wu C, Zeus F, Zhang W. Status and future development of Heating and Current Drive for the EU DEMO. Fusion Engineering and Design 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Zamengo A, Bigi M, Maistrello A, Recchia M. Power supply system for large negative ion sources: Early operation experience on the SPIDER experiment. Fusion Engineering and Design 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Ferro A, Lucchini F, Agostinetti P, Ratti D, Granucci G, Romano A, Romano R, Cucchiaro A, Princiotta A. Conceptual design of the power supplies for DTT Neutral Beam Injector. Fusion Engineering and Design 2021; 169:112624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Poggi C, Berton G, Brombin M, Degli Agostini F, Fasolo D, Franchin L, Laterza B, Pasqualotto R, Ravarotto D, Sartori E, Taliercio C, Tollin M, Serianni G. First tests and commissioning of the emittance scanner for SPIDER. Fusion Engineering and Design 2021; 168:112659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Kaminaga H, Takimoto T, Tonegawa A, Sato K. Characteristics of co-extracted electron beam current in sheet plasma-type cesium-free negative-ion source. Fusion Engineering and Design 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Toigo V, Marcuzzi D, Serianni G, Boldrin M, Chitarin G, Bello SD, Grando L, Luchetta A, Pasqualotto R, Zaccaria P, Zanotto L, Agnello R, Agostinetti P, Agostini M, Antoni V, Aprile D, Barbisan M, Battistella M, Berton G, Bigi M, Brombin M, Candeloro V, Canton A, Casagrande R, Cavallini C, Cavazzana R, Cordaro L, Cruz N, Palma MD, Dan M, De Lorenzi A, Delogu R, De Muri M, Denizeau S, Fadone M, Fellin F, Ferro A, Gaio E, Gasparini F, Gasparrini C, Gnesotto F, Jain P, Krastev P, Lopez-Bruna D, Lorenzini R, Maistrello A, Manduchi G, Manfrin S, Marconato N, Martines E, Martini G, Martini S, Milazzo R, Patton T, Pavei M, Peruzzo S, Pilan N, Pimazzoni A, Poggi C, Pomaro N, Pouradier-Duteil B, Recchia M, Rigoni-Garola A, Rizzolo A, Sartori E, Shepherd A, Siragusa M, Sonato P, Sottocornola A, Spada E, Spagnolo S, Spolaore M, Taliercio C, Terranova D, Tinti P, Tomsič P, Trevisan L, Ugoletti M, Valente M, Vignando M, Zagorski R, Zamengo A, Zaniol B, Zaupa M, Zuin M, Cavenago M, Boilson D, Rotti C, Veltri P, Decamps H, Dremel M, Graceffa J, Geli F, Urbani M, Zacks J, Bonicelli T, Paolucci F, Garbuglia A, Agarici G, Gomez G, Gutierrez D, Kouzmenko G, Labate C, Masiello A, Mico G, Moreno JF, Pilard V, Rousseau A, Simon M, Kashiwagi M, Tobari H, Watanabe K, Maejima T, Kojima A, Oshita E, Yamashita Y, Konno S, Singh M, Chakraborty A, Patel H, Singh N, Fantz U, Bonomo F, Cristofaro S, Heinemann B, Kraus W, Wimmer C, Wünderlich D, Fubiani G, Tsumori K, Croci G, Gorini G, McCormack O, Muraro A, Rebai M, Tardocchi M, Giacomelli L, Rigamonti D, Taccogna F, Bruno D, Rutigliano M, D'Arienzo M, Tonti A, Panin F. On the road to ITER NBIs: SPIDER improvement after first operation and MITICA construction progress. Fusion Engineering and Design 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pimazzoni A, Agostini M, Brombin M, Marconato N, Sartori E, Pasqualotto R, Serianni G. Co-extracted electrons and beam inhomogeneity in the large negative ion source SPIDER. Fusion Engineering and Design 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Maistrello A, Recchia M, Zamengo A, Bernardi M, Chitarin G, Dan M, Gasparini F, Jain P, Bigi M, Gaio E, Marcuzzi D, Pavei M, Zanotto L. Improvements in the SPIDER RF system. Fusion Engineering and Design 2021; 167:112337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhao H, Sun L. Overview and summary of the 18th International Conference on Ion Sources, Lanzhou, China, 2019. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:041601. [PMID: 32357723 DOI: 10.1063/5.0007371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liangting Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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