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Elibol K, Susi T, Mangler C, Eder D, Meyer JC, Kotakoski J, Hobbs RG, van Aken PA, Bayer BC. Linear indium atom chains at graphene edges. NPJ 2D MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 7:2. [PMID: 38665487 PMCID: PMC11041670 DOI: 10.1038/s41699-023-00364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The presence of metal atoms at the edges of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) opens new possibilities toward tailoring their physical properties. We present here formation and high-resolution characterization of indium (In) chains on the edges of graphene-supported GNRs. The GNRs are formed when adsorbed hydrocarbon contamination crystallizes via laser heating into small ribbon-like patches of a second graphitic layer on a continuous graphene monolayer and onto which In is subsequently physical vapor deposited. Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), we find that this leads to the preferential decoration of the edges of the overlying GNRs with multiple In atoms along their graphitic edges. Electron-beam irradiation during STEM induces migration of In atoms along the edges of the GNRs and triggers the formation of longer In atom chains during imaging. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of GNRs similar to our experimentally observed structures indicate that both bare zigzag (ZZ) GNRs as well as In-terminated ZZ-GNRs have metallic character, whereas in contrast, In termination induces metallicity for otherwise semiconducting armchair (AC) GNRs. Our findings provide insights into the creation and properties of long linear metal atom chains at graphitic edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Elibol
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Mangler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Eder
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/165, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jannik C. Meyer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard G. Hobbs
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and the SFI Advanced Materials and Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter A. van Aken
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernhard C. Bayer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/165, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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Niggas A, Schwestka J, Balzer K, Weichselbaum D, Schlünzen N, Heller R, Creutzburg S, Inani H, Tripathi M, Speckmann C, McEvoy N, Susi T, Kotakoski J, Gan Z, George A, Turchanin A, Bonitz M, Aumayr F, Wilhelm RA. Ion-Induced Surface Charge Dynamics in Freestanding Monolayers of Graphene and MoS_{2} Probed by the Emission of Electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:086802. [PMID: 36053690 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.086802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We compare the ion-induced electron emission from freestanding monolayers of graphene and MoS_{2} to find a sixfold higher number of emitted electrons for graphene even though both materials have similar work functions. An effective single-band Hubbard model explains this finding by a charge-up in MoS_{2} that prevents low energy electrons from escaping the surface within a period of a few femtoseconds after ion impact. We support these results by measuring the electron energy distribution for correlated pairs of electrons and transmitted ions. The majority of emitted primary electrons have an energy below 10 eV and are therefore subject to the dynamic charge-up effects at surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niggas
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Physics, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karsten Balzer
- Computing Center of Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Niclas Schlünzen
- Kiel University, Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - René Heller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sascha Creutzburg
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Heena Inani
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mukesh Tripathi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Niall McEvoy
- Trinity College Dublin, Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER) and School of Chemistry, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ziyang Gan
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Antony George
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bonitz
- Kiel University, Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel, Germany
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3
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Elibol K, Mangler C, O’Regan DD, Mustonen K, Eder D, Meyer JC, Kotakoski J, Hobbs RG, Susi T, Bayer BC. Single Indium Atoms and Few-Atom Indium Clusters Anchored onto Graphene via Silicon Heteroatoms. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14373-14383. [PMID: 34410707 PMCID: PMC8482752 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single atoms and few-atom nanoclusters are of high interest in catalysis and plasmonics, but pathways for their fabrication and placement remain scarce. We report here the self-assembly of room-temperature-stable single indium (In) atoms and few-atom In clusters (2-6 atoms) that are anchored to substitutional silicon (Si) impurity atoms in suspended monolayer graphene membranes. Using atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), we find that the symmetry of the In structures is critically determined by the three- or fourfold coordination of the Si "anchors". All structures are produced without electron-beam induced materials modification. In turn, when activated by electron beam irradiation in the STEM, we observe in situ the formation, restructuring, and translation of the Si-anchored In structures. Our results on In-Si-graphene provide a materials system for controlled self-assembly and heteroatomic anchoring of single atoms and few-atom nanoclusters on graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Elibol
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- Centre
for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and
the SFI Advanced Materials and Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Clemens Mangler
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - David D. O’Regan
- Centre
for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and
the SFI Advanced Materials and Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kimmo Mustonen
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Eder
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/165, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jannik C. Meyer
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute
for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard G. Hobbs
- Centre
for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and
the SFI Advanced Materials and Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Toma Susi
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard C. Bayer
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/165, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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