1
|
Tian X, Guo Y, Zhang J, Ivasishin OM, Jia J, Yan J. Fiber Actuators Based on Reversible Thermal Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2306952. [PMID: 38175860 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Soft actuators inspired by the movement of organisms have attracted extensive attention in the fields of soft robotics, electronic skin, artificial intelligence, and healthcare due to their excellent adaptability and operational safety. Liquid crystal elastomer fiber actuators (LCEFAs) are considered as one of the most promising soft actuators since they can provide reversible linear motion and are easily integrated or woven into complex structures to perform pre-programmed movements such as stretching, rotating, bending, and expanding. The research on LCEFAs mainly focuses on controllable preparation, structural design, and functional applications. This review, for the first time, provides a comprehensive and systematic review of recent advances in this important field by focusing on reversible thermal response LCEFAs. First, the thermal driving mechanism, and direct and indirect heating strategies of LCEFAs are systematically summarized and analyzed. Then, the fabrication methods and functional applications of LCEFAs are summarized and discussed. Finally, the challenges and technical difficulties that may hinder the performance improvement and large-scale production of LCEFAs are proposed, and the development opportunities of LCEFAs are prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuwang Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yongshi Guo
- College of Textile, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Orest M Ivasishin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiru Jia
- School of Textile Garment and Design, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215500, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- College of Textile, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kantaros A, Ganetsos T. From Static to Dynamic: Smart Materials Pioneering Additive Manufacturing in Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15748. [PMID: 37958733 PMCID: PMC10647622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of regenerative medicine holds immense promise for addressing complex tissue and organ regeneration challenges. Central to its advancement is the evolution of additive manufacturing techniques, which have transcended static constructs to embrace dynamic, biomimetic solutions. This manuscript explores the pivotal role of smart materials in this transformative journey, where materials are endowed with dynamic responsiveness to biological cues and environmental changes. By delving into the innovative integration of smart materials, such as shape memory polymers and stimulus-responsive hydrogels, into additive manufacturing processes, this research illuminates the potential to engineer tissue constructs with unparalleled biomimicry. From dynamically adapting scaffolds that mimic the mechanical behavior of native tissues to drug delivery systems that respond to physiological cues, the convergence of smart materials and additive manufacturing heralds a new era in regenerative medicine. This manuscript presents an insightful overview of recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects, underscoring the pivotal role of smart materials as pioneers in shaping the dynamic landscape of regenerative medicine and heralding a future where tissue engineering is propelled beyond static constructs towards biomimetic, responsive, and regenerative solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antreas Kantaros
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen G, Feng H, Zhou X, Gao F, Zhou K, Huang Y, Jin B, Xie T, Zhao Q. Programming actuation onset of a liquid crystalline elastomer via isomerization of network topology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6822. [PMID: 37884494 PMCID: PMC10603074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuning actuation temperatures of liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) achieves control of their actuation onsets, which is generally accomplished in the synthesis step and cannot be altered afterward. Multiple actuation onsets in one LCE can be encoded if the post-synthesis regulation of actuation temperature can be spatiotemporally achieved. This would allow realizing a logical time-evolution of actuation, desired for future soft robots. Nevertheless, this task is challenging given the additional need to ensure mesogen alignment required for actuation. We achieved this goal with a topology isomerizable network (TIN) of LCE containing aromatic and aliphatic esters in the mesogenic and amorphous phases, respectively. These two ester bonds can be distinctly activated for transesterification. The homolytic bond exchange between aliphatic esters allows mechanically induced mesogen alignment without affecting the mesogenic phase. Most importantly, the heterolytic exchange between aromatic and aliphatic esters changes the actuation temperature under different conditions. Spatial control of the two mechanisms via a photo-latent catalyst unleashes the freedom in regulating actuation temperature distribution, yielding unusual controllability in actuation geometries and logical sequence. Our principle is generally applicable to common LCEs containing both aromatic and aliphatic esters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guancong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youju Huang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Liao W, Wang Y, Yang Z. Thermal-Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foam-based Compressible and Omnidirectional Gripper. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300340. [PMID: 37325932 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are considered to be a promising material for the fabrication of soft grippers because of their large and reversible deformations, an LCE gripper with suitable compressibility and omnidirectionality has not yet been developed. To overcome these obstacles, this study utilizes salt template method to fabricate a rod-like LCE foam as gripper. The thickness of the compressible foam can be reduced by up to 77%, temporarily maintaining the deformation and enabling the gripper to pass through slits. The foam was aligned along the long axis and the length of the foam exhibits reversible thermal responsiveness and contract up to 57% along its alignment. Additionally, when the foam approaches a heat source, the generated temperature gradient results in a contraction gradient owing to the low thermal conductivity of the LCE foam. This in turn causes the foam to reversibly bend with a bending angle up to 93° and follow the movement of a heat source omnidirectionally. The developed gripper successfully grasps, moves, and releases hot objects in a cold and safe place, demonstrating its potential for emergency disposal. Thus, LCE foams can be considered suitable materials for novel gripper design and construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Touchet-Valle E, Tasmim S, Ware TH, McDougall MP. Evaluation of Low-Loss Polymer Switches for Multinuclear MRI/S . ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-5. [PMID: 38083302 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of multinuclear MRI/S as a diagnostic tool in clinical settings faces many challenges. One of those challenges is the development of highly sensitive multinuclear RF coils. Current multi-tuning techniques incorporate lossy components that impact the highest achievable SNR for at least one of the coil frequencies. As a result, optimization of multinuclear coil designs continues to be a priority for RF hardware engineers. To address this challenge, a new frequency switching technology that incorporates stimuli-responsive polymer materials was explored. Q measurements were used as a comparison metric between single-tuned, a standard switching network, and the proposed switching technology. The Q losses measured in the new switching method remained below 38% when compared to single-tuned coils. These results are consistent with low loss values reported using traditional switching networks. Furthermore, preliminary testing indicates that there is potential for improvement. These results establish the new technology as a promising alternative to traditional switching techniques.Clinical Relevance- A low loss multi-tuning technique for MRI radiofrequency coils has the potential of improving the study and diagnosis of disease.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen M, Gao M, Bai L, Zheng H, Qi HJ, Zhou K. Recent Advances in 4D Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209566. [PMID: 36461147 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are renowned for their large, reversible, and anisotropic shape change in response to various external stimuli due to their lightly cross-linked polymer networks with an oriented mesogen direction, thus showing great potential for applications in robotics, bio-medics, electronics, optics, and energy. To fully take advantage of the anisotropic stimuli-responsive behaviors of LCEs, it is preferable to achieve a locally controlled mesogen alignment into monodomain orientations. In recent years, the application of 4D printing to LCEs opens new doors for simultaneously programming the mesogen alignment and the 3D geometry, offering more opportunities and higher feasibility for the fabrication of 4D-printed LCE objects with desirable stimuli-responsive properties. Here, the state-of-the-art advances in 4D printing of LCEs are reviewed, with emphasis on both the mechanisms and potential applications. First, the fundamental properties of LCEs and the working principles of the representative 4D printing techniques are briefly introduced. Then, the fabrication of LCEs by 4D printing techniques and the advantages over conventional manufacturing methods are demonstrated. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and potential development trends toward the 4D printing of LCEs are discussed, which may shed light on future research directions in this new field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Gao
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lichun Bai
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - H Jerry Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kun Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li S, Song Z, Fan Y, Wei D, Liu Y. Four-Dimensional Printing of Temperature-Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Programmable Shape-Changing Behavior. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020196. [PMID: 37218782 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are polymer networks that exhibit anisotropic liquid crystalline properties while maintaining the properties of elastomers, presenting reversible high-speed and large-scale actuation in response to external stimuli. Herein, we formulated a non-toxic, low-temperature liquid crystal (LC) ink for temperature-controlled direct ink writing 3D printing. The rheological properties of the LC ink were verified under different temperatures given the phase transition temperature of 63 °C measured by the DSC test. Afterwards, the effects of printing speed, printing temperature, and actuation temperature on the actuation strain of printed LCEs structures were investigated within adjustable ranges. In addition, it was demonstrated that the printing direction can modulate the LCEs to exhibit different actuation behaviors. Finally, by sequentially conforming structures and programming the printing parameters, it showed the deformation behavior of a variety of complex structures. By integrating with 4D printing and digital device architectures, this unique reversible deformation property will help LCEs presented here apply to mechanical actuators, smart surfaces, micro-robots, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhengyi Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yuyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dongsong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao L, Tian H, Liu H, Zhang W, Zhao F, Song X, Shao J. Bio-Inspired Soft-Rigid Hybrid Smart Artificial Muscle Based on Liquid Crystal Elastomer and Helical Metal Wire. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206342. [PMID: 36653937 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial muscles are of significant value in robotic applications. Rigid artificial muscles possess a strong load-bearing capacity, while their deformation is small; soft artificial muscles can be shifted to a large degree; however, their load-bearing capacity is weak. Furthermore, artificial muscles are generally controlled in an open loop due to a lack of deformation-related feedback. Human arms include muscles, bones, and nerves, which ingeniously coordinate the actuation, load-bearing, and sensory systems. Inspired by this, a soft-rigid hybrid smart artificial muscle (SRH-SAM) based on liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) and helical metal wire is proposed. The thermotropic responsiveness of the LCE is adopted for large reversible deformation, and the helical metal wire is used to fulfill high bearing capacity and electric heating function requirements. During actuation, the helical metal wire's resistance changes with the LCE's electrothermal deformation, thereby achieving deformation-sensing characteristics. Based on the proposed SRH-SAM, a reconfigurable blazed grating plane and the effective switch between attachment and detachment in bionic dry adhesion are accomplished. The SRH-SAM opens a new avenue for designing smart artificial muscles and can promote the development of artificial muscle-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limeng Zhao
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Weitian Zhang
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Fabo Zhao
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiaowen Song
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bauman GE, Hoang JD, Toney MF, White TJ. Degree of Orientation in Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Defines the Magnitude and Rate of Actuation. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:248-254. [PMID: 36715430 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The anisotropy of liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) is derived from the interaction-facilitated orientation of the molecular constituents. Here, we correlate the thermomechanical response of a series of LCEs subjected to mechanical alignment to measurements of the Hermans orientation parameter. The LCEs were systematically prepared with varying concentrations of liquid crystalline mesogens, which affects the relative degree of achievable order. These compositions were subject to varying degrees of mechanical alignment to prepare LCEs with orientations that span a wide range of orientation parameters. The stimuli-response of the LCEs indicates that the liquid crystalline content defines the temperature of actuation, whereas the orientation parameter of the LCE is intricately correlated to both the total actuation strain of the LCE as well as the rate of thermomechanical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Bauman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jonathan D Hoang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 613 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 613 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 027 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 613 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park M, Stricker F, Campos JG, Clark KD, Lee J, Kwon Y, Valentine MT, Read de Alaniz J. Design of Surface-Aligned Main-Chain Liquid-Crystal Networks Prepared under Ambient, Light-Free Conditions Using the Diels-Alder Cycloaddition. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:33-39. [PMID: 36541858 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Surface-aligned liquid-crystal networks (LCNs) offer a solution for developing functional materials capable of performing a range of tasks, including actuation, shape memory, and surfaces patterning. Here we show that Diels-Alder cycloaddition can be used to prepare the backbone of planar aligned LCNs under mild ambient conditions without the addition of additives or UV irradiation. The mechanical properties of the networks have robust viscoelastic modulus and stiffness with a reversible local free volume change upon physical aging. This study shows new opportunities to design surface-aligned LCNs based on additive free step-growth Diels-Alder polymerization and enables the potential to incorporate a wider range of photochromic materials into LCNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minwook Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 93106, California, United States
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 93106, California, United States
| | - Jesus Guillen Campos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 93106, California, United States
| | - Kyle D Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 93106, California, United States
| | - Jaejun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 93106, California, United States
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 93106, California, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 93106, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tasmim S, Yousuf Z, Rahman FS, Seelig E, Clevenger AJ, VandenHeuvel SN, Ambulo CP, Raghavan S, Zimmern PE, Romero-Ortega MI, Ware TH. Liquid crystal elastomer based dynamic device for urethral support: Potential treatment for stress urinary incontinence. Biomaterials 2023; 292:121912. [PMID: 36434829 PMCID: PMC9772118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is characterized by the involuntary loss of urine due to increased intra-abdominal pressure during coughing, sneezing, or exercising. SUI affects 20-40% of the female population and is exacerbated by aging. Severe SUI is commonly treated with surgical implantation of an autologous or a synthetic sling underneath the urethra for support. These slings, however, are static, and their tension cannot be non-invasively adjusted, if needed, after implantation. This study reports the fabrication of a novel device based on liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) capable of changing shape in response to temperature increase induced by transcutaneous IR light. The shape change of the LCE-based device was characterized in a scar tissue phantom model. An in vitro urinary tract model was designed to study the efficacy of the LCE-based device to support continence and adjust sling tension with IR illumination. Finally, the device was acutely implanted and tested for induced tension changes in female multiparous New Zealand white rabbits. The LCE device achieved 5.6% ± 1.1% actuation when embedded in an agar gel with an elastic modulus of 100 kPa. The corresponding device temperature was 44.9 °C ± 0.4 °C, and the surrounding agar temperature stayed at 42.1 °C ± 0.4 °C. Leaking time in the in vitro urinary tract model significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) when an LCE-based cuff was sutured around the model urethra from 5.2min ± 1min to 2min ±0.5min when the cuff was illuminated with IR light. Normalized leak point force (LPF) increased significantly (p = 0.01) with the implantation of an LCE-CB cuff around the bladder neck of multiparous rabbits. It decreased significantly (p = 0.023) when the device was actuated via IR light illumination. These results demonstrate that LCE material could be used to fabricate a dynamic device for treating SUI in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seelay Tasmim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zuha Yousuf
- Departments of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Farial S Rahman
- Departments of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Emily Seelig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Abigail J Clevenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sabrina N VandenHeuvel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Cedric P Ambulo
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Shreya Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Philippe E Zimmern
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mario I Romero-Ortega
- Departments of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Taylor H Ware
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Emerging 4D printing strategies for on-demand local actuation & micro printing of soft materials. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
13
|
Mihai LA, Mistry D, Raistrick T, Gleeson HF, Goriely A. A mathematical model for the auxetic response of liquid crystal elastomers. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210326. [PMID: 36031830 PMCID: PMC9421376 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We develop a mathematical model that builds on the surprising nonlinear mechanical response observed in recent experiments on nematic liquid crystal elastomers. Namely, under uniaxial tensile loads, the material, rather than thinning in the perpendicular directions, becomes thicker in one direction for a sufficiently large strain, while its volume remains unchanged. Motivated by this unusual large-strain auxetic behaviour, we model the material using an Ogden-type strain-energy function and calibrate its parameters to available datasets. We show that Ogden strain-energy functions are particularly suitable for modelling nematic elastomers because of their mathematical simplicity and their clear formulation in terms of the principal stretches, which have a direct kinematic interpretation. This article is part of the theme issue 'The Ogden model of rubber mechanics: Fifty years of impact on nonlinear elasticity'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Angela Mihai
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK
| | - Devesh Mistry
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas Raistrick
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Helen F. Gleeson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alain Goriely
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ohzono T, Koyama E. Enhanced photocontrollable dynamic adhesion of nematic elastomers on rough surfaces. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Wang S, Zhou R, Hou Y, Wang M, Hou X. Photochemical effect driven fluid behavior control in microscale pores and channels. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
16
|
Abdul Razzaq Al‐Obaidy MM, Abboud HJ, Tomi IHR. Mesogenic Behavior of New Derivatives Containing Azo‐Ester‐Imine Links with Different Substituted Alkoxy Groups as Terminal Tails. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan Hameed R. Tomi
- Mustansiriyah University College of Science Department of Chemistry Baghdad Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bauman GE, McCracken JM, White TJ. Actuation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomers at or Below Ambient Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202577. [PMID: 35482590 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) are an emerging class of material actuators. LCE undergo macroscopic dimensional changes when subjected to a stimulus. The large stimuli-response of LCE is associated with thermotropic disruption of order. Historically, comparatively high temperatures are required to disrupt orientation in LCE to achieve meaningful work output. Here, we introduce an approach to prepare LCE via thiol-Michael/thiol-ene reactions that actuate at or below ambient temperature. Alignment was imparted to the LCE by mechanical alignment and 3D printing. The LCE materials detailed here achieve strains of 40 % with a maximum deformation rate of 6.5 % °C-1 . The functional utility of the tunability of the thermotropic response of these materials is illustrated in reconfiguration triggered via body heat and sequential actuation of a multi-material element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Bauman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Joselle M McCracken
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Photothermal-Driven Liquid Crystal Elastomers: Materials, Alignment and Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144330. [PMID: 35889204 PMCID: PMC9317631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are programmable deformable materials that can respond to physical fields such as light, heat, and electricity. Photothermal-driven LCE has the advantages of accuracy and remote control and avoids the requirement of high photon energy for photochemistry. In this review, we discuss recent advances in photothermal LCE materials and investigate methods for mechanical alignment, external field alignment, and surface-induced alignment. Advances in the synthesis and orientation of LCEs have enabled liquid crystal elastomers to meet applications in optics, robotics, and more. The review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and research opportunities.
Collapse
|
19
|
Guan Z, Wang L, Bae J. Advances in 4D printing of liquid crystalline elastomers: materials, techniques, and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1825-1849. [PMID: 35504034 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are polymer networks exhibiting anisotropic liquid crystallinity while maintaining elastomeric properties. Owing to diverse polymeric forms and self-alignment molecular behaviors, LCEs have fascinated state-of-the-art efforts in various disciplines other than the traditional low-molar-mass display market. By patterning order to structures, LCEs demonstrate reversible high-speed and large-scale actuations in response to external stimuli, allowing for close integration with 4D printing and architectures of digital devices, which is scarcely observed in homogeneous soft polymer networks. In this review, we collect recent advances in 4D printing of LCEs, with emphases on synthesis and processing methods that enable microscopic changes in the molecular orientation and hence macroscopic changes in the properties of end-use objects. Promising potentials of printed complexes include fields of soft robotics, optics, and biomedical devices. Within this scope, we elucidate the relationships among external stimuli, tailorable morphologies in mesophases of liquid crystals, and programmable topological configurations of printed parts. Lastly, perspectives and potential challenges facing 4D printing of LCEs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhecun Guan
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abadia AV, Herbert KM, White TJ, Schwartz DK, Kaar JL. Biocatalytic 3D Actuation in Liquid Crystal Elastomers via Enzyme Patterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26480-26488. [PMID: 35652291 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are stimuli-responsive materials that undergo large shape transformations after undergoing an order-disorder transition. While shape reconfigurations in LCEs are predominantly triggered by heat, there is a considerable interest in developing highly specific triggers that work at room temperature. Herein, we report the fabrication of biocatalytic LCEs that respond to the presence of urea by covalently immobilizing urease within chemically responsive LCE networks. The hydrogen-bonded LCEs developed in this work exhibited contractile strains of up to 36% upon exposure to a base. Notably, the generation of ammonia by immobilized urease triggered a disruption in the supramolecular network and a large reduction of liquid crystalline order in the films when the LCEs were exposed to urea. This reduction in order was macroscopically translated into a strain response that could be modulated by changing the concentration of urea or exposure time to the substrate. Local control of the mechanical response of the LCE was realized by spatially patterning the enzyme on the surface of the films. Subsequent exposure of enzymatically patterned LCE to urea-triggered 3D shape transformations into a curl, arch, or accordion-like structure, depending on the motif patterned on the film surface. Furthermore, we showed that the presence of salt was critical to prevent bridging of the network by the presence of ammonium ions, thereby enabling such macroscopic 3D shape changes. The large actuation potential of LCEs and the ability to translate the biocatalytic activity of enzymes to macroscopic 3D shape transformations could enable use in applications ranging from cell culture, medicine, or antifouling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Velasco Abadia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Katie M Herbert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel L Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bauman GE, McCracken JM, White TJ. Actuation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomers at or Below Ambient Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Bauman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Joselle M. McCracken
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Timothy J. White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mistry D. The richness of liquid crystal elastomer mechanics keeps growing. LIQUID CRYSTALS TODAY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1358314x.2022.2048974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Mistry
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Balakrishnan G, Song J, Mou C, Bettinger CJ. Recent Progress in Materials Chemistry to Advance Flexible Bioelectronics in Medicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106787. [PMID: 34751987 PMCID: PMC8917047 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Designing bioelectronic devices that seamlessly integrate with the human body is a technological pursuit of great importance. Bioelectronic medical devices that reliably and chronically interface with the body can advance neuroscience, health monitoring, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Recent major efforts focus on investigating strategies to fabricate flexible, stretchable, and soft electronic devices, and advances in materials chemistry have emerged as fundamental to the creation of the next generation of bioelectronics. This review summarizes contemporary advances and forthcoming technical challenges related to three principal components of bioelectronic devices: i) substrates and structural materials, ii) barrier and encapsulation materials, and iii) conductive materials. Through notable illustrations from the literature, integration and device fabrication strategies and associated challenges for each material class are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiwoo Song
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chenchen Mou
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Karothu DP, Mahmoud Halabi J, Ahmed E, Ferreira R, Spackman PR, Spackman MA, Naumov P. Global Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Organic Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Karothu
- Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Jad Mahmoud Halabi
- Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Ejaz Ahmed
- Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Rodrigo Ferreira
- Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter R. Spackman
- The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway 6009 Perth Australia
- Current address: Curtin Institute for Computation School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University PO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - Mark A. Spackman
- The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway 6009 Perth Australia
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University 10 Garden St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Molecular Design Institute Department of Chemistry New York University 100 Washington Square East New York NY 10003 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Del Pozo M, Sol JAHP, Schenning APHJ, Debije MG. 4D Printing of Liquid Crystals: What's Right for Me? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104390. [PMID: 34716625 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen major advances in the developments of both additive manufacturing concepts and responsive materials. When combined as 4D printing, the process can lead to functional materials and devices for use in health, energy generation, sensing, and soft robots. Among responsive materials, liquid crystals, which can deliver programmed, reversible, rapid responses in both air and underwater, are a prime contender for additive manufacturing, given their ease of use and adaptability to many different applications. In this paper, selected works are compared and analyzed to come to a didactical overview of the liquid crystal-additive manufacturing junction. Reading from front to back gives the reader a comprehensive understanding of the options and challenges in the field, while researchers already experienced in either liquid crystals or additive manufacturing are encouraged to scan through the text to see how they can incorporate additive manufacturing or liquid crystals into their own work. The educational text is closed with proposals for future research in this crossover field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Del Pozo
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A H P Sol
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G Debije
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Smart soft materials are envisioned to be the building blocks of the next generation of advanced devices and digitally augmented technologies. In this context, liquid crystals (LCs) owing to their responsive and adaptive attributes could serve as promising smart soft materials. LCs played a critical role in revolutionizing the information display industry in the 20th century. However, in the turn of the 21st century, numerous beyond-display applications of LCs have been demonstrated, which elegantly exploit their controllable stimuli-responsive and adaptive characteristics. For these applications, new LC materials have been rationally designed and developed. In this Review, we present the recent developments in light driven chiral LCs, i.e., cholesteric and blue phases, LC based smart windows that control the entrance of heat and light from outdoor to the interior of buildings and built environments depending on the weather conditions, LC elastomers for bioinspired, biological, and actuator applications, LC based biosensors for detection of proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses, LC based porous membranes for the separation of ions, molecules, and microbes, living LCs, and LCs under macro- and nanoscopic confinement. The Review concludes with a summary and perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for LCs as smart soft materials. This Review is anticipated to stimulate eclectic ideas toward the implementation of the nature's delicate phase of matter in future generations of smart and augmented devices and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Quan Li
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States.,Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Karothu DP, Halabi JM, Ahmed E, Ferreira R, Spackman PR, Spackman MA, Naumov P. Global Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Organic Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113988. [PMID: 34845806 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organic crystals, although widely studied, have not been considered nascent candidate materials in the engineering design. Here we summarize the reported mechanical properties of organic crystals reported over the past three decades, and we establish a global mechanical property profile that can be used to predict and identify mechanically robust organic crystals. Being composed of light elements, organic crystals populate a narrow region in the mechanical property-density space between soft, disordered organic materials and stiff, ordered materials. Two subsets of extraordinarily stiff and hard organic crystalline materials were identified and rationalized by the normalized number density, strength and directionality of their intermolecular interactions. We conclude that the future light-weight, soft, all-organic components in devices should capitalize on the combination of long-range structural order and softness as the greatest asset of organic single crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ejaz Ahmed
- New York University - Abu Dhabi Campus, Science, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
| | - Rodrigo Ferreira
- New York University - Abu Dhabi Campus, Science, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
| | | | | | - Pance Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Division of Science and Mathematics, Saadiyat Island, 00000, Abu Dhabi, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Carlotti M, Tricinci O, den Hoed F, Palagi S, Mattoli V. Direct laser writing of liquid crystal elastomers oriented by a horizontal electric field. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2021; 1:129. [PMID: 37645193 PMCID: PMC10445945 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14135.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: The ability to fabricate components capable of performing actuation in a reliable and controlled manner is one of the main research topics in the field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). However, the development of these technologies can be limited in many cases by 2D lithographic techniques employed in the fabrication process. Direct Laser Writing (DLW), a 3D microprinting technique based on two-photon polymerization, can offer novel solutions to prepare, both rapidly and reliably, 3D nano- and microstructures of arbitrary complexity. In addition, the use of functional materials in the printing process can result in the fabrication of smart and responsive devices. Methods: In this study, we present a novel methodology for the printing of 3D actuating microelements comprising Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCEs) obtained by DLW. The alignment of the mesogens was performed using a static electric field (1.7 V/µm) generated by indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes patterned directly on the printing substrates. Results: When exposed to a temperature higher than 50°C, the printed microstructures actuated rapidly and reversibly of about 8% in the direction perpendicular to the director. Conclusions: A novel methodology was developed that allows the printing of directional actuators comprising LCEs via DLW. To impart the necessary alignment of the mesogens, a static electric field was applied before the printing process by making use of flat ITO electrodes present on the printing substrates. The resulting microelements showed a reversible change in shape when heated higher than 50 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Center for Materials Interfaces (CMI), Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Omar Tricinci
- Center for Materials Interfaces (CMI), Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Frank den Hoed
- Center for Materials Interfaces (CMI), Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
- Engineering and Technology institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 4747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Palagi
- The Biorobotic Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces (CMI), Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Soft elasticity optimises dissipation in 3D-printed liquid crystal elastomers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6677. [PMID: 34795228 PMCID: PMC8602646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft-elasticity in monodomain liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) is promising for impact-absorbing applications where strain energy is ideally absorbed at constant stress. Conventionally, compressive and impact studies on LCEs have not been performed given the notorious difficulty synthesizing sufficiently large monodomain devices. Here, we use direct-ink writing 3D printing to fabricate bulk (>cm3) monodomain LCE devices and study their compressive soft-elasticity over 8 decades of strain rate. At quasi-static rates, the monodomain soft-elastic LCE dissipated 45% of strain energy while comparator materials dissipated less than 20%. At strain rates up to 3000 s-1, our soft-elastic monodomain LCE consistently performed closest to an ideal-impact absorber. Drop testing reveals soft-elasticity as a likely mechanism for effectively reducing the severity of impacts - with soft elastic LCEs offering a Gadd Severity Index 40% lower than a comparable isotropic elastomer. Lastly, we demonstrate tailoring deformation and buckling behavior in monodomain LCEs via the printed director orientation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Light-Responsive Soft Actuators: Mechanism, Materials, Fabrication, and Applications. ACTUATORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/act10110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots are those that can move like living organisms and adapt to the surrounding environment. Compared with traditional rigid robots, the advantages of soft robots, in terms of material flexibility, human–computer interaction, and biological adaptability, have received extensive attention. Flexible actuators based on light response are one of the most promising ways to promote the field of cordless soft robots, and they have attracted the attention of scientists in bionic design, actuation implementation, and application. First, the three working principles and the commonly used light-responsive materials for light-responsive actuators are introduced. Then, the characteristics of light-responsive soft actuators are sequentially presented, emphasizing the structure strategy, actuation performance, and emerging applications. Finally, this review is concluded with a perspective on the existing challenges and future opportunities in this nascent research frontier.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wu J, Yao S, Zhang H, Man W, Bai Z, Zhang F, Wang X, Fang D, Zhang Y. Liquid Crystal Elastomer Metamaterials with Giant Biaxial Thermal Shrinkage for Enhancing Skin Regeneration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2106175. [PMID: 34561930 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a class of soft active materials of increasing interest, because of their excellent actuation and optical performances. While LCEs show biomimetic mechanical properties (e.g., elastic modulus and strength) that can be matched with those of soft biological tissues, their biointegrated applications have been rarely explored, in part, due to their high actuation temperatures (typically above 60 °C) and low biaxial actuation performances (e.g., actuation strain typically below 10%). Here, unique mechanics-guided designs and fabrication schemes of LCE metamaterials are developed that allow access to unprecedented biaxial actuation strain (-53%) and biaxial coefficient of thermal expansion (-33 125 ppm K-1 ), significantly surpassing those (e.g., -20% and -5950 ppm K-1 ) reported previously. A low-temperature synthesis method with use of optimized composition ratios enables LCE metamaterials to offer reasonably high actuation stresses/strains at a substantially reduced actuation temperature (46 °C). Such biocompatible LCE metamaterials are integrated with medical dressing to develop a breathable, shrinkable, hemostatic patch as a means of noninvasive treatment. In vivo animal experiments of skin repair with both round and cross-shaped wounds demonstrate advantages of the hemostatic patch over conventional strategies (e.g., medical dressing and suturing) in accelerating skin regeneration, while avoiding scar and keloid generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shenglian Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Weitao Man
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Zhili Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lavrentovich OD. Design of nematic liquid crystals to control microscale dynamics. LIQUID CRYSTALS REVIEWS 2021; 8:59-129. [PMID: 34956738 PMCID: PMC8698256 DOI: 10.1080/21680396.2021.1919576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of small particles, both living such as swimming bacteria and inanimate, such as colloidal spheres, has fascinated scientists for centuries. If one could learn how to control and streamline their chaotic motion, that would open technological opportunities in the transformation of stored or environmental energy into systematic motion, with applications in micro-robotics, transport of matter, guided morphogenesis. This review presents an approach to command microscale dynamics by replacing an isotropic medium with a liquid crystal. Orientational order and associated properties, such as elasticity, surface anchoring, and bulk anisotropy, enable new dynamic effects, ranging from the appearance and propagation of particle-like solitary waves to self-locomotion of an active droplet. By using photoalignment, the liquid crystal can be patterned into predesigned structures. In the presence of the electric field, these patterns enable the transport of solid and fluid particles through nonlinear electrokinetics rooted in anisotropy of conductivity and permittivity. Director patterns command the dynamics of swimming bacteria, guiding their trajectories, polarity of swimming, and distribution in space. This guidance is of a higher level of complexity than a simple following of the director by rod-like microorganisms. Namely, the director gradients mediate hydrodynamic interactions of bacteria to produce an active force and collective polar modes of swimming. The patterned director could also be engraved in a liquid crystal elastomer. When an elastomer coating is activated by heat or light, these patterns produce a deterministic surface topography. The director gradients define an activation force that shapes the elastomer in a manner similar to the active stresses triggering flows in active nematics. The patterned elastomer substrates could be used to define the orientation of cells in living tissues. The liquid-crystal guidance holds a major promise in achieving the goal of commanding microscale active flows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg D Lavrentovich
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Department of Physics, Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nie ZZ, Zuo B, Wang M, Huang S, Chen XM, Liu ZY, Yang H. Light-driven continuous rotating Möbius strip actuators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2334. [PMID: 33879795 PMCID: PMC8058083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Twisted toroidal ribbons such as the one-sided Möbius strip have inspired scientists, engineers and artists for many centuries. A physical Möbius strip exhibits interesting mechanical properties deriving from a tendency to redistribute the torsional strain away from the twist region. This leads to the interesting possibility of building topological actuators with continuous deformations. Here we report on a series of corresponding bi-layered stripe actuators using a photothermally responsive liquid crystal elastomer as the fundamental polymeric material. Employing a special procedure, even Möbius strips with an odd number of twists can be fabricated exhibiting a seamless homeotropic and homogeneous morphology. Imposing a suitable contraction gradient under near-infrared light irradiation, these ribbons can realize continuous anticlockwise/clockwise in-situ rotation. Our work could pave the way for developing actuators and shape morphing materials that need not rely on switching between distinct states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhou Nie
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zuo
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Man Chen
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Weng S, Kuang X, Zhang Q, Hamel CM, Roach DJ, Hu N, Jerry Qi H. 4D Printing of Glass Fiber-Regulated Shape Shifting Structures with High Stiffness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12797-12804. [PMID: 33355461 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
4D printing allows 3D printed structures to change their shapes overtime under external stimuli, finding a wide range of potential applications in actuators, soft robotics, active metamaterials, flexible electronics, and biomedical devices. However, most 4D printing uses soft polymers to accommodate large strain shape-changing capability at the price of low stiffness, which impedes their engineering applications. Here, we demonstrate an approach to design and manufacture self-morphing structures with large deformation and high modulus (∼4.8 GPa). The structures are printed by multimaterial direct ink writing (DIW) using composite inks that contain a high volume fraction of solvent, photocurable polymer resin, and short glass fibers as well as fumed silica. During printing, the glass fibers undergo shear-induced alignment through the nozzle, leading to highly anisotropic mechanical properties. The solvent is then evaporated, during which the aligned glass fibers enable anisotropic shrinkage in the parallel and perpendicular directions to the fiber alignment for shape shifting. A final postphotocuring step is applied to further increase the stiffness of the composite from ∼300 MPa to ∼4.8 GPa. A finite element analysis (FEA) model is developed to predict the influence of the solvent, fiber contents, and fiber orientation on the shape shifting. We demonstrate the anisotropic volume shrinkage of the structures can be used as active hinges to transform printed two-dimensional structures into complex three-dimensional structures with large shape-shifting and outstanding mechanical properties. This strategy for fabricating composite structures with programmable architectures and excellent mechanical properties shows potential applications in morphing lightweight structures with load-bearing capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayuan Weng
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Xiao Kuang
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Craig M Hamel
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Devin J Roach
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ning Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - H Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ustunel S, Prévôt ME, Clements RJ, Hegmann E. Cradle-to-cradle: designing biomaterials to fit as truly biomimetic cell scaffolds– a review. LIQUID CRYSTALS TODAY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1358314x.2020.1855919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Senay Ustunel
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Marianne E. Prévôt
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Robert J. Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Elda Hegmann
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|