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Bai X, Zhang J, Liu H, Liu C. Bifocal photon sieve imaging in the hard x-ray region. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1713-1716. [PMID: 38560844 DOI: 10.1364/ol.519852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Hard x-rays are widely used for plasma diagnosis, nondestructive inspection, and high-resolution x-ray imaging. A typical x-ray source is a tabletop micro-focus x-ray source. Here, a bifocal photon sieve (PS) with the smallest diameter of 59.6 nm was designed and fabricated by electron-beam lithography to focus hard x-rays on variable-resolution array images. An imaging experiment at 8.39 keV demonstrates that the designed and fabricated PS has two different focal lengths. The numerous pinholes that can be optimized provide richer degrees of freedom to realize considerably more functionalities. A multi-focal PS provides the possibility of splitting x-rays and further extends interferometry from visible light to hard x-rays.
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2
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Wadas MJ, Khieu LH, Cearley GS, LeFevre HJ, Kuranz CC, Johnsen E. Saturation of Vortex Rings Ejected from Shock-Accelerated Interfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:194001. [PMID: 37243640 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.194001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Structures evoking vortex rings can be discerned in shock-accelerated flows ranging from astrophysics to inertial confinement fusion. By constructing an analogy between vortex rings produced in conventional propulsion systems and rings generated by a shock impinging upon a high-aspect-ratio protrusion along a material interface, we extend classical, constant-density vortex-ring theory to compressible multifluid flows. We further demonstrate saturation of such vortex rings as the protrusion aspect ratio is increased, thus explaining morphological differences observed in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loc H Khieu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric Johnsen
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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3
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Haberberger D, Shvydky A, Nilson PM, Ivancic S, Froula DH. Contrast optimization of Fresnel zone plate imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2890428. [PMID: 37184346 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) are circular diffractive elements that operate as a lens for x-rays. They have gained interest in the field of laser-plasma physics due to their ability to achieve higher spatial resolution than pinholes. Their design and implementation are complicated by the fact that a significant amount of the x-rays passing through the FZP will not diffract (zeroth order) and present a background to the measurement. This background can be large and inhomogeneous depending on the geometric setup of the experiment. Here, we present calculations of the diffracted (first order) and un-diffracted (zeroth order) flux profiles, which makes it possible to optimize the contrast between the first order imaging rays and the zeroth order background. Calculations for the implementation of a central block in the FZP, designed to block the zeroth from the entire field of view, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haberberger
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Shvydky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P M Nilson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Ivancic
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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4
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Zähter Ş, Rosmej ON, Beloiu P, Bogdanov A, Golubev A, Gyrdymov M, Jacoby J, Kantsyrev A, Loetzsch R, Nicolai M, Panyushkin V, Skobliakov A, Tavana PM, Uschmann I, Zahn N, Spielmann C. Monitoring of the heavy-ion beam distribution using poly- and monochromatic x-ray fluorescence imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113301. [PMID: 36461450 DOI: 10.1063/5.0082932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the first proof of the principal of an in situ diagnostics of the heavy-ion beam intensity distribution in irradiation of solid targets is proposed. In this scheme, x-ray fluorescence that occurs in the interaction of heavy-ions with target atoms is used for imaging purposes. The x-ray conversion to optical radiation and a transport-system was developed, and its first test was performed in experiments at the Universal Linear Accelerator in Darmstadt, Germany. The Au-beam intensity distribution on thin foils and Cu-mesh targets was imaged using multiple x-ray pinholes (polychromatic imaging) and 2D monochromatic imaging of Cu Kα radiation by using a toroidally bent silicon crystal. The presented results are of importance for application in experiments on the investigation of the equation of states of high energy density matter using high intensity GeV/u heavy-ion beams of ≥1010 particles/100 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ş Zähter
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - O N Rosmej
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Beloiu
- Institute for Applied Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Bogdanov
- Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics Named by A.I. Alikhanov of National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 25 Bol'shaya Cheremushkinskaya str., 117218 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Golubev
- Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics Named by A.I. Alikhanov of National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 25 Bol'shaya Cheremushkinskaya str., 117218 Moscow, Russia
| | - M Gyrdymov
- Institute for Applied Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Jacoby
- Institute for Applied Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Kantsyrev
- Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics Named by A.I. Alikhanov of National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 25 Bol'shaya Cheremushkinskaya str., 117218 Moscow, Russia
| | - R Loetzsch
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M Nicolai
- Institute for Applied Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - V Panyushkin
- Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics Named by A.I. Alikhanov of National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 25 Bol'shaya Cheremushkinskaya str., 117218 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Skobliakov
- Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics Named by A.I. Alikhanov of National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 25 Bol'shaya Cheremushkinskaya str., 117218 Moscow, Russia
| | - P M Tavana
- Institute for Applied Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - I Uschmann
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - N Zahn
- Institute for Applied Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Spielmann
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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5
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Champey PR, Kolodziejczak J, Kozioziemski B, Davis J, Griffith C, Kester T, Kilaru K, Meekham A, Menapace J, Ramsey B, Roberts OJ, Sanchez J, Singam P, Smith WS, Speegle C, Stahl M, Suratwala T, Thomas N, Young M, Vogel JK. Toward the fabrication of a 5-μm-resolution Wolter microscope for the National Ignition Facility (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113504. [PMID: 36461486 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in computer-controlled polishing, metrology, and replication have led to an x-ray mirror fabrication process that is capable of producing high-resolution Wolter microscopes. We present the fabrication and test of a nickel-cobalt replicated full-shell x-ray mirror that was electroformed from a finely figured and polished mandrel. This mandrel was designed for an 8-m source-to-detector-distance microscope, with 10× magnification, and was optimized to reduce shell distortions that occur within 20 mm of the shell ends. This, in combination with an improved replication tooling design and refined bath parameters informed by a detailed COMSOL Multiphysics® model, has led to reductions in replication errors in the mirrors. Mandrel surface fabrication was improved by implementing a computer-controlled polishing process that corrected the low-frequency mandrel figure error and achieved <2.0 nm RMS convergence error. X-ray tests performed on a pair of mirror shells replicated from the mandrel have demonstrated <10 μm full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) spatial resolution. Here, we discuss the development process, highlight results from metrology and x-ray testing, and define a path for achieving a program goal of 5 μm FWHM resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Jacqueline Davis
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Charles Griffith
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Tom Kester
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Kiranmayee Kilaru
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - Amy Meekham
- Jacobs Space Exploration Group, 620 Discovery Dr NW Suite: 130, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Joe Menapace
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Brian Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Oliver J Roberts
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Jacobs Space Exploration Group, 620 Discovery Dr NW Suite: 130, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Panini Singam
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, P.O. Box 117, Mississippi-32, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-0117, USA
| | - W Scott Smith
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Chet Speegle
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Mark Stahl
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Tayyab Suratwala
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Nick Thomas
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Mark Young
- Jacobs Space Exploration Group, 620 Discovery Dr NW Suite: 130, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Julia K Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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6
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Do A, Kozioziemski BJ. Fresnel zone plate point spread function approximation for zeroth order mitigation in millimetric field of view x-ray imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:103507. [PMID: 36319332 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High spatial and temporal resolution x-ray radiography images are required at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) for high-energy density experiments. One technique that is in development to achieve the required resolution uses Fresnel zone plate (FZP) optics to image an object that is backlit by an x-ray source. The multiple FZP diffraction orders do not focus on the same plane, which increases the background and reduces the contrast. Understanding the point spread function of the different diffraction orders will allow the prediction of the expected background using simulations. We find that the two-dimensional point spread function of the FZP can be approximated by the addition of a sharp Gaussian with a disk. This allowed for the estimation of the background in NIF experimental images of Rayleigh-Taylor spikes and their interpretation. An alternative design of FZP is discussed to allow the inclusion of a zeroth order blocker to reduce the background.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Do
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B J Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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7
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Do A, Angulo AM, Hall GN, Nagel SR, Izumi N, Kozioziemski BJ, McCarville T, Ayers JM, Bradley DK. X-ray imaging of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities using Fresnel zone plate at the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:053511. [PMID: 34243355 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Being able to provide high-resolution x-ray radiography is crucial in order to study hydrodynamic instabilities in the high-energy density regime at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Current capabilities limit us to about 20 μm resolution using pinholes, but recent studies have demonstrated the high-resolution capability of the Fresnel zone plate optics at the NIF, measuring 2.3 μm resolution. Using a zinc Heα line at 9 keV as a backlighter, we obtained a radiograph of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities with a measured resolution of under 3 μm. Two images were taken with a time integrated detector and were time gated by a laser pulse duration of 600 ps, and a third image was taken with a framing camera with a 100 ps time gate on the same shot and on the same line of sight. The limiting factors on image quality for these two cases are the motion blur and the signal to noise ratio, respectively. We also suggest solutions to increase the image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Do
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A M Angulo
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - G N Hall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B J Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T McCarville
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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