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Long-Term Consequences of Adaptive Fetal Programming in Ruminant Livestock. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.778440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental perturbations during gestation can alter fetal development and postnatal animal performance. In humans, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) resulting from adaptive fetal programming is known as a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality and predisposes offspring to metabolic disease, however, the prevalence and impact in livestock is not characterized as well. Multiple animal models have been developed as a proxy to determine mechanistic changes that underlie the postnatal phenotype resulting from these programming events in humans but have not been utilized as robustly in livestock. While the overall consequences are similar between models, the severity of the conditions appear to be dependent on type, timing, and duration of insult, indicating that some environmental insults are of more relevance to livestock production than others. Thus far, maternofetal stress during gestation has been shown to cause increased death loss, low birth weight, inefficient growth, and aberrant metabolism. A breadth of this data comes from the fetal ruminant collected near term or shortly thereafter, with fewer studies following these animals past weaning. Consequently, even less is known about how adaptive fetal programming impacts subsequent progeny. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the postnatal phenotype of livestock resulting from different models of fetal programming, with a focus on growth, metabolism, and reproductive efficiency. We further describe what is currently known about generational impacts of fetal programming in production systems, along with gaps and future directions to consider.
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Effect of dietary protein to energy ratio on growth performance of pre-and post-weaned lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Maternal nicotinamide supplementation during the perinatal period modifies the small intestine morphology and antioxidative status of offspring kids. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Perinatal Diseases. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150149 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Prenatal origins of postnatal variation in growth, development and productivity of ruminants. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent research into the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal biology and the growth, development and productivity of progeny in postnatal life of ruminant livestock. Evidence is summarised for effects on postnatal growth and body composition, feed intake and efficiency, carcass characteristics and meat quality, wool production, reproduction and lactation performance. In general, these demonstrated effects are not large in relation to the effects of postnatal nutrition and other environmental influences. The mechanisms underpinning the above production outcomes are briefly discussed in terms of systemic endocrine and metabolic responses, and cellular and molecular effects in skeletal muscle, bone, adipose tissue, wool follicles and brain of fetal, neonatal and adult progeny. Treatments observed to elicit tissue responses include maternal under- and overnutrition at various stages of pregnancy and placental insufficiency caused by increased litter size, chronic maternal heat stress and premating carunclectomy in sheep. The as yet meagre evidence for epigenetic mediation of intergenerational effects in ruminants is considered, as is the likelihood that other, more conventional explanations may suffice in some cases. Finally, evidence is summarised for the proposition that the placenta is not merely a passive conduit for nutrient transfer from dam to fetus, but plays an active role in buffering the effects of variations in maternal nutrition on fetal growth and development, and thence, postnatal outcomes.
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