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Subedi M, Ghimire B, Bagwell JW, Buck JW, Mergoum M. Wheat end-use quality: State of art, genetics, genomics-assisted improvement, future challenges, and opportunities. Front Genet 2023; 13:1032601. [PMID: 36685944 PMCID: PMC9849398 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1032601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat is the most important source of food, feed, and nutrition for humans and livestock around the world. The expanding population has increasing demands for various wheat products with different quality attributes requiring the development of wheat cultivars that fulfills specific demands of end-users including millers and bakers in the international market. Therefore, wheat breeding programs continually strive to meet these quality standards by screening their improved breeding lines every year. However, the direct measurement of various end-use quality traits such as milling and baking qualities requires a large quantity of grain, traits-specific expensive instruments, time, and an expert workforce which limits the screening process. With the advancement of sequencing technologies, the study of the entire plant genome is possible, and genetic mapping techniques such as quantitative trait locus mapping and genome-wide association studies have enabled researchers to identify loci/genes associated with various end-use quality traits in wheat. Modern breeding techniques such as marker-assisted selection and genomic selection allow the utilization of these genomic resources for the prediction of quality attributes with high accuracy and efficiency which speeds up crop improvement and cultivar development endeavors. In addition, the candidate gene approach through functional as well as comparative genomics has facilitated the translation of the genomic information from several crop species including wild relatives to wheat. This review discusses the various end-use quality traits of wheat, their genetic control mechanisms, the use of genetics and genomics approaches for their improvement, and future challenges and opportunities for wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Subedi
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Bikash Ghimire
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - John White Bagwell
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - James W. Buck
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Mohamed Mergoum
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Mohamed Mergoum,
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Maryami Z, Azimi MR, Guzman C, Dreisigacker S, Najafian G. Puroindoline ( Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1) and waxy ( Wx-1) genes in Iranian bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) landraces. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1814866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Maryami
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Azimi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Carlos Guzman
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sussane Dreisigacker
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT), Mexico D.F, Mexico
| | - Godarz Najafian
- Cereal Chemistry and Technology Unit, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
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Henkrar F, El-Haddoury J, Ouabbou H, Bendaou N, Udupa SM. Genetic characterization of Moroccan and the exotic bread wheat cultivars using functional and random DNA markers linked to the agronomic traits for genomics-assisted improvement. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:97. [PMID: 28330167 PMCID: PMC4823230 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic characterization, diversity analysis and estimate of the genetic relationship among varieties using functional and random DNA markers linked to agronomic traits can provide relevant guidelines in selecting parents and designing new breeding strategies for marker-assisted wheat cultivar improvement. Here, we characterize 20 Moroccan and 19 exotic bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars using 47 functional and 7 linked random DNA markers associated with 21 loci of the most important traits for wheat breeding. The functional marker analysis revealed that 35, 45, and 10 % of the Moroccan cultivars, respectively have the rust resistance genes (Lr34/Yr18/Pm38), dwarfing genes (Rht1b or Rht2b alleles) and the leaf rust resistance gene (Lr68). The marker alleles for genes Lr37/Yr17/Sr38, Sr24 and Yr36 were present only in the exotic cultivars and absent in Moroccan cultivars. 25 % of cultivars had 1BL.1RS translocation. 70 % of the wheat cultivars had Ppo-D1a and Ppo-A1b associated with low polyphenol oxidase activity. 10 % of cultivars showed presence of a random DNA marker allele (175 bp) linked to Hessian fly resistance gene H22. The majority of the Moroccan cultivars were carrying alleles that impart good bread making quality. Neighbor joining (NJ) and principal coordinate analysis based on the marker data revealed a clear differentiation between elite Moroccan and exotic wheat cultivars. The results of this study are useful for selecting suitable parents for making targeted crosses in marker-assisted wheat breeding and enhancing genetic diversity in the wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Henkrar
- ICARDA-INRA Cooperative Research Project, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), B.P. 6299, Rabat, Morocco
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), B.P. 415, Rabat, Morocco
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), B.P. 589, Settat, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jamal El-Haddoury
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), B.P. 589, Settat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Ouabbou
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), B.P. 589, Settat, Morocco
| | - Najib Bendaou
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sripada M Udupa
- ICARDA-INRA Cooperative Research Project, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), B.P. 6299, Rabat, Morocco.
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Guzmán C, Alvarez JB. Wheat waxy proteins: polymorphism, molecular characterization and effects on starch properties. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:1-16. [PMID: 26276148 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The starch fraction, comprising about 70% of the total dry matter in the wheat grain, can greatly affect the end-use quality of products made from wheat kernels, especially Asian noodles. Starch is associated with the shelf life and nutritional value (glycaemic index) of different wheat products. Starch quality is closely associated with the ratio of amylose to amylopectin, the two main macromolecules forming starch. In this review, we briefly summarise the discovery of waxy proteins-shown to be the sole enzymes responsible for amylose synthesis in wheat. The review particularly focuses on the different variants of these proteins, together with their molecular characterisation and evaluation of their effects on starch composition. There have been 19 different waxy protein variants described using protein electrophoresis; and at a molecular level 19, 15 and seven alleles described for Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1, respectively. This large variability, found in modern wheat and genetic resources such as wheat ancestors and wild relatives, is in some cases not properly ordered. The proper ordering of all the data generated is the key to enhancing use in breeding programmes of the current variability described, and thus generating wheat with novel starch properties to satisfy the demand of industry and consumers for novel high-quality processed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guzmán
- CIMMYT. Global Wheat Program, Km 45 Carretera México-Veracruz, El Batán, C.P. 56237, Texcoco, Estado De México, Mexico.
| | - Juan B Alvarez
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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Ayala M, Alvarez JB, Yamamori M, Guzmán C. Molecular characterization of waxy alleles in three subspecies of hexaploid wheat and identification of two novel Wx-B1 alleles. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:2427-2435. [PMID: 26276149 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two novel Wx - B1 null alleles that enlarge the genetic variability for this wheat gene were characterized, whose effects on wheat quality could be different to those of the Wx - B1b allele. The starch composition of wheat grain has a primary influence on flour quality. Wheat starch consists of two types of glucose polymers: amylose (22-35% of the total) and amylopectin (68-75% of the total). Amylose is synthesized by waxy proteins. Several studies have contributed to the catalogue of waxy alleles available for breeders, and the search for novel alleles of these and other proteins related to flour quality continues. In this report, we describe the characterization of two novel Wx-B1 alleles (Wx-B1k and Wx-B1m) in a collection of macha, Indian dwarf and club wheat. Several accessions lacking Wx-B1 protein were detected, and some were caused by the common Wx-B1b null allele. Of the other accessions, four from Indian dwarf wheat showed the insertion of 4 bp within the seventh exon, and one from club wheat had a deletion of four nucleotides in the second exon. These mutations were novel and provisionally catalogued as Wx-B1k and Wx-B1m, respectively, and could be used to enlarge the genetic variability for this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Ayala
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
- División de Fitomejoramiento, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Juan B Alvarez
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Makoto Yamamori
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Carlos Guzmán
- Wheat Chemistry and Quality Laboratory, Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
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Vanzetti LS, Yerkovich N, Chialvo E, Lombardo L, Vaschetto L, Helguera M. Genetic structure of Argentinean hexaploid wheat germplasm. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:391-9. [PMID: 24130447 PMCID: PMC3795179 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genetically homogeneous groups of individuals is an ancient issue in population genetics and in the case of crops like wheat, it can be valuable information for breeding programs, genetic mapping and germplasm resources. In this work we determined the genetic structure of a set of 102 Argentinean bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) elite cultivars using 38 biochemical and molecular markers (functional, closely linked to genes and neutral ones) distributed throughout 18 wheat chromosomes. Genetic relationships among these lines were examined using model-based clustering methods. In the analysis three subpopulations were identified which correspond largely to the origin of the germplasm used by the main breeding programs in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo S Vanzetti
- Grupo Biotecnología y Recursos Genéticos, INTA EEA Marcos Juárez, Marcos Juárez, Córdoba, Argentina . ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Klimushina MV, Divashuk MG, Mokhammed TAK, Semenov OG, Karlov GI. Analysis of allelic state of genes responsible for baking properties in allocytoplasmic wheat hybrids. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413050074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Carter AH, Garland-Campbell K, Morris CF, Kidwell KK. Chromosomes 3B and 4D are associated with several milling and baking quality traits in a soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) population. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 124:1079-1096. [PMID: 22186959 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is marketed based on end-use quality characteristics and better knowledge of the underlying genetics of specific quality parameters is essential to enhance the breeding process. A set of 188 recombinant inbred lines from a 'Louise' by 'Penawawa' mapping population was grown in two crop years at two locations in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and data were collected on 17 end-use quality traits using established quality analysis protocols. Using an established genetic linkage map, composite interval mapping was used to identify QTL associated with 16 of the 17 quality traits. QTL were found on 13 of the 21 wheat chromosomes. A large number of QTL were located on chromosomes 3B and 4D and coincided with traits for milling quality and starch functionality. Chromosome 3B contained 10 QTL, which were localized to a 26.2 cM region. Chromosome 4D contained 7 QTL, all of which were located on an 18.8 cM region of this chromosome. The majority of the alleles for superior end-use quality were associated with the cultivar Louise. The identified QTL detected remained highly significant independent of grain yield and protein quantity. The identification of these QTL for end-use quality gives key insight into the relationship and complexity of end-use quality traits. It also improves our understanding of these relationships, thereby allowing plant breeders to make valuable gains from selection for these important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Carter
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA.
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Divashuk MG, Klimushina MV, Karlov GI. Molecular genetic characteristics of the Wx-B1e allele from common wheat and applicability of the DNA markers for its identification. RUSS J GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795411120039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Semenyuk IV, Chebotar’ SV, Rybalka AI, Sivolap YM. Molecular and genetic analysis of soft wheat selection lines with starch of the amylopectin type. CYTOL GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452711050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lu LD, Hou CL, Chen L, Yin GH, Deng CL, Gao WJ, Yang XQ, Tan GX. [Molecular identification on Waxy genes in wheat using multiple-PCR]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2009; 31:844-8. [PMID: 19689946 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2009.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple-PCR was conducted to establish a stable PCR system for identifying the three Wx genes in wheat. Two pairs of primers were employed to amplify Wx-A1, Wx-B1, and Wx-D1 genes of wheat, with the target sequences of 230 bp/265 bp, 854 bp, and 204 bp, respectively. The results showed that Wx-A1, Wx-B1, and Wx-D1 can be detected simultaneously in a single reaction. This method proved to be repeatable and low cost for evaluation of wheat quality properties in breeding program. This multiple-PCR technique can be efficiently used in marker-assisted selection for Wx genes, which will improve selection procedure for waxy wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Dou Lu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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Petrova IV, Chebotar’ SV, Rybalka AI, Sivolap YM. Identification of Wx genotypes among different varieties of soft winter wheat. CYTOL GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452707060023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ashkani J, Pakniyat H, Ghotbi V. Genetic evaluation of several physiological traits for screening of suitable spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes under stress and non-stress irrigation regimes. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:2320-6. [PMID: 19070151 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2320.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Seven cultivars and one line of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were used to estimate genetic variation, heritability, genetic gain and genetic factor analysis for several physiological traits. Each experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factor loadings in first factor were used for determination of important physiological traits for suitable genotype screening under each irrigation regimes. Under non-stress conditions, factor analysis technique extracted six factors which exploited about 93% of the total genetic variation, while 30% of the total genetic variance was associated by the first factor. Under stress conditions factor analysis extracted four factors and they totally explained 100% of the total genetic variation, while, the first factor accounted for 38% of the total genetic variation. Ultimate, leaf area index (at stem-elongation and flowering), leaf osmotic potential (at stem-elongation) and rate of water loss from excised leaves (at flowering) under non-stress conditions and also leaf area index (at flowering and grain filling) and rate of water loss from excised leaves (at grain filling) under stress conditions were the best criteria for screening of suitable genotype under explicated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashkani
- Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Giersch TM, Wu MJ, Duncan L, Zhao X, Chin J. Detection of mutations in the 7A allele of wheat (Triticum aestivum) granule-bound starch synthase (Wx-7A) with a monoclonal antibody produced by targeted peptide immunisation. J Cereal Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mohler V, Wenzel G. Function of Genetic Material: Contribution of Molecular Markers in Improving Crop Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18819-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Abstract
The publicly reported limited application of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding programmes to date is reviewed and contrasted with the current situation, in which it has increasingly become technically feasible to tag almost any gene with a microsatellite assay. Although this capability is starting to have an impact on the conduct of large breeding programmes, a much more profound change in breeding strategy will become possible when single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) technology has matured sufficiently so that the throughput of molecular marker-based genotyping is able to keep pace with the numbers of plants that breeders routinely handle in the field. We explore the extent to which the genomics revolution might generate a change in the conventional breeding paradigm, which has operated with such success for the best part of the 20th century, and identify the need for a substantial reduction in assay price before MAS is likely to make more than a marginal impact on present practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M D Koebner
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK NR4 7UH.
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Nakamura T, Vrinten P, Saito M, Konda M. Rapid classification of partial waxy wheats using PCR-based markers. Genome 2002; 45:1150-6. [PMID: 12502261 DOI: 10.1139/g02-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the three homeologous waxy loci Wx-A1, Wx-B1, and Wx-D1 of a waxy wheat line have previously been characterized at the molecular level. Using combinations of these mutations, six types of partial waxy wheat plus wild type and waxy wheat (types 1-8) can be produced. Here, we describe primer sets for all three loci that can be used under a single set of conditions, allowing 32 lines to be characterized as types 1-8 in a single PCR run using a 96-well plate. Using multiplex PCR, mutations at the Wx-B1 and Wx-D1 loci can be identified in a single PCR, reducing the number of reactions necessary to identify and select the desired partial waxy wheat line. A single multiplex PCR can be used to detect all three mutations when products are analyzed using capillary electrophoresis on a microchip device. The PCR conditions and primers are effective with a number of cultivars from other countries, indicating that the mutations found at the Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 loci of these cultivars likely have the same origins as the mutations in the corresponding loci of the waxy wheat line used in this study. The PCR selection method described here is an easy and effective alternative to the commonly used SDS-PAGE methods for identification of null alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Department of Plant Breeding, Tohoku National Agriculture Research Center, Akahira 4, Morioka 020-0198, Iwate, Japan.
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