1
|
Stanfield MK, Dilger M, Hayne DJ, Emonson NS, Barlow A, Boase NRB, Gahan LR, Krenske EH, Pinson J, Eyckens DJ, Henderson LC. Examining the Role of Aryldiazonium Salts in Surface Electroinitiated Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4979-4995. [PMID: 35417182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the irreversible reduction of aryldiazonium salts has provided a reliable method to modify surfaces, demonstrating a catalogue of suitable diazonium salts for targeted applications. This work expands the knowledge of diazonium salt chemistry to participate in surface electroinitiated emulsion polymerization (SEEP). The influence of concentration, electronic effects, and steric hindrance/regiochemistry of the diazonium salt initiator on the production of polymeric films is examined. The objective of this work is to determine if a polymer film can be tailored, controlling the thickness, density, and surface homogeneity using specific diazonium chemistry. The data presented herein demonstrate a significant difference in polymer films that can be achieved when selecting a variety of diazonium salts and vinylic monomers. A clear trend aligns with the electron-rich diazonium salt substitution providing the thickest films (up to 70.9 ± 17.8 nm) with increasing diazonium concentration and electron-withdrawing substitution achieving optimal homogeneity for the surface of the film at a 5 mM diazonium concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Stanfield
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Melvin Dilger
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations, University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David J Hayne
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Emonson
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Anders Barlow
- Materials Characterisation and Fabrication Platform (MCFP), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nathan R B Boase
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Physics and Chemistry, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Lawrence R Gahan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jean Pinson
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Daniel J Eyckens
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nielsen SU, Koefoed L, Lund H, Daasbjerg K, Pedersen SU. Wohl-Ziegler Bromination of Electrografted Films for Optimizing Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Urth Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Line Koefoed
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Henning Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center; Aarhus University; Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Steen U. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wahab MF, Ibrahim MEA, Lucy CA. Carboxylate modified porous graphitic carbon: a new class of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography phases. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5684-91. [PMID: 23701017 DOI: 10.1021/ac400350x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) are predominantly based on silica and polymer supports. We present porous graphitic carbon particles with covalently attached carboxylic acid groups (carboxylate-PGC) as a new HILIC stationary phase. PGC particles were modified by adsorbing the diazonium salt of 4-aminobenzoic acid onto the PGC, followed by reduction of the adsorbed salt with sodium borohydride. The newly developed carboxylate-PGC phase exhibits different selectivity than that of 35 HPLC columns, including bare silica, zwitterionic, amine, reversed, and unmodified PGC phases. Carboxylate-PGC is stable from pH 2.0 to 12.6, yielding reproducible retention even at pH 12.6. Characterization of the new phase is presented by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, zeta potentials, and elemental analysis. The chromatographic performance of carboxylate-PGC as a HILIC phase is illustrated by separations of carboxylic acids, nucleotides, phenols, and amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|