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Ding H, Ao C, Zhang X. Potential use of garlic products in ruminant feeding: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:343-355. [PMID: 37635929 PMCID: PMC10448032 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The addition of antibiotics as growth promoters to ruminant feed can result in bacterial resistance and antibiotic residues in ruminant products. Correspondingly, there is serious public concern regarding the presence of antibiotic residue in ruminant products and the consequent threat to human health. As a result, the addition of plants and their products to ruminant feeds, as an alternative to antibiotics, has received much attention recently. Garlic and its products are rich in organosulphur compounds, which have a variety of biological activities and have been widely used as natural additives in animal production. This review presents recent knowledge on the addition of garlic products (powder, skin, oil, leaf and extracts) to the diets of ruminants. In this paper, garlic products are evaluated with respect to their chemical composition, bioactive compounds, and their impacts on the rumen ecosystem, antioxidant status, immune response, parasitic infection, growth performance and product quality of ruminants. This review provides valuable guidance and a theoretical basis for the development of garlic products as green, highly efficient and safe additives, with the aims of promoting ruminant growth and health, reducing methane emissions and improving ruminant product quality. Garlic extracts have the potential to control parasite infections by decreasing the faecal egg count. Garlic powder, oil and allicin are able to reduce the methane emissions of ruminants. Organosulphur compounds such as allicin, which is present in garlic products, have the potential to inhibit membrane lipid synthesis of the archaeal community, thus influencing the population of methanogenic archaea and resulting in a reduction in methane emissions. Some garlic products are also able to increase the average daily gain (garlic skin, water extract, and leaf) and the feed conversion ratio (garlic skin and leaf) of ruminants. Garlic stalk silage fed to sheep has the potential to improve the nutritional value of mutton by increasing the concentrations of linoleic and linolenic acids and essential amino acids. Sheep fed a diet containing garlic powder or oil are able to produce milk with higher concentrations of the conjugated linoleic acids and n-3 fatty acids, which has health benefits for consumers, due to the widely recognized positive impact of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids on human heart health, improving platelet aggregation, vasodilation and thrombotic tendency. Overall, garlic products have the potential to enhance growth performance and product quality and reduce parasite infections, as well as methane emissions of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ding
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Changjin Ao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
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Băieş MH, Cotuţiu VD, Spînu M, Mathe A, Cozma-Petruț A, Miere D, Bolboacǎ SD, Cozma V. The Effects of Coriandrum sativum L. and Cucurbita pepo L. against Gastrointestinal Parasites in Swine: An In Vivo Study. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1230. [PMID: 37317204 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are responsible for substantial losses in reproduction and productivity in swine, creating a major impairment to efficient and profitable livestock management. The use of phytotherapeutic remedies has notably increased over the past decade due to their bioavailability, decreased toxicity, non-polluting nature, and to some extent due to their antiparasitic effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiparasitic potential of Cucurbita pepo L. and Coriandrum sativum L. against protozoa and nematodes found in swine. The samples were collected from weaners, fatteners, and sows and examined via flotation (Willis and McMaster), active sedimentation, Ziehl-Neelsen staining as modified by Henricksen, a modified Blagg method, and eggs/oocyst culture. The parasite species detected were Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum spp., Balantioides coli (syn. Balantidium coli), Eimeria spp., and Cryptosporidium spp., depending on age category. A dose of 500 mg/kg bw/day of C. pepo and 170 mg/kg bw/day of C. sativum powders, administered for ten consecutive days, demonstrated a pronounced anthelmintic (pumpkin) and antiprotozoal (coriander) effect against the aforementioned parasites. Future studies are required to ascertain the optimal dose that maximizes their antiparasitic effectiveness. The current study represents the first Romanian report on the in vivo antiparasitic activity of these two plants tested on digestive parasites in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai-Horia Băieş
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad-Dan Cotuţiu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Attila Mathe
- Agricultural Research and Development Station of Turda, 27 Agriculturii Street, 401100 Turda, Romania
| | - Anamaria Cozma-Petruț
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Doina Miere
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorana D Bolboacǎ
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vasile Cozma
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Gheorghe Ionescu-Siseşti (A.S.A.S.), 61 Mǎrǎşti Boulevard, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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Ježek J, Mirtič K, Rešetič N, Hodnik JJ, Vergles Rataj A. The effect of pumpkin seed cake and ground cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) supplementation on gastrointestinal nematode egg shedding in sheep. Parasite 2021; 28:78. [PMID: 34870589 PMCID: PMC8647689 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feed additives (pumpkin seed cake and cloves) on the egg excretion of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep. Thirty ewes naturally infected with GIN were randomly selected from a flock and assigned to the following groups of 10 animals each: clove group (received 1.8 g ground cloves/ewe/day, for 7 days), pumpkin seed cake group (200 g pumpkin seed cake/ewe/day, for 7 days) and control group. Before starting the study, on day 0, and 5 days after the 7-day supplementation, on day 12, the body condition and FAMACHA scores were assessed and individual faecal egg counts (FEC) were performed. The mean body condition and the FAMACHA scores did not change significantly between day 0 and 12 with the exception of a significantly deteriorated FAMACHA score in the clove group. The percentage reduction of FEC was 40.7% on day 12 in the clove group and 52.9% in the pumpkin seed cake group. In the control group, FEC increased by 8.7%. A coproculture of faecal samples from four of the most infected animals on day 0 revealed Trichostrongylus spp. larvae L3 in all four selected ewes, Ostertagia spp. and Cooperia spp. in three and Haemonchus contortus in one ewe. These results are promising and encourage further studies aimed to evaluate the possibility that these plant supplements could be a complementary method for parasite control, thus reducing the need for chemotherapy.
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Zhong R, Xiang H, Cheng L, Zhao C, Wang F, Zhao X, Fang Y. Effects of Feeding Garlic Powder on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and the Health Status of Lambs Infected by Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030102. [PMID: 30897693 PMCID: PMC6466378 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-chemical strategies to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) infection are urgently needed to support the sustainable development of the livestock industry. The potential anti-parasitic properties in garlic powder to control sheep GINs was investigated in this study. The key finding of this study was that feeding garlic powder increased growth performance of lambs infected with GINs by decreasing fecal egg counts and improving feed digestion, rumen fermentation, and the health status of lambs. Abstract For the study, forty lambs were weighed and assigned into two treatments to determine the effects of feeding garlic powder on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and the health status of lambs infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). The lambs were fed with a basal diet without or with 50 g/kg garlic powder for 84 d. Data were analyzed by a general linear or mixed model of SAS software and differences were considered statistically significant if p ≤ 0.05. Results showed that garlic powder supplementation increased the lambs’ average daily gain (p = 0.025), digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.019), and crude protein (p = 0.007). No significant changes were observed on the dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, as well as the apparent digestibility of lipid and fiber. An interactive effect between treatment and feeding day was observed on ruminal pH (p < 0.001) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (p < 0.001). Ruminal pH (p < 0.001) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (p < 0.001) decreased with garlic powder supplementation, while ammonia nitrogen concentration increased (p = 0.001) with the extension of the feeding period. Garlic powder supplementation increased the total volatile fatty acid concentration (p < 0.001) in the rumen fluid, the molar proportion of acetic acid (p = 0.002), propionic acid (p < 0.001), and isovaleric acid (p = 0.049), but it decreased the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (p = 0.015). The lambs’ fecal egg count decreased (p < 0.001), but the packed cell volume and body condition scores of lambs increased (p < 0.001) with garlic powder supplementation. In conclusion, feeding garlic powder increased growth performance, feed digestion, rumen fermentation, and the health status of lambs infected with GINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Hai Xiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Long Cheng
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Dookie Campus, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3647, Australia.
| | - Chengzhen Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Xueli Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Yi Fang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
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Matthews K, O’Brien D, Whitley N, Burke J, Miller J, Barczewski R. Investigation of possible pumpkin seeds and ginger effects on gastrointestinal nematode infection indicators in meat goat kids and lambs. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schelkle B, Snellgrove D, Cable J. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of garlic compounds against Gyrodactylus turnbulli infecting the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Vet Parasitol 2013; 198:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Strickland VJ, Fisher JS, Potts WT, Hepworth GW. Lack of response to garlic fed at different dose rates for the control of Haemonchus contortus in Merino wether lambs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/an09057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the increased incidence of parasite resistance to chemical anthelmintics worldwide novel approaches to manage parasite infection, such as medicinal plants and their extracts, are being investigated by the scientific community. The current study tested the effect of three rates of garlic (0.9, 1.8 and 3.6%) in a pelleted ration on Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Thirty-nine Merino wether lambs aged 6 months were divided into five treatment groups, including three garlic dose rates and two control groups that received no garlic. All animals were infected with 4000 L3 H. contortus larvae 3 weeks after allocation to treatments. A positive control group was drenched with abamectin 28 days after infection. The synthetic drench was effective in controlling the parasites, but there was no reduction in either worm egg counts (WEC) or total worm count due to the garlic. The 3.6% garlic treatment had significantly lower (P < 0.05) liveweight, feed intake, body condition score and feed conversion ratio than any of the other treatment groups, suggesting that this level of garlic had a low level of anti-nutritional properties. There was an interaction between faecal WEC and voluntary feed intake over time, with the animals with higher voluntary feed intake having lower WEC over time.
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