Calorie restriction during gestation affects ovarian reserve in offspring in the mouse

Impact of In Ovo Leptin Injection and Dietary Protein Levels on Ovarian Growth Markers and Early Folliculogenesis in Post-Hatch Chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Genetically bred for rapid growth, broiler breeder hens develop obesity and ovarian dysfunction when fed ad libitum, resembling a condition that resembles human polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Nutritional control applies to post-hatched chicks from one week onward to prevent the development of a PCOS-like phenotype in adult broilers. This study investigated the impact of a growth marker, leptin, and post-hatch nutritional intake on early-life ovarian function. Fertile broiler eggs were injected in ovo with physiological saline solution or 5 µg of leptin and then incubated. After hatching, female chicks were fed ad libitum a diet containing low protein (17% low crude protein (LP)) or standard protein (22% standard crude protein (SP)). Tissues were collected from 7- and 28-day-old chicks for RT-qPCR and histological analysis. In contrast to the LP diet, the SP diet suppressed the mRNA expression of ovarian growth markers essential for folliculogenesis in post-hatched chicks. Leptin injection did not influence ovarian growth markers but increased pituitary gonadotropin transcripts in 7-day-old chicks fed with LP diet. No treatment effects on follicle activation were noted on day 7, but by day 28, in ovo leptin-treated LP-fed chicks exhibited a higher percentage of primary follicles. These changes may have resulted from the early upregulation of genes by leptin during the first week, including pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian leptin receptors. The decline in ovarian growth markers with the SP diet highlights the importance of precise post-hatch protein calculation, which may influence future ovarian function in animals. These findings may contribute to future dietary strategies to enhance broiler reproduction.