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Elinder M, Engström P, Erixson O. The last will: Estate divisions as a testament of to whom altruism is directed. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254492. [PMID: 34320017 PMCID: PMC8318293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We use data on estate divisions to study to whom altruistic preferences are directed. Insofar bequests are given without the prospect of future personal benefits in mind, they are presumably intrinsically motivated. Hence, estate divisions provide a rare opportunity to study intrinsically motivated prosocial behavior in the field. The empirical analysis is based on data from digitized estate reports for all individuals in Sweden who passed away in 2002 and 2003. The data show in detail how the decedents distributed their bequests. We find that family members, both genetic (offspring) and non-genetic (partner), receive the lion’s share of the estates. Other relatives, friends and strangers (represented by charities) receive only very small shares of the total estate wealth. The results suggest that intrinsically motivated altruism is primarily directed towards close family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Elinder
- Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- The Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (ME); (PE); (OE)
| | - Per Engström
- Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (ME); (PE); (OE)
| | - Oscar Erixson
- Institute of Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (ME); (PE); (OE)
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Wallace B, Matlock DM, Scherer A, Fagerlin A, Scherer LD. Life Support Preferences in the Context of COVID-19: Results from a National US Survey. Med Decis Making 2021; 41:963-969. [PMID: 34053355 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x211016313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Wallace
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Aaron Scherer
- University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Angela Fagerlin
- University of Utah Department of Population Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Abstract
This paper outlines why a move towards a complex adaptive systems model of behaviour is required if the goal is to generate better understanding of how individuals and groups interact with their environment in a disaster setting. To accomplish this objective, a bridge must be built between the broader social sciences and behavioural economics to incorporate discipline-specific insights that are needed to move towards complexity. This is only possible through a deeper understanding of behaviour and how the environment in which they occur can influence actions. It is then that one can counteract the poor behavioural predictions, flawed policies based on myth, inefficient design, and suboptimal outcomes that have flourished in the absence of a complex adaptive systems model. This paper provides a conceptual framework that draws on concepts from across the natural and social sciences, such as behavioural economics, endocrinology, psychology, sociobiology, and sociology in order to build an interactive theory of disaster behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Savage
- Associate Professor of Behavioural Economics and Microeconomics, Newcastle Business School, The University of Newcastle, Australia
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4
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Drury J, Carter H, Cocking C, Ntontis E, Tekin Guven S, Amlôt R. Facilitating Collective Psychosocial Resilience in the Public in Emergencies: Twelve Recommendations Based on the Social Identity Approach. Front Public Health 2019; 7:141. [PMID: 31214561 PMCID: PMC6558061 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence demonstrates the centrality of social psychology to the behavior of members of the public as immediate responders in emergencies. Such public behavior is a function of social psychological processes—in particular identities and norms. In addition, what the authorities and relevant professional groups assume about the social psychology of people in emergencies shapes policy and practice in preparedness, response, and recovery. These assumptions therefore have consequences for the public's ability to act as immediate responders. In this Policy and Practice Review, we will do three things. First, we will overview research on the behavior of survivors of emergencies and disasters, drawing out key factors known to explain the extent to which survivors cooperate in these events and contribute to safe collective outcomes. We will demonstrate the utility of the social identity approach as an overarching framework for explaining the major mechanisms of collective supportive behavior among survivors in emergencies. Second, we will critically review recent and current UK government agency guidance on emergency response, focusing particularly on what is stated about the role of survivors in emergencies and disasters. This review will suggest that the “community resilience” agenda has only been partly realized in practice, but that the social identity approach is progressing this. Third, we will derive from the research literature and from dialogue with groups involved in emergencies a set of 12 recommendations for both emergency managers and members of the public affected by emergencies and disasters. These focus on the crucial need to build shared identity and to communicate, and the connection between these two aims. Including our recommendations within emergency guidance and training will facilitate collective psychosocial resilience, which refers to the way a shared identity allows groups of survivors to express and expect solidarity and cohesion, and thereby to coordinate and draw upon collective sources of support. In sum, this evidence-base and the recommendations we derive from it will help professionals involved in emergency management to support public resilient behaviors and will help the public to develop and maintain their own capacity for such resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Drury
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Carter
- Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cocking
- School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Ntontis
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Politics, and Sociology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Selin Tekin Guven
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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5
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Liu Y, Wang H, Li L, Wang Y, Peng J, Baxter DF. Judgments in a hurry: Time pressure affects how judges assess unfairly shared losses and unfairly shared gains. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:203-212. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Liu
- School of Psychology North China University of Science and Technology Hebei People's Republic of China
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Neuroscience North China University of Science and Technology Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - He Wang
- School of Psychology North China University of Science and Technology Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Li
- School of Psychology North China University of Science and Technology Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Psychology North China University of Science and Technology Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Peng
- School of Management Guangzhou University Guangzhou People's Republic of China
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6
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Drury J. The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: An integrative review. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2018.1471948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Drury
- Reader in Social Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Dezecache G, Grèzes J, Dahl CD. The nature and distribution of affiliative behaviour during exposure to mild threat. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170265. [PMID: 28878976 PMCID: PMC5579091 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Individual reactions to danger in humans are often characterized as antisocial and self-preservative. Yet, more than 50 years of research have shown that humans often seek social partners and behave prosocially when confronted by danger. This research has relied on post hoc verbal reports, which fall short of capturing the more spontaneous reactions to danger and determine their social nature. Real-world responses to danger are difficult to observe, due to their evanescent nature. Here, we took advantage of a series of photographs freely accessible online and provided by a haunted house attraction, which enabled us to examine the more immediate reactions to mild threat. Regarding the nature and structure of affiliative behaviour and their motivational correlates, we were able to analyse the distribution of gripping, a behaviour that could either be linked to self- or other-oriented protection. We found that gripping, an affiliative behaviour, was common, suggestive of the social nature of human immediate reactions to danger. We also found that, while gripping behaviour is quite stable across group sizes, mutual gripping dropped dramatically as group size increases. The fact that mutual gripping disappears when the number of available partners increases suggests that gripping behaviour most probably reflects a self-preservative motivation. We also found age class differences, with younger individuals showing more gripping but receiving little reciprocation. Also, the most exposed individuals received little mutual gripping. Altogether, these results suggest that primary reactions to threat in humans are driven by affiliative tendencies serving self-preservative motives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Grèzes
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christoph D. Dahl
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Sieben A, Schumann J, Seyfried A. Collective phenomena in crowds-Where pedestrian dynamics need social psychology. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177328. [PMID: 28591142 PMCID: PMC5462364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is on collective phenomena in pedestrian dynamics during the assembling and dispersal of gatherings. To date pedestrian dynamics have been primarily studied in the natural and engineering sciences. Pedestrians are analyzed and modeled as driven particles revealing self-organizing phenomena and complex transport characteristics. However, pedestrians in crowds also behave as living beings according to stimulus-response mechanisms or act as human subjects on the basis of social norms, social identities or strategies. To show where pedestrian dynamics need social psychology in addition to the natural sciences we propose the application of three categories-phenomena, behavior and action. They permit a clear discrimination between situations in which minimal models from the natural sciences are appropriate and those in which sociological and psychological concepts are needed. To demonstrate the necessity of this framework, an experiment in which a large group of people (n = 270) enters a concert hall through two different spatial barrier structures is analyzed. These two structures correspond to everyday situations such as boarding trains and access to immigration desks. Methods from the natural and social sciences are applied. Firstly, physical measurements show the influence of the spatial structure on the dynamics of the entrance procedure. Density, waiting time and speed of progress show large variations. Secondly, a questionnaire study (n = 60) reveals how people perceive and evaluate these entrance situations. Markedly different expectations, social norms and strategies are associated with the two spatial structures. The results from the questionnaire study do not always conform to objective physical measures, indicating the limitations of models which are based on objective physical measures alone and which neglect subjective perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sieben
- Chair of Social Theory and Social Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jette Schumann
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Armin Seyfried
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Yang C, Gao J, Du J, Wang H, Jiang J, Wang Z. Understanding the Outcome in the Chinese Changjiang Disaster in 2015: A Retrospective Study. J Emerg Med 2016; 52:197-204. [PMID: 27727034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rescue after a maritime disaster remains a great challenge in emergency medicine. OBJECTIVE We performed an overview of rescue efforts among the victims in the sunken cruise ship Eastern Star in the 2015 Changjiang River marine disaster, as well as possible preventive measures in maritime transport situations. METHODS The rescue records of 454 victims of the sunken ship were analyzed retrospectively. Their demographic data, rescue effects, accident inducement, and injury disposition were reviewed. A thorough analysis from the point of view of maritime traffic safety was also performed. RESULTS Of the 454 victims, 442 (97.36%) were killed and only 12 (2.64%) survived. The survivors were classified based on their gender, rescue type, and rescue spot as follows: male (91.67%), female (8.33%); tourists (50.00%), and ship staff (50.00%), after the breakdown of the rescue spot in Jianli, Hubei province, China. The survivors were saved only during the initial 17 h after the disaster. The survivors suffering from somato- and psychotrauma were urgently treated for limb injuries, infections of the upper respiratory tract and lungs, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and acute traumatic stress. This incident was the most severe maritime disaster since the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, due to the large number of elderly victims, fast overturning speed, and severe weather. CONCLUSIONS Emergency rescue requires more automated and intelligent systems for maritime safety. An increased focus must be placed on public welfare and ethics, with the goal of influencing more prosocial behavior rather than the pursuit of profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Fourth Department of Research, Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Fourth Department of Research, Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Fourth Department of Research, Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Fourth Department of Research, Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Fourth Department of Research, Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhengguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Fourth Department of Research, Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China; International Traffic Medicine Association, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
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Weng SC, Chen YC, Chen CY, Cheng YY, Tang YJ, Yang SH, Lin JR. Application of qualitative response models in a relevance study of older adults' health depreciation and medical care demand. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 17:645-652. [PMID: 27246701 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The effect of health depreciation in older people on medical care demand is not well understood. We tried to assess the medical care demand with length of hospitalization and their impact on profits as a result of health depreciation. METHODS All participants who underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment were from a prospective cohort study at a tertiary hospital. A total of 1191 cases between September 2008 to October 2012 were investigated. Three sets of qualitative response models were constructed to estimate the impact of older adults' health depreciation on multidisciplinary geriatric care services. Furthermore, we analyzed the factors affecting the composite end-point of rehospitalization within 14 days, re-admission to the emergency department within 3 days and patient death. RESULTS Greater health depreciation in elderly patients was positively correlated with greater medical care demand. Three major components were defined as health depreciation: elderly adaptation function, geriatric syndromes and multiple chronic diseases. On admission, the better the basic living functions, the shorter the length of hospitalization (coefficient = -0.35, P < 0.001 in Poisson regression; coefficient = -0.33, P < 0.001 in order choice profit model; coefficient = -0.29, P < 0.001 in binary choice profit model). The major determinants for poor outcome were male sex, middle old age and length of hospitalization. However, factors that correlated with relatively good outcome were functional improvement after medical care services and level of disease education. CONCLUSIONS An optimal allocation system for selection of cases into multidisciplinary geriatric care is required because of limited resources. Outcomes will improve with health promotion and preventive care services. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 645-652.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Chun Weng
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- Department and Institute of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Chen
- Department of International Business, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yang Cheng
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jing Tang
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Yang
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jwu-Rong Lin
- Department of International Business, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Drury J, Brown R, González R, Miranda D. Emergent social identity and observing social support predict social support provided by survivors in a disaster: Solidarity in the 2010 Chile earthquake. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Drury
- School of Psychology; University of Sussex; Brighton UK
| | - Rupert Brown
- School of Psychology; University of Sussex; Brighton UK
| | - Roberto González
- Escuela de Psicología; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Daniel Miranda
- Instituto de Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
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Hao K, Takahashi J, Ito K, Miyata S, Sakata Y, Nihei T, Tsuburaya R, Shiroto T, Ito Y, Matsumoto Y, Nakayama M, Yasuda S, Shimokawa H. Emergency care of acute myocardial infarction and the great East Japan earthquake disaster. Circ J 2014; 78:634-43. [PMID: 24451649 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although emergency care of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) could theoretically be improved through improved patient delay, this notion remains to be confirmed. Additionally, the influence of large earthquakes on the emergency care of AMI cases remains to be elucidated. The Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011) has enabled us to address these issues. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed the data from 2008 to 2011 (n=3,937) in the Miyagi AMI Registry Study. In-hospital mortality was significantly lower in 2011 as compared with the previous 3 years (7.3% vs. 10.5%, P<0.05). This improvement was noted especially during the first 2 months after the Earthquake, associated with shorter elapsing time from onset to admission (120 vs. 240min, P<0.001) and higher performance rate of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (86.8% vs. 76.2%, P<0.01). Importantly, after the Earthquake, patients with early admission (≤3h from onset) was significantly increased (59.1% vs. 47.0%, P<0.05) and their prognosis became better (7.9% vs. 11.4%, P=0.02), associated with a lower prevalence of heart failure on admission (6.9% vs. 16.2%, P=0.02) and higher performance rate of primary PCI (89.1% vs. 76.4%, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Emergency care of AMI improved soon after the Great East Japan Earthquake compared with ordinary times by the contribution of earlier admission from onset and higher performance rate of primary PCI. (Circ J 2014; 78: 634-643).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Hao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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Savage DA, Torgler B. The emergence of emotions and religious sentiments during the September 11 disaster. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-012-9330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Since the sinking of the Titanic, there has been a widespread belief that the social norm of "women and children first" (WCF) gives women a survival advantage over men in maritime disasters, and that captains and crew members give priority to passengers. We analyze a database of 18 maritime disasters spanning three centuries, covering the fate of over 15,000 individuals of more than 30 nationalities. Our results provide a unique picture of maritime disasters. Women have a distinct survival disadvantage compared with men. Captains and crew survive at a significantly higher rate than passengers. We also find that: the captain has the power to enforce normative behavior; there seems to be no association between duration of a disaster and the impact of social norms; women fare no better when they constitute a small share of the ship's complement; the length of the voyage before the disaster appears to have no impact on women's relative survival rate; the sex gap in survival rates has declined since World War I; and women have a larger disadvantage in British shipwrecks. Taken together, our findings show that human behavior in life-and-death situations is best captured by the expression "every man for himself."
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