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Engelsen NJ, Beccari A, Kippenberg TJ. Ultrahigh-quality-factor micro- and nanomechanical resonators using dissipation dilution. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:725-737. [PMID: 38443697 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical resonators are widely used in sensors, transducers and optomechanical systems, where mechanical dissipation sets the ultimate limit to performance. Over the past 15 years, the quality factors in strained mechanical resonators have increased by four orders of magnitude, surpassing the previous state of the art achieved in bulk crystalline resonators at room temperature and liquid helium temperatures. In this Review, we describe how these advances were made by leveraging 'dissipation dilution'-where dissipation is reduced through a combination of static tensile strain and geometric nonlinearity in dynamic strain. We then review the state of the art in strained nanomechanical resonators and discuss the potential for even higher quality factors in crystalline materials. Finally, we detail current and future applications of dissipation-diluted mechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Johan Engelsen
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Alberto Beccari
- Instutute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Jan Kippenberg
- Instutute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Huang G, Beccari A, Engelsen NJ, Kippenberg TJ. Room-temperature quantum optomechanics using an ultralow noise cavity. Nature 2024; 626:512-516. [PMID: 38356070 PMCID: PMC10866701 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
At room temperature, mechanical motion driven by the quantum backaction of light has been observed only in pioneering experiments in which an optical restoring force controls the oscillator stiffness1,2. For solid-state mechanical resonators in which oscillations are controlled by the material rigidity, the observation of these effects has been hindered by low mechanical quality factors, optical cavity frequency fluctuations3, thermal intermodulation noise4,5 and photothermal instabilities. Here we overcome these challenges with a phononic-engineered membrane-in-the-middle system. By using phononic-crystal-patterned cavity mirrors, we reduce the cavity frequency noise by more than 700-fold. In this ultralow noise cavity, we insert a membrane resonator with high thermal conductance and a quality factor (Q) of 180 million, engineered using recently developed soft-clamping techniques6,7. These advances enable the operation of the system within a factor of 2.5 of the Heisenberg limit for displacement sensing8, leading to the squeezing of the probe laser by 1.09(1) dB below the vacuum fluctuations. Moreover, the long thermal decoherence time of the membrane oscillator (30 vibrational periods) enables us to prepare conditional displaced thermal states of motion with an occupation of 0.97(2) phonons using a multimode Kalman filter. Our work extends the quantum control of solid-state macroscopic oscillators to room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Beccari
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nils J Engelsen
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Jia J, Novikov V, Brasil TB, Zeuthen E, Müller JH, Polzik ES. Acoustic frequency atomic spin oscillator in the quantum regime. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6396. [PMID: 37828042 PMCID: PMC10570288 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum noise reduction and entanglement-enhanced sensing in the acoustic frequency range is an outstanding challenge relevant for a number of applications including magnetometry and broadband noise reduction in gravitational wave detectors. Here we experimentally demonstrate quantum behavior of a macroscopic atomic spin oscillator in the acoustic frequency range. Quantum back-action of the spin measurement, ponderomotive squeezing of light, and virtual spring softening are observed at oscillation frequencies down to the sub-kHz range. Quantum noise sources characteristic of spin oscillators operating in the near-DC frequency range are identified and means for their mitigation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jia
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valeriy Novikov
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Emil Zeuthen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eugene S Polzik
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Enzian G, Wang Z, Simonsen A, Mathiassen J, Vibel T, Tsaturyan Y, Tagantsev A, Schliesser A, Polzik ES. Phononically shielded photonic-crystal mirror membranes for cavity quantum optomechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13040-13052. [PMID: 37157450 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a highly reflective, sub-wavelength-thick membrane resonator featuring high mechanical quality factor and discuss its applicability for cavity optomechanics. The 88.5 nm thin stoichiometric silicon-nitride membrane, designed and fabricated to combine 2D-photonic and phononic crystal patterns, reaches reflectivities up to 99.89 % and a mechanical quality factor of 2.9 × 107 at room temperature. We construct a Fabry-Perot-type optical cavity, with the membrane forming one terminating mirror. The optical beam shape in cavity transmission shows a stark deviation from a simple Gaussian mode-shape, consistent with theoretical predictions. We demonstrate optomechanical sideband cooling to mK-mode temperatures, starting from room temperature. At higher intracavity powers we observe an optomechanically induced optical bistability. The demonstrated device has potential to reach high cooperativities at low light levels desirable, for example, for optomechanical sensing and squeezing applications or fundamental studies in cavity quantum optomechanics; and meets the requirements for cooling to the quantum ground state of mechanical motion from room temperature.
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5
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Carlon Zambon N, Denis Z, De Oliveira R, Ravets S, Ciuti C, Favero I, Bloch J. Enhanced Cavity Optomechanics with Quantum-Well Exciton Polaritons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:093603. [PMID: 36083685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor microresonators embedding quantum wells can host tightly confined and mutually interacting excitonic, optical, and mechanical modes at once. We theoretically investigate the case where the system operates in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime, while the optical and excitonic resonances are parametrically modulated by the interaction with a mechanical mode. Owing to the large exciton-phonon coupling at play in semiconductors, we predict an enhancement of polariton-phonon interactions by 2 orders of magnitude with respect to mere optomechanical coupling: a near-unity single-polariton quantum cooperativity is within reach for current semiconductor resonator platforms. We further analyze how polariton nonlinearities affect dynamical backaction, modifying the capability to cool or amplify the mechanical motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carlon Zambon
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Z Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - R De Oliveira
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - S Ravets
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Ciuti
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - I Favero
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - J Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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6
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Zheng X, Liu Y, Qiu J, Liu G. Structural Optimization of Graphene Triangular Lattice Phononic Crystal Based on Dissipation Dilution Theory. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2807. [PMID: 36014672 PMCID: PMC9415148 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators offer brilliant mass and force sensitivity applied in many fields, owing to a low mass m and high-quality factor Q. However, in vibrating process, resonant energy is inevitably dissipated. Typically, quality factor does not surpass the inverse of the material loss angle φ. Recently, some exceptions emerged in the use of highly stressed silicon nitride material. As yet, it is interpreted that the pre-stress seems to "dilute" the intrinsic energy dissipation according to the Zener model. Is there any other material that could further break the 1/φ limit and achieve higher quality factors? In our previous research, through theoretical calculation and finite element simulation, we have proved that graphene's quality factor is two orders of magnitude larger than silicon nitride, on account of the extremely thin thickness of graphene. Based on this, we further optimize the structure of phononic crystals to achieve higher quality factors, in terms of duty cycle and cell size. Through simulation analysis, the quality factor could improve with a larger duty cycle and bigger cell size of triangular lattice phononic crystal. Unexpectedly, the Q amplification coefficient of the 3 × 5-cell structure, which is the least number to compose a phononic crystal with a central defect area, is the highest. In contrast, the minimal cell-number structure in hexagonal lattice could not achieve the brilliant dissipation dilution effect as well as the triangular one. Then we consider how overall size and stress influence quality factor and, furthermore, compare theoretical calculation and finite simulation. Lastly, we start from the primitive 3 × 5 cells, constantly adding cells to the periphery. Through simulation, to our surprise, the largest Q amplification coefficient does not belong to the largest structure, instead originating from the moderate one consisting of 7 × 13 cells.
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7
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Militaru A, Rossi M, Tebbenjohanns F, Romero-Isart O, Frimmer M, Novotny L. Ponderomotive Squeezing of Light by a Levitated Nanoparticle in Free Space. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:053602. [PMID: 35960561 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.053602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically compliant element can be set into motion by the interaction with light. In turn, this light-driven motion can give rise to ponderomotive correlations in the electromagnetic field. In optomechanical systems, cavities are often employed to enhance these correlations up to the point where they generate quantum squeezing of light. In free-space scenarios, where no cavity is used, observation of squeezing remains possible but challenging due to the weakness of the interaction, and has not been reported so far. Here, we measure the ponderomotively squeezed state of light scattered by a nanoparticle levitated in a free-space optical tweezer. We observe a reduction of the optical fluctuations by up to 25% below the vacuum level, in a bandwidth of about 15 kHz. Our results are explained well by a linearized dipole interaction between the nanoparticle and the electromagnetic continuum. These ponderomotive correlations open the door to quantum-enhanced sensing and metrology with levitated systems, such as force measurements below the standard quantum limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Militaru
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Oriol Romero-Isart
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Berkowitz R. Extra-Stable Light Produced by Levitated Nanoparticle. PHYSICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physics.15.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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9
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Liu S, Tong H, Fang K. Optomechanical crystal with bound states in the continuum. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3187. [PMID: 35676298 PMCID: PMC9177575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chipscale micro- and nano-optomechanical systems, hinging on the intangible radiation-pressure force, have shown their unique strength in sensing, signal transduction, and exploration of quantum physics with mechanical resonators. Optomechanical crystals, as one of the leading device platforms, enable simultaneous molding of the band structure of optical photons and microwave phonons with strong optomechanical coupling. Here, we demonstrate a new breed of optomechanical crystals in two-dimensional slab-on-substrate structures empowered by mechanical bound states in the continuum (BICs) at 8 GHz. We show symmetry-induced BIC emergence with optomechanical couplings up to g/2π ≈ 2.5 MHz per unit cell, on par with low-dimensional optomechanical crystals. Our work paves the way towards exploration of photon-phonon interaction beyond suspended microcavities, which might lead to new applications of optomechanics from phonon sensing to quantum transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Liu
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hao Tong
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kejie Fang
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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10
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Meng C, Brawley GA, Khademi S, Bridge EM, Bennett JS, Bowen WP. Measurement-based preparation of multimode mechanical states. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7585. [PMID: 35622924 PMCID: PMC9140969 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators are a key tool for future quantum technologies, such as quantum force sensors and interfaces, and for studies of macroscopic quantum physics. The ability to prepare room temperature nonclassical states is a major outstanding challenge. It has been suggested that this could be achieved using a fast continuous measurement to break the usual symmetry between position and momentum. Here, we demonstrate this symmetry breaking and use it to prepare a thermally squeezed mechanical state. Our experiments take advantage of collective measurements on multiple mechanical modes, which we show can increase the measurement speed and improve state preparation. Theoretically, we show that this result extends to the quantum regime, relaxing the requirements to generate nonclassical states. We predict that multimode conditioning can enable room temperature quantum squeezing with existing technology. Our work paves the way toward room temperature quantum nanomechanical devices and toward their application in quantum technology and fundamental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Meng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - George A. Brawley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Terra15 Technologies Pty Ltd., Level 9/256 Adelaide Terrace, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Soroush Khademi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M. Bridge
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James S. Bennett
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Warwick P. Bowen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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11
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Zhang DW, Bin SW, You C, Hu CS. Enhancing the nonlinearity of optomechanical system via multiple mechanical modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:1314-1326. [PMID: 35209294 DOI: 10.1364/oe.446428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the nonlinear dynamics of an optomechanical system, where the system consists of N identical mechanical oscillators individually coupled to a common cavity field. We find that the optomechanical nonlinearity can be enhanced N times through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation in such a system. This leads to the power thresholds to observe the nonlinear behaviors (bistable, period-doubling, and chaotic dynamics) being reduced to 1/N. In addition, we find that changing the sign (positive or negative) of the coupling strength partly does not affect the threshold of driving power for generating corresponding nonlinear phenomena. Our work may provide a way to engineer optomechanical devices with a lower threshold, which has potential applications in implementing secret information processing and optical sensing.
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12
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Thomas RA, Østfeldt C, Bærentsen C, Parniak M, Polzik ES. Calibration of spin-light coupling by coherently induced Faraday rotation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:23637-23653. [PMID: 34614626 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Calibrating the strength of the light-matter interaction is an important experimental task in quantum information and quantum state engineering protocols. The strength of the off-resonant light-matter interaction in multi-atom spin oscillators can be characterized by the readout rate ΓS. Here we introduce the method named Coherently Induced FAraday Rotation (CIFAR) for determining the readout rate. The method is suited for both continuous and pulsed readout of the spin oscillator, relying only on applying a known polarization modulation to the probe laser beam and detecting a known optical polarization component. Importantly, the method does not require changes to the optical and magnetic fields performing the state preparation and probing. The CIFAR signal is also independent of the probe beam photo-detection quantum efficiency, and allows direct extraction of other parameters of the interaction, such as the tensor coupling ζS, and the damping rate γS. We verify this method in the continuous wave regime, probing a strongly coupled spin oscillator prepared in a warm cesium atomic vapour.
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13
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Yang C, Wei X, Sheng J, Wu H. Phonon heat transport in cavity-mediated optomechanical nanoresonators. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4656. [PMID: 32938953 PMCID: PMC7494915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of heat transport in nonequilibrium thermodynamics is an important research frontier, which is crucial for implementing novel thermodynamic devices, such as heat engines and refrigerators. The convection, conduction, and radiation are the well-known basic ways to transfer thermal energy. Here, we demonstrate a different mechanism of phonon heat transport between two spatially separated nanomechanical resonators coupled by the cavity-enhanced long-range interactions. The single trajectory for thermalization and non-equilibrium dynamics is monitored in real-time. In the strong coupling regime, the instant heat flux spontaneously oscillates back and forth in the nonequilibrium steady states. The universal bound on the precision of nonequilibrium steady-state heat flux, i.e. the thermodynamic uncertainty relation, is verified in such a temperature gradient driven far-off equilibrium system. Our results give more insight into the heat transfer with nanomechanical oscillators, and provide a playground for testing fundamental theories in non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Heat flux is well understood on macroscopic scales, however when the system size is reduced, novel phenomena are induced by fluctuations. Here, the authors demonstrate phonon heat transport between two nanomechanical resonators coupled by cavity enhanced interactions exhibiting an oscillating heat flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xinrui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jiteng Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Haibin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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14
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Gompper G, Winkler RG, Speck T, Solon A, Nardini C, Peruani F, Löwen H, Golestanian R, Kaupp UB, Alvarez L, Kiørboe T, Lauga E, Poon WCK, DeSimone A, Muiños-Landin S, Fischer A, Söker NA, Cichos F, Kapral R, Gaspard P, Ripoll M, Sagues F, Doostmohammadi A, Yeomans JM, Aranson IS, Bechinger C, Stark H, Hemelrijk CK, Nedelec FJ, Sarkar T, Aryaksama T, Lacroix M, Duclos G, Yashunsky V, Silberzan P, Arroyo M, Kale S. The 2020 motile active matter roadmap. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:193001. [PMID: 32058979 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Activity and autonomous motion are fundamental in living and engineering systems. This has stimulated the new field of 'active matter' in recent years, which focuses on the physical aspects of propulsion mechanisms, and on motility-induced emergent collective behavior of a larger number of identical agents. The scale of agents ranges from nanomotors and microswimmers, to cells, fish, birds, and people. Inspired by biological microswimmers, various designs of autonomous synthetic nano- and micromachines have been proposed. Such machines provide the basis for multifunctional, highly responsive, intelligent (artificial) active materials, which exhibit emergent behavior and the ability to perform tasks in response to external stimuli. A major challenge for understanding and designing active matter is their inherent nonequilibrium nature due to persistent energy consumption, which invalidates equilibrium concepts such as free energy, detailed balance, and time-reversal symmetry. Unraveling, predicting, and controlling the behavior of active matter is a truly interdisciplinary endeavor at the interface of biology, chemistry, ecology, engineering, mathematics, and physics. The vast complexity of phenomena and mechanisms involved in the self-organization and dynamics of motile active matter comprises a major challenge. Hence, to advance, and eventually reach a comprehensive understanding, this important research area requires a concerted, synergetic approach of the various disciplines. The 2020 motile active matter roadmap of Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter addresses the current state of the art of the field and provides guidance for both students as well as established scientists in their efforts to advance this fascinating area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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15
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Sommer C, Asjad M, Genes C. Prospects of reinforcement learning for the simultaneous damping of many mechanical modes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2623. [PMID: 32060483 PMCID: PMC7021687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply adaptive feedback for the partial refrigeration of a mechanical resonator, i.e. with the aim to simultaneously cool the classical thermal motion of more than one vibrational degree of freedom. The feedback is obtained from a neural network parametrized policy trained via a reinforcement learning strategy to choose the correct sequence of actions from a finite set in order to simultaneously reduce the energy of many modes of vibration. The actions are realized either as optical modulations of the spring constants in the so-called quadratic optomechanical coupling regime or as radiation pressure induced momentum kicks in the linear coupling regime. As a proof of principle we numerically illustrate efficient simultaneous cooling of four independent modes with an overall strong reduction of the total system temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sommer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Asjad
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudiu Genes
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Sommer C, Genes C. Partial Optomechanical Refrigeration via Multimode Cold-Damping Feedback. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:203605. [PMID: 31809091 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.203605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We provide a fully analytical treatment for the partial refrigeration of the thermal motion of a quantum mechanical resonator under the action of feedback. As opposed to standard cavity optomechanics where the aim is to isolate and cool a single mechanical mode, the aim here is to extract the thermal energy from many vibrational modes within a large frequency bandwidth. We consider a standard cold-damping technique, where homodyne readout of the cavity output field is fed into a feedback loop that provides a cooling action directly applied on the mechanical resonator. Analytical and numerical results predict that low final occupancies are achievable independent of the number of modes addressed by the feedback, as long as the cooling rate is smaller than the intermode frequency separation. For resonators exhibiting a few nearly degenerate pairs of modes, cooling is less efficient and a weak dependence on the number of modes is obtained. These scalings hint toward the design of frequency-resolved mechanical resonators, where efficient refrigeration is possible via simultaneous cold-damping feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sommer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudiu Genes
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Stress-Controlled Frequency Tuning and Parametric Amplification of the Vibrations of Coupled Nanomembranes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9224845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive tuning of the mechanical resonance frequencies of suspended parallel nanomembranes in various monolithic arrays is achieved by piezoelectric control of their tensile stress. Parametric amplification of their thermal fluctuations is shown to be enhanced by the piezoelectric actuation and amplification factors of up to 20 dB in the sub-parametric oscillation threshold regime are observed.
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18
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Dumont V, Bernard S, Reinhardt C, Kato A, Ruf M, Sankey JC. Flexure-tuned membrane-at-the-edge optomechanical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:25731-25748. [PMID: 31510440 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.025731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a passively-aligned, flexure-tuned cavity optomechanical system in which a membrane is positioned microns from one end mirror of a Fabry-Perot optical cavity. By displacing the membrane through gentle flexure of its silicon supporting frame (i.e., to ∼80 m radius of curvature (ROC)), we gain access to the full range of available optomechanical couplings, finding also that the optical spectrum exhibits none of the abrupt discontinuities normally found in "membrane-in-the-middle" (MIM) systems. More aggressive flexure (3 m ROC) enables >15 μm membrane travel, milliradian tilt tuning, and a wavelength-scale (1.64 ± 0.78 μm) membrane-mirror separation. We also provide a complete set of analytical expressions for this system's leading-order dispersive and dissipative optomechanical couplings. Notably, this system can potentially generate orders of magnitude larger linear dissipative or quadratic dispersive strong coupling parameters than is possible with a MIM system. Additionally, it can generate the same purely quadratic dispersive coupling as a MIM system, but with significantly suppressed linear dissipative back-action (and force noise).
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Ren Z, Li Z, Wang D, Zhang Q, Li Y. Cascaded on-chip phonon shield for membrane microresonators. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:10436-10440. [PMID: 30645386 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose to suppress acoustic wave coupling between a Si3N4 membrane resonator and its support structure through cascaded low-frequency resonators fabricated on the silicon substrate of the membrane. The on-chip silicon resonators are designed to ensure that the frequencies of their oscillatory motion are well separated from the mechanical modes of the membrane resonator. Using optical interferometry, we characterize the displacement response of the membrane frame with the vibration isolation; mechanical isolation >30 dB from the mounting surface is achieved. Thus, we reliably fabricate Si3N4 membrane resonators with mechanical quality factors of around 2×106 at room temperature.
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20
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Ockeloen-Korppi CF, Damskägg E, Paraoanu GS, Massel F, Sillanpää MA. Revealing Hidden Quantum Correlations in an Electromechanical Measurement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:243601. [PMID: 30608715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.243601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Under a strong quantum measurement, the motion of an oscillator is disturbed by the measurement backaction, as required by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. When a mechanical oscillator is continuously monitored via an electromagnetic cavity, as in a cavity optomechanical measurement, the backaction is manifest by the shot noise of incoming photons that becomes imprinted onto the motion of the oscillator. Following the photons leaving the cavity, the correlations appear as squeezing of quantum noise in the emitted field. Here we observe such "ponderomotive" squeezing in the microwave domain using an electromechanical device made out of a superconducting resonator and a drumhead mechanical oscillator. Under a strong measurement, the emitted field develops complex-valued quantum correlations, which in general are not completely accessible by standard homodyne measurements. We recover these hidden correlations, using a phase-sensitive measurement scheme employing two local oscillators. The utilization of hidden correlations presents a step forward in the detection of weak forces, as it allows us to fully utilize the quantum noise reduction under the conditions of strong force sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Ockeloen-Korppi
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - E Damskägg
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - G S Paraoanu
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - F Massel
- Department of Physics and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YFL), FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M A Sillanpää
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
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21
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Measurement-based quantum control of mechanical motion. Nature 2018; 563:53-58. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Branford D, Miao H, Datta A. Fundamental Quantum Limits of Multicarrier Optomechanical Sensors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:110505. [PMID: 30265105 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical sensors involving multiple optical carriers can experience mechanically mediated interactions causing multimode correlations across the optical fields. One instance is laser-interferometric gravitational wave detectors which introduce multiple carrier frequencies for classical sensing and control purposes. An outstanding question is whether such multicarrier optomechanical sensors outperform their single-carrier counterpart in terms of quantum-limited sensitivity. We show that the best precision is achieved by a single-carrier instance of the sensor. For the current LIGO detection system this precision is already reachable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Branford
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Haixing Miao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Animesh Datta
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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23
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Huang X, Zeuthen E, Vasilyev DV, He Q, Hammerer K, Polzik ES. Unconditional Steady-State Entanglement in Macroscopic Hybrid Systems by Coherent Noise Cancellation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:103602. [PMID: 30240274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of entanglement between disparate physical objects is a key ingredient in the field of quantum technologies, since they can have different functionalities in a quantum network. Here we propose and analyze a generic approach to steady-state entanglement generation between two oscillators with different temperatures and decoherence properties coupled in cascade to a common unidirectional light field. The scheme is based on a combination of coherent noise cancellation and dynamical cooling techniques for two oscillators with effective masses of opposite signs, such as quasispin and motional degrees of freedom, respectively. The interference effect provided by the cascaded setup can be tuned to implement additional noise cancellation leading to improved entanglement even in the presence of a hot thermal environment. The unconditional entanglement generation is advantageous since it provides a ready-to-use quantum resource. Remarkably, by comparing to the conditional entanglement achievable in the dynamically stable regime, we find our unconditional scheme to deliver a virtually identical performance when operated optimally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Zeuthen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Denis V Vasilyev
- Center for Quantum Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Qiongyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Klemens Hammerer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eugene S Polzik
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tsaturyan Y, Barg A, Polzik ES, Schliesser A. Ultracoherent nanomechanical resonators via soft clamping and dissipation dilution. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:776-783. [PMID: 28604707 PMCID: PMC6485342 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The small mass and high coherence of nanomechanical resonators render them the ultimate mechanical probe, with applications that range from protein mass spectrometry and magnetic resonance force microscopy to quantum optomechanics. A notorious challenge in these experiments is the thermomechanical noise related to the dissipation through internal or external loss channels. Here we introduce a novel approach to define the nanomechanical modes, which simultaneously provides a strong spatial confinement, full isolation from the substrate and dilution of the resonator material's intrinsic dissipation by five orders of magnitude. It is based on a phononic bandgap structure that localizes the mode but does not impose the boundary conditions of a rigid clamp. The reduced curvature in the highly tensioned silicon nitride resonator enables a mechanical Q > 108 at 1 MHz to yield the highest mechanical Qf products (>1014 Hz) yet reported at room temperature.The corresponding coherence times approach those of optically trapped dielectric particles. Extrapolation to 4.2 K predicts quanta per milliseconds heating rates, similar to those of trapped ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Tsaturyan
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. Barg
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E. S. Polzik
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. Schliesser
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Møller CB, Thomas RA, Vasilakis G, Zeuthen E, Tsaturyan Y, Balabas M, Jensen K, Schliesser A, Hammerer K, Polzik ES. Quantum back-action-evading measurement of motion in a negative mass reference frame. Nature 2017; 547:191-195. [DOI: 10.1038/nature22980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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