1
|
Rigaut C, Giaprakis A, Deruyver L, Goole J, Lambert P, Haut B. The air conditioning in the nose of mammals depends on their mass and on their maximal running speed. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9053. [PMID: 38643255 PMCID: PMC11032399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The nose of the mammals is responsible for filtering, humidifying, and heating the air before entering the lower respiratory tract. This conditioning avoids, notably, dehydration of the bronchial and alveolar mucosa. However, since this conditioning is not perfect, exercising in cold air can induce lung inflammation, both for human and non-human mammals. This work aims to compare the air conditioning in the noses of various mammals during inspiration. We build our study on computational fluid dynamics simulations of the heat exchanges in the lumen of the upper respiratory tract of these mammals. These simulations show that the efficiency of the air conditioning in the nose during inspiration does not relate only to the mass m of the mammal but also to its maximal running speed v. More precisely, the results allow establishing a scaling law relating the efficiency of air conditioning in the nose of mammals to the ratio v / log 10 ( m ) . The simulations also correlate the resistance to the flow in the nose to the efficiency of this air conditioning. The obtained scaling law allows predicting the air temperature at the top of the trachea during inspiration for nasal-breathing mammals, and thus notably for humans of various ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Rigaut
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alice Giaprakis
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Deruyver
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lambert
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Haut
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Johnsen SG. Computational Rhinology: Unraveling Discrepancies between In Silico and In Vivo Nasal Airflow Assessments for Enhanced Clinical Decision Support. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:239. [PMID: 38534513 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Computational rhinology is a specialized branch of biomechanics leveraging engineering techniques for mathematical modelling and simulation to complement the medical field of rhinology. Computational rhinology has already contributed significantly to advancing our understanding of the nasal function, including airflow patterns, mucosal cooling, particle deposition, and drug delivery, and is foreseen as a crucial element in, e.g., the development of virtual surgery as a clinical, patient-specific decision support tool. The current paper delves into the field of computational rhinology from a nasal airflow perspective, highlighting the use of computational fluid dynamics to enhance diagnostics and treatment of breathing disorders. This paper consists of three distinct parts-an introduction to and review of the field of computational rhinology, a review of the published literature on in vitro and in silico studies of nasal airflow, and the presentation and analysis of previously unpublished high-fidelity CFD simulation data of in silico rhinomanometry. While the two first parts of this paper summarize the current status and challenges in the application of computational tools in rhinology, the last part addresses the gross disagreement commonly observed when comparing in silico and in vivo rhinomanometry results. It is concluded that this discrepancy cannot readily be explained by CFD model deficiencies caused by poor choice of turbulence model, insufficient spatial or temporal resolution, or neglecting transient effects. Hence, alternative explanations such as nasal cavity compliance or drag effects due to nasal hair should be investigated.
Collapse
|
3
|
Brandt S, Pavlichenko I, Shneidman AV, Patel H, Tripp A, Wong TSB, Lazaro S, Thompson E, Maltz A, Storwick T, Beggs H, Szendrei-Temesi K, Lotsch BV, Kaplan CN, Visser CW, Brenner MP, Murthy VN, Aizenberg J. Nonequilibrium sensing of volatile compounds using active and passive analyte delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303928120. [PMID: 37494398 PMCID: PMC10400973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303928120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although sensor technologies have allowed us to outperform the human senses of sight, hearing, and touch, the development of artificial noses is significantly behind their biological counterparts. This largely stems from the sophistication of natural olfaction, which relies on both fluid dynamics within the nasal anatomy and the response patterns of hundreds to thousands of unique molecular-scale receptors. We designed a sensing approach to identify volatiles inspired by the fluid dynamics of the nose, allowing us to extract information from a single sensor (here, the reflectance spectra from a mesoporous one-dimensional photonic crystal) rather than relying on a large sensor array. By accentuating differences in the nonequilibrium mass-transport dynamics of vapors and training a machine learning algorithm on the sensor output, we clearly identified polar and nonpolar volatile compounds, determined the mixing ratios of binary mixtures, and accurately predicted the boiling point, flash point, vapor pressure, and viscosity of a number of volatile liquids, including several that had not been used for training the model. We further implemented a bioinspired active sniffing approach, in which the analyte delivery was performed in well-controlled 'inhale-exhale' sequences, enabling an additional modality of differentiation and reducing the duration of data collection and analysis to seconds. Our results outline a strategy to build accurate and rapid artificial noses for volatile compounds that can provide useful information such as the composition and physical properties of chemicals, and can be applied in a variety of fields, including disease diagnosis, hazardous waste management, and healthy building monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soeren Brandt
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Ida Pavlichenko
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Anna V. Shneidman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
| | - Haritosh Patel
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
| | - Austin Tripp
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Timothy S. B. Wong
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Sean Lazaro
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Ethan Thompson
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Aubrey Maltz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Thomas Storwick
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Holden Beggs
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Katalin Szendrei-Temesi
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München81377, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München81377, Germany
| | - C. Nadir Kaplan
- Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24061
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - Claas W. Visser
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Michael P. Brenner
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
| | - Venkatesh N. Murthy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martinez Q, Okrouhlík J, Šumbera R, Wright M, Araújo R, Braude S, Hildebrandt TB, Holtze S, Ruf I, Fabre PH. Mammalian maxilloturbinal evolution does not reflect thermal biology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4425. [PMID: 37479710 PMCID: PMC10361988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of endothermy in vertebrates is a major research topic in recent decades that has been tackled by a myriad of research disciplines including paleontology, anatomy, physiology, evolutionary and developmental biology. The ability of most mammals to maintain a relatively constant and high body temperature is considered a key adaptation, enabling them to successfully colonize new habitats and harsh environments. It has been proposed that in mammals the anterior nasal cavity, which houses the maxilloturbinal, plays a pivotal role in body temperature maintenance, via a bony system supporting an epithelium involved in heat and moisture conservation. The presence and the relative size of the maxilloturbinal has been proposed to reflect the endothermic conditions and basal metabolic rate in extinct vertebrates. We show that there is no evidence to relate the origin of endothermy and the development of some turbinal bones by using a comprehensive dataset of µCT-derived maxilloturbinals spanning most mammalian orders. Indeed, we demonstrate that neither corrected basal metabolic rate nor body temperature significantly correlate with the relative surface area of the maxilloturbinal. Instead, we identify important variations in the relative surface area, morpho-anatomy, and complexity of the maxilloturbinal across the mammalian phylogeny and species ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Martinez
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS-IRD-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon - CC 064 - 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, Montpellier, France.
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, DE-70191, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jan Okrouhlík
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Šumbera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Wright
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS-IRD-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon - CC 064 - 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ricardo Araújo
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Stan Braude
- Biology Department, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Thomas B Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz-Instiute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz-Instiute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina Ruf
- Abteilung Messelforschung und Mammalogie, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pierre-Henri Fabre
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS-IRD-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon - CC 064 - 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
- Mammal Section, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, SW7 5DB, London, United Kingdom
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khoa ND, Phuong NL, Tani K, Inthavong K, Ito K. In-silico decongested trial effects on the impaired breathing function of a bulldog suffering from severe brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 228:107243. [PMID: 36403552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) susceptible dogs (e.g., French bulldog), suffer health complications related to deficient breathing primarily due to anatomical airway geometry. Surgical interventions are known to provide acceptable functional and cosmetic results; however, the long-term post-surgery outcome is not well known. In silico analysis provides an objective measure to quantify the respiratory function in postoperative dogs which is critical for successful long-term outcomes. A virtual surgery to open the airway can explore the ability for improved breathing in an obstructed airway of a patient dog, thus supporting surgeons in pre-surgery planning using computational fluid dynamics. METHODS In this study five surgical interventions were generated with a gradual increment of decongested levels in a bulldog based on computed tomography images. The effects of the decongested airways on the breathing function of a patient bulldog, i.e., airflow characteristics, pressure drop, wall shear stress, and air-conditioning capacity, were quantified by benchmarking against a clinically healthy bulldog using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated a promising decrease in excessive airstream velocity, pressure drop, and wall shear stress in virtual surgical scenarios, while constantly preserving adequate air-conditioning efficiency. A linear fit curve was proposed to correlate the reduction in the pressure drop and decongested level. CONCLUSIONS The in silico analysis is a viable tool providing visual and quantitative insight into new unexplored surgical techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dang Khoa
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
| | - Nguyen Lu Phuong
- Faculty of Environment, University of Natural Resources and Environment, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Kenji Tani
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kiao Inthavong
- School of Engineering, Mechanical & Automotive, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kazuhide Ito
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jacobs LF. The PROUST hypothesis: the embodiment of olfactory cognition. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:59-72. [PMID: 36542172 PMCID: PMC9877075 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The extension of cognition beyond the brain to the body and beyond the body to the environment is an area of debate in philosophy and the cognitive sciences. Yet, these debates largely overlook olfaction, a sensory modality used by most animals. Here, I use the philosopher's framework to explore the implications of embodiment for olfactory cognition. The philosopher's 4E framework comprises embodied cognition, emerging from a nervous system characterized by its interactions with its body. The necessity of action for perception adds enacted cognition. Cognition is further embedded in the sensory inputs of the individual and is extended beyond the individual to information stored in its physical and social environments. Further, embodiment must fulfill the criterion of mutual manipulability, where an agent's cognitive state is involved in continual, reciprocal influences with its environment. Cognition cannot be understood divorced from evolutionary history, however, and I propose adding evolved, as a fifth term to the 4E framework. We must, therefore, begin at the beginning, with chemosensation, a sensory modality that underlies purposive behavior, from bacteria to humans. The PROUST hypothesis (perceiving and reconstructing odor utility in space and time) describers how olfaction, this ancient scaffold and common denominator of animal cognition, fulfills the criteria of embodied cognition. Olfactory cognition, with its near universal taxonomic distribution as well as the near absence of conscious representation in humans, may offer us the best sensorimotor system for the study of embodiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia F. Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nof E, Zidan H, Artzy-Schnirman A, Mouhadeb O, Beckerman M, Bhardwaj S, Elias-Kirma S, Gur D, Beth-Din A, Levenberg S, Korin N, Ordentlich A, Sznitman J. Human Multi-Compartment Airways-on-Chip Platform for Emulating Respiratory Airborne Transmission: From Nose to Pulmonary Acini. Front Physiol 2022; 13:853317. [PMID: 35350687 PMCID: PMC8957966 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.853317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed tremendous endeavors to deliver novel preclinical in vitro lung models for pulmonary research endpoints, including foremost with the advent of organ- and lung-on-chips. With growing interest in aerosol transmission and infection of respiratory viruses within a host, most notably the SARS-CoV-2 virus amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of crosstalk between the different lung regions (i.e., extra-thoracic, conductive and respiratory), with distinct cellular makeups and physiology, are acknowledged to play an important role in the progression of the disease from the initial onset of infection. In the present Methods article, we designed and fabricated to the best of our knowledge the first multi-compartment human airway-on-chip platform to serve as a preclinical in vitro benchmark underlining regional lung crosstalk for viral infection pathways. Combining microfabrication and 3D printing techniques, our platform mimics key elements of the respiratory system spanning (i) nasal passages that serve as the alleged origin of infections, (ii) the mid-bronchial airway region and (iii) the deep acinar region, distinct with alveolated airways. Crosstalk between the three components was exemplified in various assays. First, viral-load (including SARS-CoV-2) injected into the apical partition of the nasal compartment was detected in distal bronchial and acinar components upon applying physiological airflow across the connected compartment models. Secondly, nebulized viral-like dsRNA, poly I:C aerosols were administered to the nasal apical compartment, transmitted to downstream compartments via respiratory airflows and leading to an elevation in inflammatory cytokine levels secreted by distinct epithelial cells in each respective compartment. Overall, our assays establish an in vitro methodology that supports the hypothesis for viral-laden airflow mediated transmission through the respiratory system cellular landscape. With a keen eye for broader end user applications, we share detailed methodologies for fabricating, assembling, calibrating, and using our multi-compartment platform, including open-source fabrication files. Our platform serves as an early proof-of-concept that can be readily designed and adapted to specific preclinical pulmonary research endpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliram Nof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hikaia Zidan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arbel Artzy-Schnirman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Odelia Mouhadeb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Margarita Beckerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Saurabh Bhardwaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shani Elias-Kirma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Didi Gur
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Netanel Korin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arie Ordentlich
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuk J, Chakraborty A, Cheng S, Chung CI, Jorgensen A, Basu S, Chamorro LP, Jung S. On the design of particle filters inspired by animal noses. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210849. [PMID: 35232280 PMCID: PMC8889202 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive filtering is a common strategy to reduce airborne disease transmission and particulate contaminants across scales spanning orders of magnitude. The engineering of high-performance filters with relatively low flow resistance but high virus- or particle-blocking efficiency is a non-trivial problem of paramount relevance, as evidenced in the variety of industrial filtration systems and face masks. Next-generation industrial filters and masks should retain sufficiently small droplets and aerosols while having low resistance. We introduce a novel 3D-printable particle filter inspired by animals' complex nasal anatomy. Unlike standard random-media-based filters, the proposed concept relies on equally spaced channels with tortuous airflow paths. These two strategies induce distinct effects: a reduced resistance and a high likelihood of particle trapping by altering their trajectories with tortuous paths and induced local flow instability. The structures are tested for pressure drop and particle filtering efficiency over different airflow rates. We have also cross-validated the observed efficiency through numerical simulations. We found that the designed filters exhibit a lower pressure drop, compared to commercial masks and filters, while capturing particles bigger than approximately 10 μm. Our findings could facilitate a novel and scalable filter concept inspired by animal noses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Yuk
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Aneek Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Shyuan Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Chun-I Chung
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Ashley Jorgensen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Saikat Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Leonardo P. Chamorro
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Sunghwan Jung
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jacobs LF. How the evolution of air breathing shaped hippocampal function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200532. [PMID: 34957846 PMCID: PMC8710879 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To make maps from airborne odours requires dynamic respiratory patterns. I propose that this constraint explains the modulation of memory by nasal respiration in mammals, including murine rodents (e.g. laboratory mouse, laboratory rat) and humans. My prior theories of limbic system evolution offer a framework to understand why this occurs. The answer begins with the evolution of nasal respiration in Devonian lobe-finned fishes. This evolutionary innovation led to adaptive radiations in chemosensory systems, including the emergence of the vomeronasal system and a specialization of the main olfactory system for spatial orientation. As mammals continued to radiate into environments hostile to spatial olfaction (air, water), there was a loss of hippocampal structure and function in lineages that evolved sensory modalities adapted to these new environments. Hence the independent evolution of echolocation in bats and toothed whales was accompanied by a loss of hippocampal structure (whales) and an absence of hippocampal theta oscillations during navigation (bats). In conclusion, models of hippocampal function that are divorced from considerations of ecology and evolution fall short of explaining hippocampal diversity across mammals and even hippocampal function in humans. This article is part of the theme issue 'Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia F. Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kurosaka H, Mushiake J, Mithun S, Wu Y, Wang Q, Kikuchi M, Nakaya A, Yamamoto S, Inubushi T, Koga S, Sandell LL, Trainor P, Yamashiro T. Synergistic role of retinoic acid signaling and Gata3 during primitive choanae formation. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:2383-2392. [PMID: 34272563 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental defects of primitive choanae, an anatomical path to connect the embryonic nasal and oral cavity, result in disorders called choanal atresia, which are associated with many congenital diseases and require immediate clinical intervention after birth. Previous studies revealed that reduced retinoid signaling underlies the etiology of choanal atresia. In the present study, by using multiple mouse models which conditionally deleted Rdh10 and Gata3 during embryogenesis, we showed that Gata3 expression is regulated by retinoid signaling during embryonic craniofacial development and plays crucial roles for development of the primitive choanae. Interestingly, Gata3 loss of function is known to cause hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness and renal disease (HDR) syndrome, which exhibits choanal atresia as one of the phenotypes in humans. Our model partially phenocopies HDR syndrome with choanal atresia, and is thus a useful tool for investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms of HDR syndrome. We further uncovered critical synergy of Gata3 and retinoid signaling during embryonic development, which will shed light on novel molecular and cellular etiology of congenital defects in primitive choanae formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Jin Mushiake
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Saha Mithun
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Yanran Wu
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Akihiro Nakaya
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University.,Laboratory of Genome Data Science Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Sayuri Yamamoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Satoshi Koga
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences
| | - Lisa L Sandell
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry
| | - Paul Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oâ Neill G, Tolley NS. Modelling nasal airflow coefficients: an insight into the nature of airflow. Rhinology 2021; 59:66-74. [PMID: 32901617 DOI: 10.4193/rhin19.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been considerable discussion and conflicting views regarding the presence of laminar or turbulent flow within the nose. The aim of this study was to investigate how the modelling of variable flow coefficients can assist in the evalua- tion of the characteristics of flow in the resistive segments of the nose. METHODOLOGY A comparison was made between the flow coefficient for the nasal valve, obtained from a mathematical model, and resistive flow components such as a Venturi meter and orifice tube. Also, a variable loss coefficient was formulated for the whole (unilateral) nose which, by utilising the intersection of the laminar and turbulent asymptotes, provided an estimation for the critical Reynolds number (Rcrit). RESULTS The results show that the flow resistance of the nasal valve is considerably greater than that for both a Venturi meter and an orifice tube implying turbulent or turbulent-like flow for much of nasal inspiration. Regarding the loss coefficient for the whole (unilateral) nose, normal respiration flowrates are displaced well away from the laminar asymptote. The critical Reynolds number was estimated to be 450. CONCLUSIONS A novel method of determining the flow characteristics of the nose, particularly the critical Reynolds number, is presented. The analysis indicates a higher degree of turbulence than is assumed from a simple traditional calculation using a hy- draulic diameter and flow through straight tubes. There are implications for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling where either the entire nasal airflow is assumed to be laminar or a low turbulence model implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Oâ Neill
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - N S Tolley
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
During the course of evolution the human brain has increased in size and complexity, ultimately these differences are the result of changes at the genetic level. Identifying and characterizing molecular evolution requires an understanding of both the genetic underpinning of the system as well as the comparative genetic tools to identify signatures of selection. This chapter aims to describe our current understanding of the genetics of human brain evolution. Primarily this is the story of the evolution of the human brain since our last common ape ancestor, but where relevant we will also discuss changes that are unique to the primate brain (compared to other mammals) or various other lineages in the evolution of humans more generally. It will focus on genetic changes that both directly affected the development and function of the brain as well as those that have indirectly influenced brain evolution through both prenatal and postnatal environment. This review is not meant to be exhaustive, but rather to begin to construct a general framework for understanding the full array of data being generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Vallender
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jacobs LF. The navigational nose: a new hypothesis for the function of the human external pyramid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/Suppl_1/jeb186924. [PMID: 30728230 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the outstanding questions in evolution is why Homo erectus became the first primate species to evolve the external pyramid, i.e. an external nose. The accepted hypothesis for this trait has been its role in respiration, to warm and humidify air as it is inspired. However, new studies testing the key assumptions of the conditioning hypothesis, such as the importance of turbulence to enhance heat and moisture exchange, have called this hypothesis into question. The human nose has two functions, however, respiration and olfaction. It is thus also possible that the external nose evolved in response to selection for olfaction. The genus Homo had many adaptations for long-distance locomotion, which allowed Homo erectus to greatly expand its species range, from Africa to Asia. Long-distance navigation in birds and other species is often accomplished by orientation to environmental odors. Such olfactory navigation, in turn, is enhanced by stereo olfaction, made possible by the separation of the olfactory sensors. By these principles, the human external nose could have evolved to separate olfactory inputs to enhance stereo olfaction. This could also explain why nose shape later became so variable: as humans became more sedentary in the Neolithic, a decreasing need for long-distance movements could have been replaced by selection for other olfactory functions, such as detecting disease, that would have been critical to survival in newly dense human settlements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia F Jacobs
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Sampling regulates stimulus intensity and temporal dynamics at the sense organ. Despite variations in sampling behavior, animals must make veridical perceptual judgments about external stimuli. In olfaction, odor sampling varies with respiration, which influences neural responses at the olfactory periphery. Nevertheless, rats were able to perform fine odor intensity judgments despite variations in sniff kinetics. To identify the features of neural activity supporting stable intensity perception, in awake mice we measured responses of mitral/tufted (MT) cells to different odors and concentrations across a range of sniff frequencies. Amplitude and latency of the MT cells' responses vary with sniff duration. A fluid dynamics (FD) model based on odor concentration kinetics in the intranasal cavity can account for this variability. Eliminating sniff waveform dependence of MT cell responses using the FD model allows for significantly better decoding of concentration. This suggests potential schemes for sniff waveform invariant odor concentration coding.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zwicker D, Yang K, Melchionna S, Brenner MP, Liu B, Lindsay RW. Validated reconstructions of geometries of nasal cavities from CT scans. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aac6af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|