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Chang J, Huang R, Zhang Z, Pan Y, Ma Z, Wan B, Wang H. A ubiquitous tire rubber additive induced serious eye injury in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134461. [PMID: 38696959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that tire wear particles (TWPs) leachate exposure induced serious eye injury in fish through inhibiting the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) enzyme activity. However, the main TPO inhibitors in the leachate were still unknown. In this study, we identified 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) as the potential TPO inhibitor in the TWPs leachate through references search, model prediction based on Danish QSAR and ToxCast database, molecular docking, and in vivo assay. We further explored the toxic mechanism of MBT under environmentally relevant concentrations. The decreased eye size of zebrafish larvae was mainly caused by the decreased lens diameter and cell density in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) of the retina. Transcriptomics analysis demonstrated that the eye phototransduction function was significantly suppressed by inhibiting the photoreceptor cell proliferation process after MBT exposure. The altered opsin gene expression and decreased opsin protein levels were induced by weakening thyroid hormone signaling after MBT treatment. These results were comparable to those obtained from a known TPO inhibitor, methimazole. This study has identified MBT as the primary TPO inhibitor responsible for inducing eye impairment in zebrafish larvae exposed to TWPs leachate. It is crucial for reducing the toxicity of TWPs leachate in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoguang Zhang
- North China Electric Power University, Beinong RD 2, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yunrui Pan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Wan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China.
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Huang Q, Wang J, Wang J, Yu D, Zhan Y, Liu Z. Emerging Health Risks of Crumb Rubber: Inhalation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals via Saliva During Artificial Turf Activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21005-21015. [PMID: 38048287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Crumb rubber (CR) is a commonly used infill material in artificial turf worldwide. However, the potential health risk associated with exposure to CR containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) remains under investigation. Herein, we observed the widespread presence of CR particles in the range of 2.8-51.4 μg/m3 and EPFRs exceeding 6 × 1015 spins/g in the ambient air surrounding artificial turf fields. Notably, the abundance of these particles tended to increase with the number of operating years of the playing fields. Furthermore, by analyzing saliva samples from 200 participants, we established for the first time that EPFR-carrying CR could be found in saliva specimens, suggesting the potential for inhaling them through the oral cavity and their exposure to the human body. After 40 min of exercise on the turf, we detected a substantial presence of EPFRs, reaching as high as (1.15 ± 1.00) × 1016 spins of EPFR per 10 mL of saliva. Moreover, the presence of EPFRs considerably increased the oxidative potential of CR, leading to the inactivation of Ca2+, redox reactions, and changes in spatial binding of the α-1,4-chain of salivary amylase to Ca2+, all of which could influence human saliva health. Our study provides insights into a new pathway of human exposure to CR with EPFRs in artificial turf infill, indicating an increased human health risk of CR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian'en Huang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
- Faculty of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqun Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhan
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
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Ding J, Lv M, Wang Q, Zhu D, Chen QL, Li XQ, Yu CP, Xu X, Chen L, Zhu YG. Brand-Specific Toxicity of Tire Tread Particles Helps Identify the Determinants of Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11267-11278. [PMID: 37477285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of tire tread particles (TPs) has aroused increasing concerns over their impacts. However, how they affect the soil fauna remains poorly understood. Here, based on systematically assessing the toxicity of TPs on soil model speciesEnchytraeus crypticusat environmentally relevant concentrations through both soil and food exposure routes, we reported that TPs affected gut microbiota, intestinal histopathology, and metabolites of the worms both through particulate- and leachate-induced effects, while TP leachates exerted stronger effects. The dominant role of TP leachates in TP toxicity was further explained by the findings that worms did not ingest TPs with a particle size of over 150 μm and actively avoided consuming TP particles. Moreover, by comparing the effects of different brands of TPs as well as new and aged TPs, we demonstrated that it was mainly TP leachates that resulted in the ubiquity of the disturbance in the worm's gut microbiota among different brands of TPs. Notably, the large variations in leachate compositions among different brands of TPs provided us a unique opportunity to identify the determinants of TP toxicity. These results provide novel insights into the toxicity of TPs to soil fauna and a reference for toxicity reduction of tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Min Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Qiaoning Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Chang J, Jiao M, Zhang Z, Liu W, Li W, Xu P, Wan B. Mechanistic insight into the adverse outcome of tire wear and road particle leachate exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108053. [PMID: 37356306 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWP) have become the major microplastic pollution in China. Road runoff containing TWP leachate can decrease the eye size and even induced mortality in the aquatic organisms. However, the toxic mechanism of TWP and road particles (RP) leachate on aquatic organisms is still unclear. In this study, the zebrafish embryos were exposed to TWP or RP leachate for 5 days at both environmental relevant and high concentrations. The adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) were screened from individual to molecular levels. The morphological and behavioral analysis demonstrated that the leachate exposure mainly impaired the eye development of zebrafish larvae and inhibited the larval swim behavior and phototactic response, which are the adverse outcomes. The phototransduction modulated by zebrafish retina was significantly down-regulated through transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. The eye histopathological analysis showed that the decreased thickness of the retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL) and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) after leachate exposure were caused by the decreased photoreceptor cells. Moreover, the expression of NR2E3 and TPO genes showed concentration-dependent down-regulation after leachate exposure. The inhibition of photoreceptor cell proliferation was identified as the main reason for photoreceptor cell decrease in zebrafish larval eye. This study, for the first time, uncovered the underlying toxic mechanism of TWP and RP on zebrafish larval eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meng Jiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoguang Zhang
- Tongzhou Asphalt Factory, Beijing Municipal Road and Bridge Building Material Group Co. LTD, Beijing 101108, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Wan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China.
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5
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Roubeau Dumont E, Gao X, Zheng J, Macairan J, Hernandez LM, Baesu A, Bayen S, Robinson SA, Ghoshal S, Tufenkji N. Unraveling the toxicity of tire wear contamination in three freshwater species: From chemical mixture to nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131402. [PMID: 37062096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particle (TWP) contamination is of growing concern as recent studies show the ubiquity and toxicity of this contaminant in various environmental compartments. The multidimensional aspect of TWPs makes it difficult to assess toxicity and predict impacts on ecosystems, as it combines a complex mixture of chemicals and can release micro- and nanoparticles when suspended in water. Our work aimed to shed light on the toxicity of the different components of TWP leachate, namely, the dissolved chemicals and the nanoparticle fractions, on three freshwater model species of different trophic levels: Chlorella vulgaris, Lemna minor, and Daphnia magna. Acute toxicity was observed for all three fractions in D. magna, and an additive effect was observed between the nanoparticles and dissolved chemicals. L. minor experienced phytotoxicity from the dissolved chemicals only with a decrease up to 50% in photosynthesis efficiency parameters. C. vulgaris showed minor signs of toxicity on apical endpoints in response to each of the fractions. Our study highlights that nanoparticles from TWP leachate that were mostly overlooked in several previous studies are as toxic as dissolved chemicals for the filter-feeder species D. magna, and we also show the toxicity to photosynthesis in aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roubeau Dumont
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C5, Quebec, Canada.
| | - X Gao
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C3, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - J Macairan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - L M Hernandez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Baesu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - S Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - S A Robinson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Ghoshal
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C3, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C5, Quebec, Canada.
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6
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Pu Q, Sun P, Zhao W, Liu M, Li Y. Aquatic toxicity of tire microplastics on marine and freshwater organisms: An in silico approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137523. [PMID: 36509193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particles are a notable source of tire microplastics (TMPs) in the environment. However, only a few reports have focused on the aquatic toxicity effects of composite TMPs and their additives and the mechanistic analysis at the microscopic level. Therefore, this paper study the toxic effects of tire microplastics and their additives on zebrafish based on theoretical chemical calculation method (Taguchi orthogonal experiment method, full factorial experimental design, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics computational technique). We designed five kinds of proportioning schemes of tire rubber polymers and additive components (64 groups in each). The compound toxicity effects of the tire rubber polymers and their additives on zebrafish were simulated and calculated. The simulation results indicated styrene butadiene rubber had the most significant toxic effect on zebrafish. Subsequently, taking the composition ratio scheme of styrene butadiene rubber with the lowest biotoxicity effect as an example, we analyzed the main effects, second-order interactions, and third-order interactions of styrene butadiene rubber polymer and its additive combination in terms of biotoxicity using the fixed effects model. The toxic effects (developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity) of styrene butadiene rubber on marine and freshwater organisms could be drastically alleviated by adjusting the ratio of rubber additives. The analysis of the interaction between amino acid residues and non-bonds during the docking process of styrene butadiene rubber and toxic receptors revealed the interaction mechanisms between the styrene butadiene rubber polymer and its additives and between the additive molecules. Hydrophobic interaction was found to be the key factor for the binding of styrene butadiene rubber additives to nonpolar amino acids in the receptor proteins. Our findings are expected to provide theoretical support for identifying and regulating the toxicity characteristics of rubber TMPs and to aid in proposing a strategy to alleviate the toxic effects on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; College of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, 519041, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Qikun Pu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Peixuan Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Miao Liu
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Chiba R, Fujinuma R, Yoshitomi T, Shimizu Y, Kobayashi M. Ingestion of rubber tips of artificial turf fields by goldfish. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1344. [PMID: 36693897 PMCID: PMC9873930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine microplastics are one of the global environmental issues. The present study examined whether rubber tips of artificial sports fields could be marine microplastics. We observed the migration of rubber tips from the artificial turf field to the surrounding ditch connected to sewer pipes and then examined the ingestion of rubber tips using the goldfish Carassius auratus. The rubber tips found in sediments in the ditch suggest that the rubber tips could be sent to the river and released into the ocean. The goldfish ingested rubber tips with or without fish feed, and rubber tips were found in the intestine. However, the fish discharged the rubber tips within 48 h after ingestion. These results indicate that ingestion of the rubber tips was not accidental but an active behavior. Therefore, artificial turf sports fields could be a source of marine microplastics and may cause hazardous effects on wild fishes through ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihito Chiba
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8585, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fujinuma
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Yoshitomi
- Field Studies Institute for Environmental Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukuikita-Machi, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shimizu
- Department of Physical Education, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8585, Japan
| | - Makito Kobayashi
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8585, Japan.
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Xie L, Zhu K, Jiang W, Lu H, Yang H, Deng Y, Jiang Y, Jia H. Toxic effects and primary source of the aged micro-sized artificial turf fragments and rubber particles: Comparative studies on laboratory photoaging and actual field sampling. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107663. [PMID: 36450210 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous micro-sized artificial turf fragments (MATF) and rubber particles (MRP) are generated and accumulated during the use of the artificial playing field. However, attention has rarely been paid to the potential toxic effects of MATF and MRP on sportsmen. In this study, the active components and chemical composition of aged MATF and MRP derived from laboratory photoaging and actual field sampling were detected, and their effects on cytotoxicity were examined correspondingly. Laboratory photoaging significantly increased environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) abundances and oxidative potential (OP) levels on MATF and MRP, but they have limited cytotoxicity. Unfortunately, in the actual field, aged MATF and MRP with higher heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contents exhibited markedly higher cytotoxicity with the survival rate of cells of 78 % and 26 % (p < 0.05), although they had lower EPFRs and ROS yields. Correlation analysis revealed that the cell viability was closely linked to heavy metals of MATF (p < 0.05), and to organic hydroperoxide (OHP), PAHs and heavy metals of MRP (p < 0.05). By systematically considering the above results, heavy metals and PAHs enriched on MATF and MRP from the surrounding environment played the important role in the cytotoxicity, which was different from conventional perspectives. Our findings demonstrate that MATF and MRP associated with an artificial turf field contain potent mixtures of pollutants and can, therefore, be relevant yet underestimated factors contributing to the health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Haodong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huiqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yongxi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuanren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Murphy M, Warner GR. Health impacts of artificial turf: Toxicity studies, challenges, and future directions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119841. [PMID: 35948114 PMCID: PMC10262297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many communities around the country are undergoing contentious battles over the installation of artificial turf. Opponents are concerned about exposure to hazardous chemicals leaching from the crumb rubber cushioning fill made of recycled tires, the plastic carpet, and other synthetic components. Numerous studies have shown that chemicals identified in artificial turf, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are known carcinogens, neurotoxicants, mutagens, and endocrine disruptors. However, few studies have looked directly at health outcomes of exposure to these chemicals in the context of artificial turf. Ecotoxicology studies in invertebrates exposed to crumb rubber have identified risks to organisms whose habitats have been contaminated by artificial turf. Chicken eggs injected with crumb rubber leachate also showed impaired development and endocrine disruption. The only human epidemiology studies conducted related to artificial turf have been highly limited in design, focusing on cancer incidence. In addition, government agencies have begun their own risk assessment studies to aid community decisions. Additional studies in in vitro and in vivo translational models, ecotoxicological systems, and human epidemiology are strongly needed to consider exposure from both field use and runoff, components other than crumb rubber, sensitive windows of development, and additional physiological endpoints. Identification of potential health effects from exposures due to spending time at artificial turf fields and adjacent environments that may be contaminated by runoff will aid in risk assessment and community decision making on the use of artificial turf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Genoa R Warner
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Tallec K, Huvet A, Yeuc'h V, Le Goïc N, Paul-Pont I. Chemical effects of different types of rubber-based products on early life stages of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:127883. [PMID: 34863561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rubber products and debris with specific chemical signatures can release their constitutive compounds into the surrounding environment. We investigated the chemical toxicity of different types of new and used rubber products (tires, crumb rubber granulates, aquaculture rubber bands) on early life stages of a model marine organism, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Leachates obtained from used products were generally less toxic than those from new ones. Leachates from new products induced embryotoxicity at different concentrations: oyster-farming rubber bands (lowest observed effect concentration, LOEC = 1 g L-1) and crumb rubber granulates (LOEC = 1 g L-1) > tires (LOEC = 10 g L-1). Moreover, new oyster-farming rubber bands induced spermiotoxicity at 10 g L-1 (-29% survival) resulting in decreased oyster reproductive output (-17% fertilization yield). Targeted chemical analyses revealed some compounds (2 mineral contaminants, 15 PAHs, 2 PCBs) in leachates, which may have played a role. Rubber used in marine aquaculture (rubber bands) or present at sea as waste (tire, crumb rubber granulates) therefore release hazardous chemical molecules under realistic conditions, which may affect oyster development. Aquaculture development work is necessary to improve practices for eco-safety, as efforts to limit the contamination of marine environments by terrestrial rubber debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tallec
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Yeuc'h
- LABOCEA, 120 avenue de Rochon, CS10052, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
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Fořt J, Kobetičová K, Böhm M, Podlesný J, Jelínková V, Vachtlová M, Bureš F, Černý R. Environmental Consequences of Rubber Crumb Application: Soil and Water Pollution. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071416. [PMID: 35406290 PMCID: PMC9003429 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
End-of-life tires are utilized for various purposes, including sports pitches and playground surfaces. However, several substances used at the manufacture of tires can be a source of concerns related to human health or environment’s adverse effects. In this context, it is necessary to map whether this approach has the desired effect in a broader relation. While the negative effects on human health were investigated thoroughly and legislation is currently being revisited, the impact on aquatic or soil organisms has not been sufficiently studied. The present study deals with the exposure of freshwater and soil organisms to rubber crumb using the analysis of heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. The obtained results refer to substantial concerns related to freshwater contamination specifically, since the increased concentrations of zinc (7 mg·L−1) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (58 mg·kg−1) inhibit the growth of freshwater organisms, Desmodesmus subspicatus, and Lemna minor in particular. The performed test with soil organisms points to substantial concerns associated with the mortality of earthworms as well. The acquired knowledge can be perceived as a roadmap to a consistent approach in the implementation of the circular economy, which brings with it a number of so far insufficiently described problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fořt
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.B.); (R.Č.)
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (V.J.); (M.V.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Klára Kobetičová
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.B.); (R.Č.)
| | - Martin Böhm
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.B.); (R.Č.)
| | - Jan Podlesný
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (V.J.); (M.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Veronika Jelínková
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (V.J.); (M.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Martina Vachtlová
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (V.J.); (M.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (V.J.); (M.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Robert Černý
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.B.); (R.Č.)
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12
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de Boer J, Llompart M, Massey R, Dinan W, Clapp R, Watterson A. Letter to the Editor of Risk Analysis on the de Vries et al. Article (2021) on the Role of the Media in Communicating About Risks Linked to Crumb Rubber. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:2179-2182. [PMID: 35088443 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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13
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Luo Z, Zhou X, Su Y, Wang H, Yu R, Zhou S, Xu EG, Xing B. Environmental occurrence, fate, impact, and potential solution of tire microplastics: Similarities and differences with tire wear particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148902. [PMID: 34328941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tire microplastics (TMPs) are identified as one of the most abundant types of microplastics, which originate from rubber with intended or unintended release. While increasing knowledge about TMPs concentrates on tire wear particles (TWPs), TMPs from other potential sources like recycled tire crumb (RTC) and tire repair-polished debris (TRD) are much less understood. Excessive levels of TMPs and their additives have been fragmentarily reported in the environment. The accumulating environmental TMPs from different sources may directly or indirectly cause adverse impacts on the environment and human health. The objectives of this review are to (1) summarize the properties, abundance, and sources of TMPs in the environment; (2) analyze the environmental fates and behaviors of TMPs, including their roles in carrying abiotic and biotic co-contaminants; (3) evaluate the potential impacts of TMPs on terrestrial and aquatic organisms, as well as human; and (4) discuss the potential solutions to mitigate the TMP pollution. By collecting and analyzing the up-to-date literature, this review enhances our better understanding of the environmental occurrence, fates, impacts, and potential solutions of TMPs, and further highlights critical knowledge gaps and future research directions that require cooperative efforts of scientists, policymakers, and public educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanxi Luo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haiming Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ruilian Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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14
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Ding J, Zhu D, Wang HT, Lassen SB, Chen QL, Li G, Lv M, Zhu YG. Dysbiosis in the Gut Microbiota of Soil Fauna Explains the Toxicity of Tire Tread Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7450-7460. [PMID: 32463658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tread particles (TPs) from vehicle tires are widely distributed in soil ecosystems; therefore, there is an urgent need to evaluate their effects on soil biota. In the present study, the soil worm Enchytraeus crypticus was incubated for 21 days in soil microcosms containing increasing concentrations of TPs (0, 0.0048%, 0.024%, 0.12%, 0.6%, and 3% of dry soil weight). High concentrations of zinc (Zn, 9407.4 mg kg-1) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, 46.8 mg kg-1) were detected in the TPs, which resulted in their increased concentrations in soils amended with TPs. We demonstrated that TPs had an adverse effect on the survival (decreased by more than 25%) and reproduction (decreased by more than 50%) of the soil worms. Moreover, TP exposure disturbed the microbiota of the worm guts and surrounding soil. In addition, a covariation between bacterial and fungal communities was observed in the worm guts after exposure to TPs. Further analysis showed that TP exposure caused an enrichment of microbial genera associated with opportunistic pathogenesis in the worm guts. The combined results from this study indicate that TPs might threaten the terrestrial ecosystem by affecting soil fauna and their gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Simon Bo Lassen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Min Lv
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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Massey R, Pollard L, Jacobs M, Onasch J, Harari H. Artificial Turf Infill: A Comparative Assessment of Chemical Contents. New Solut 2020; 30:10-26. [PMID: 32089037 DOI: 10.1177/1048291120906206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised regarding toxic chemicals found in tire crumb used as infill in artificial turf and other play surfaces. A hazard-based analysis was conducted, comparing tire crumb with other materials marketed as alternative infills. These include other synthetic polymers as well as plant- and mineral-based materials. The comparison focused on the presence, absence, number, and concentration of chemicals of concern. No infill material was clearly free of concerns, but several are likely to be somewhat safer than tire crumb. Some alternative materials contain some of the same chemicals of concern as those found in tire crumb; however, they may contain a smaller number of these chemicals, and the chemicals may be present in lower quantities. Communities making choices about playing surfaces are encouraged to examine the full range of options, including the option of organically managed natural grass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Massey
- Toxics Use Reduction Institute, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey Pollard
- Toxics Use Reduction Institute, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Molly Jacobs
- Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Joy Onasch
- Toxics Use Reduction Institute, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Homero Harari
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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