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Sendhilnathan N, Bostan AC, Strick PL, Goldberg ME. A cerebro-cerebellar network for learning visuomotor associations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2519. [PMID: 38514616 PMCID: PMC10957870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Consensus is rapidly building to support a role for the cerebellum beyond motor function, but its contributions to non-motor learning remain poorly understood. Here, we provide behavioral, anatomical and computational evidence to demonstrate a causal role for the primate posterior lateral cerebellum in learning new visuomotor associations. Reversible inactivation of the posterior lateral cerebellum of male monkeys impeded the learning of new visuomotor associations, but had no effect on movement parameters, or on well-practiced performance of the same task. Using retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus, we identified a distinct cerebro-cerebellar network linking Purkinje cells in the posterior lateral cerebellum with a region of the prefrontal cortex that is critical in learning visuomotor associations. Together, these results demonstrate a causal role for the primate posterior lateral cerebellum in non-motor, reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sendhilnathan
- Doctoral program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Andreea C Bostan
- Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Center, and Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Peter L Strick
- Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Center, and Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael E Goldberg
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Dept. of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Ophthalmology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Bourrelly C, Massot C, Gandhi NJ. Rapid Input-Output Transformation between Local Field Potential and Spiking Activity during Sensation but not Action in the Superior Colliculus. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4047-4061. [PMID: 37127365 PMCID: PMC10255026 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2318-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor transformation is the sequential process of registering a sensory signal in the environment and then responding with the relevant movement at an appropriate time. For visually guided eye movements, neural signatures in the form of spiking activity of neurons have been extensively studied along the dorsoventral axis of the superior colliculus (SC). In contrast, the local field potential (LFP), which represents the putative input to a region, remains largely unexplored in the SC. We therefore compared amplitude levels and onset times of both spike bursts and LFP modulations recorded simultaneously with a laminar probe along the dorsoventral axis of SC in 3 male monkeys performing the visually guided delayed saccade task. Both signals displayed a gradual transition from sensory activity in the superficial layers to a predominantly motor response in the deeper layers, although the transition from principally sensory to mostly motor response occurred ∼500 μm deeper for the LFP. For the sensory response, LFP modulation preceded spike burst onset by <5 ms in the superficial and intermediate layers and only when data were analyzed on a trial-by-trial basis. The motor burst in the spiking activity led LFP modulation by >25 ms in the deeper layers. The results reveal a fast and efficient input-output transformation between LFP modulation and spike burst in the visually responsive layers activity during sensation but not during action. The spiking pattern observed during the movement phase is likely dominated by intracollicular processing that is not captured in the LFP.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT What is the sequence of events between local field potential (LFP) modulation and spiking activity during sensorimotor transformation? A trial-by-trial analysis reveals that the LFP activity leads the spike burst in the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus during visual processing, while both trial-by-trial and the average analyses show that the spike burst leads the LFP modulation during movement generation. These results suggest an almost instantaneous LFP input, spike burst output transformation in the visually responsive layers of the superior colliculus when registering the stimulus. In contrast, substantial intracollicular processing likely results in a saccade-related spike burst that leads LFP modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bourrelly
- Departments of Bioengineering
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Corentin Massot
- Departments of Bioengineering
- Neurobiology
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Neeraj J Gandhi
- Departments of Bioengineering
- Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Zhang Y, Ryali S, Cai W, Supekar K, Pasumarthy R, Padmanabhan A, Luna B, Menon V. Developmental maturation of causal signaling hubs in voluntary control of saccades and their functional controllability. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4746-4762. [PMID: 35094063 PMCID: PMC9627122 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to adaptively respond to behaviorally relevant cues in the environment, including voluntary control of automatic but inappropriate responses and deployment of a goal-relevant alternative response, undergoes significant maturation from childhood to adulthood. Importantly, the maturation of voluntary control processes influences the developmental trajectories of several key cognitive domains, including executive function and emotion regulation. Understanding the maturation of voluntary control is therefore of fundamental importance, but little is known about the underlying causal functional circuit mechanisms. Here, we use state-space and control-theoretic modeling to investigate the maturation of causal signaling mechanisms underlying voluntary control over saccades. We demonstrate that directed causal interactions in a canonical saccade network undergo significant maturation between childhood and adulthood. Crucially, we show that the frontal eye field (FEF) is an immature causal signaling hub in children during control over saccades. Using control-theoretic analysis, we then demonstrate that the saccade network is less controllable in children and that greater energy is required to drive FEF dynamics in children compared to adults. Our findings provide novel evidence that strengthening of causal signaling hubs and controllability of FEF are key mechanisms underlying age-related improvements in the ability to plan and execute voluntary control over saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Srikanth Ryali
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ramkrishna Pasumarthy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Robert Bosch Center of Data Sciences and Artificial Intelligence, Network Systems Learning, Control and Evolution Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Aarthi Padmanabhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bea Luna
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Conen KE, Desrochers TM. Unpacking self-ordered sequences. Neuron 2022; 110:566-568. [PMID: 35176240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Chiang et al. examine population coding of self-ordered sequences in prefrontal cortex. They find better decoding, more distributed information, and less variability when order is consistent. Consistent ordering produces reliable population response patterns that may aid planning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Conen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Theresa M Desrochers
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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