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Peng C, Cheng Y, Ma M, Chen Q, Duan Y, Liu S, Cheng H, Yang H, Huang J, Bu W, Shi C, Wu X, Chen J, Zheng R, Liu Z, Ji Z, Wang J, Huang X, Wang P, Sha W, Ge B, Wang L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis suppresses host antimicrobial peptides by dehydrogenating L-alanine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4216. [PMID: 38760394 PMCID: PMC11101664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), ancient scavengers of bacteria, are very poorly induced in macrophages infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report that L-alanine interacts with PRSS1 and unfreezes the inhibitory effect of PRSS1 on the activation of NF-κB pathway to induce the expression of AMPs, but mycobacterial alanine dehydrogenase (Ald) Rv2780 hydrolyzes L-alanine and reduces the level of L-alanine in macrophages, thereby suppressing the expression of AMPs to facilitate survival of mycobacteria. Mechanistically, PRSS1 associates with TAK1 and disruptes the formation of TAK1/TAB1 complex to inhibit TAK1-mediated activation of NF-κB pathway, but interaction of L-alanine with PRSS1, disables PRSS1-mediated impairment on TAK1/TAB1 complex formation, thereby triggering the activation of NF-κB pathway to induce expression of AMPs. Moreover, deletion of antimicrobial peptide gene β-defensin 4 (Defb4) impairs the virulence by Rv2780 during infection in mice. Both L-alanine and the Rv2780 inhibitor, GWP-042, exhibits excellent inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis infection in vivo. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized mechanism that M. tuberculosis uses its own alanine dehydrogenase to suppress host immunity, and provide insights relevant to the development of effective immunomodulators that target M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanna Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingtong Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjia Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Bu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyue Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxia Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijuan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Couston J, Guo Z, Wang K, Gourdon P, Blaise M. Cryo-EM structure of the trehalose monomycolate transporter, MmpL3, reconstituted into peptidiscs. Curr Res Struct Biol 2023; 6:100109. [PMID: 38034087 PMCID: PMC10682824 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2023.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria have an atypical thick and waxy cell wall. One of the major building blocks of such mycomembrane is trehalose monomycolate (TMM). TMM is a mycolic acid ester of trehalose that possesses long acyl chains with up to 90 carbon atoms. TMM represents an essential component of mycobacteria and is synthesized in the cytoplasm, and then flipped over the plasma membrane by a specific transporter known as MmpL3. Over the last decade, MmpL3 has emerged as an attractive drug target to combat mycobacterial infections. Recent three-dimensional structures of MmpL3 determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM have increased our understanding of the TMM transport, and the mode of action of inhibiting compounds. These structures were obtained in the presence of detergent and/or in a lipidic environment. In this study, we demonstrate the possibility of obtaining a high-quality cryo-EM structure of MmpL3 without any presence of detergent through the reconstitution of the protein into peptidiscs. The structure was determined at an overall resolution of 3.2 Å and demonstrates that the overall structure of MmpL3 is preserved as compared to previous structures. Further, the study identified a new structural arrangement of the linker that fuses the two subdomains of the transmembrane domain, suggesting the feature may serve a role in the transport process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Couston
- IRIM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Zongxin Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kaituo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Pontus Gourdon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- IRIM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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3
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Li Y, Acharya A, Yang L, Liu J, Tajkhorshid E, Zgurskaya HI, Jackson M, Gumbart JC. Insights into substrate transport and water permeation in the mycobacterial transporter MmpL3. Biophys J 2023; 122:2342-2352. [PMID: 36926696 PMCID: PMC10257117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are characterized by a uniquely thick and waxy cell envelope that consists of two membranes, with a variety of mycolates comprising their outer membrane (OM). The protein Mycobacterial membrane protein Large 3 (MmpL3) is responsible for the transport of a primary OM component, trehalose monomycolate (TMM), from the inner (cytoplasmic) membrane (IM) to the periplasmic space, a process driven by the proton gradient. Although multiple structures of MmpL3 with bound substrates have been solved, the exact pathway(s) for TMM or proton transport remains elusive. Here, employing molecular dynamics simulations we investigate putative pathways for either transport species. We hypothesized that MmpL3 will cycle through similar conformational states as the related transporter AcrB, which we used as targets for modeling the conformation of MmpL3. A continuous water pathway through the transmembrane region was found in one of these states, illustrating a putative pathway for protons. Additional equilibrium simulations revealed that TMM can diffuse from the membrane into a binding pocket in MmpL3 spontaneously. We also found that acetylation of TMM, which is required for transport, makes it more stable within MmpL3's periplasmic cavity compared with the unacetylated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Resource for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Atanu Acharya
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lixinhao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jinchan Liu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry (MB&B), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Resource for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Helen I Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James C Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
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4
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Malwal SR, Mazurek B, Ko J, Xie P, Barnes C, Varvitsiotis C, Zimmerman MD, Olatunji S, Lee J, Xie M, Sarathy J, Caffrey M, Strynadka NCJ, Dartois V, Dick T, Lee BNR, Russell DG, Oldfield E. Investigation into the Mechanism of Action of the Tuberculosis Drug Candidate SQ109 and Its Metabolites and Analogues in Mycobacteria. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37235809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We tested a series of SQ109 analogues against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. smegmatis, in addition to determining their uncoupling activity. We then investigated potential protein targets, involved in quinone and cell wall biosynthesis, using "rescue" experiments. There was little effect of menaquinone on growth inhibition by SQ109, but there were large increases in the IC50 of SQ109 and its analogues (up to 20×) on addition of undecaprenyl phosphate (Up), a homologue of the mycobacterial decaprenyl (C50) diphosphate. Inhibition of an undecaprenyl diphosphate phosphatase, an ortholog of the mycobacterial phosphatase, correlated with cell growth inhibition, and we found that M. smegmatis cell growth inhibition could be well predicted by using uncoupler and Up-rescue results. We also investigated whether SQ109 was metabolized inside Mycobacterium tuberculosis, finding only a single metabolite, previously shown to be inactive. The results are of general interest since they help explain the mechanism of SQ109 in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish R Malwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ben Mazurek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jihee Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pujun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chikako Barnes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christine Varvitsiotis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew D Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Samir Olatunji
- Schools of Medicine and Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Min Xie
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Jansy Sarathy
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Martin Caffrey
- Schools of Medicine and Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Natalie C J Strynadka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, United States
| | - Bom Nae Rin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Stampolaki M, Stylianakis I, Zgurskaya HI, Kolocouris A. Study of SQ109 analogs binding to mycobacterium MmpL3 transporter using MD simulations and alchemical relative binding free energy calculations. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2023; 37:245-264. [PMID: 37129848 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-023-00504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N-geranyl-N΄-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (SQ109) is a tuberculosis drug that has high potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and may function by blocking cell wall biosynthesis. After the crystal structure of MmpL3 from Mycobacterium smegmatis in complex with SQ109 became available, it was suggested that SQ109 inhibits Mmpl3 mycolic acid transporter. Here, we showed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that the binding profile of nine SQ109 analogs with inhibitory potency against Mtb and alkyl or aryl adducts at C-2 or C-1 adamantyl carbon to MmpL3 was consistent with the X-ray structure of MmpL3 - SQ109 complex. We showed that rotation of SQ109 around carbon-carbon bond in the monoprotonated ethylenediamine unit favors two gauche conformations as minima in water and lipophilic solvent using DFT calculations as well as inside the transporter's binding area using MD simulations. The binding assays in micelles suggested that the binding affinity of the SQ109 analogs was increased for the larger, more hydrophobic adducts, which was consistent with our results from MD simulations of the SQ109 analogues suggesting that sizeable C-2 adamantyl adducts of SQ109 can fill a lipophilic region between Y257, Y646, F260 and F649 in MmpL3. This was confirmed quantitatively by our calculations of the relative binding free energies using the thermodynamic integration coupled with MD simulations method with a mean assigned error of 0.74 kcal mol-1 compared to the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Stampolaki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Stylianakis
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen I Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019-5251, USA
| | - Antonios Kolocouris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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Bhattarai P, Hegde P, Li W, Prathipati PK, Stevens CM, Yang L, Zhou H, Pandya A, Cunningham K, Grissom J, Roman Sotelo M, Sowards M, Calisto L, Destache CJ, Rocha-Sanchez S, Gumbart JC, Zgurskaya HI, Jackson M, North EJ. Structural Determinants of Indole-2-carboxamides: Identification of Lead Acetamides with Pan Antimycobacterial Activity. J Med Chem 2023; 66:170-187. [PMID: 36563291 PMCID: PMC10010622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), is one of the leading causes of death in developing countries. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are rising and prey upon patients with structural lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis. All mycobacterial infections require lengthy treatment regimens with undesirable side effects. Therefore, new antimycobacterial compounds with novel mechanisms of action are urgently needed. Published indole-2-carboxamides (IC) with suggested inhibition of the essential transporter MmpL3 showed good potency against whole-cell M.tb, yet had poor aqueous solubility. This project focused on retaining the required MmpL3 inhibitory pharmacophore and increasing the molecular heteroatom percentage by reducing lipophilic atoms. We evaluated pyrrole, mandelic acid, imidazole, and acetamide functional groups coupled to lipophilic head groups, where lead acetamide-based compounds maintained high potency against mycobacterial pathogens, had improved in vitro ADME profiles over their indole-2-carboxamide analogs, were non-cytotoxic, and were determined to be MmpL3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - Pavan Kumar Prathipati
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Casey M Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma73019, United States
| | - Lixinhao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Hinman Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Amit Pandya
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Katie Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Jenny Grissom
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Mariaelena Roman Sotelo
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Melanie Sowards
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Lilian Calisto
- Department of Oral Biology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Christopher J Destache
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Sonia Rocha-Sanchez
- Department of Oral Biology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - James C Gumbart
- School of Physics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Helen I Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma73019, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - E Jeffrey North
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
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7
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The driving force for mycolic acid export by mycobacterial MmpL3 is proton translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211130119. [PMID: 35939679 PMCID: PMC9388100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211130119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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