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Feng Y, Liang Y, Ding C, Jiang Y, Jin H, Rong S, Wu J, He S, Xia C, Xue L. Sustainable design of photo-Fenton-like oxidation process in actual livestock wastewater through the highly dispersed FeCl 3 anchoring on a g-C 3N 4 substrate. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121889. [PMID: 38852389 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic technology emerges as a promising solution for the sustainable treatment of contaminated wastewater. However, the practical implementation of designed photocatalysts often faces challenges due to the intricate 'high carbon footprint' process and limited outdoor laboratory investigations. Herein, a simple yet versatile impregnation approach is proposed to anchor highly dispersed FeCl3 on a g-C3N4 substrate (Fe-C3N4) with minimal energy consumption and post-processing. Fe-C3N4 enhances photocatalytic reactivity for antibiotic degradation via a synergistic photo-Fenton-like oxidation technique, efficiently removing antibiotic pollutants from actual livestock wastewater. The Fe-C3N4 catalyst exhibited consistent degradation performance over five cycles in laboratory conditions, maintaining a degradation efficiency exceeding 90 % for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCHCl). Furthermore, we engineered a straightforward Fe-C3N4Na2SiO3 reactor for treating livestock wastewater, achieving an 81.8 % removal of TCHCl in outdoor field tests conducted in the winter and summer in China. The Fe-C3N4 catalyst demonstrated high feasibility in treating antibiotic-contaminated livestock wastewater under year-round climatic conditions, leveraging synergistic effects. The stabilization of Fe-C3N4 for the degradation of antibiotic-containing wastewater under sunlight represents a significant advancement in the practical application of photocatalysts, marking a crucial milestone from experimental conception to implementation. Acute toxicity estimation suggested that intermediates/products generated exhibited lower toxicity compared to TCHCl, indicating their practical applicability. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis successfully predicted significant electron transfer between Fe-C3N4 and TCHCl, indicating efficient interfacial interactions on the TCHCl surface. To ensure the environmental sustainability of Fe-C3N4, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to compared this photocatalyst with other commonly used emerging photocatalysts. The results demonstrated that Fe-C3N4 exhibits a two orders of magnitude lower CO2 equivalent emission compared to the ZnO photocatalyst, indicating a cost-effective and efficient synergistic photo-Fenton-like catalytic approach. This low-cost photocatalyst, moving from the laboratory to real-world wastewater applications, provides a powerful and more sustainable solution for the efficient treatment of wastewater containing antibiotics from livestock farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yunyi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chenman Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongmei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shaopeng Rong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shiying He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Changlei Xia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lihong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Yin K, Hong W, Yang J, Li Y, Gao Y, Li Q, Xu X. Selective and ultrafast oxidation of multiple pollutants by biomorphic diatomite-based catalyst and stable catalytic Fenton-like membrane: Degradation behavior and mechanism analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123825. [PMID: 38513946 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Carbon-driven advanced oxidations show great potential in water purification, but regulating structures and properties of carbon-based catalysts to achieve ultrafast Fenton-like reactions remains challenging. Herein, a biomorphic diatomite-based catalyst (BD-C) with Si-O doping was prepared using natural diatomite as silicon source and porous template. The results showed that the metal-free BD-C catalyst exhibited ultrafast oxidation performances (0.95-2.58 min-1) towards a variety of pollutants in PMS-based Fenton-like reaction, with the Fenton-like activity of metal-free catalyst comparable to metal-based catalysts or even single-atom catalysts. Pollutants (e.g., CP, BPA, TC, and PCM) with electron-donating groups exhibited extremely low PMS decomposition with overwhelmed electron transfer process (ETP), while high PMS consumption was induced by the addition of electron-withdrawing pollutants (e.g., MNZ and ATZ), which was dominated by radical oxidation. The BD-C/PMS system also showed a high ability to resist the environmental interference. In-depth theoretical investigations demonstrated that the coordination of Si-O can lower the potential barrier of PMS activation for accelerating the generation of radicals, and also promote the electron transfer from pollutants to the BD-C/PMS complexes. In addition, BD-C was deposited onto a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (PTFEM) with 100% of pollutants removal over 10 h, thereby revealing the promising prospects of utilizing BD-C for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Wei Hong
- Shandong Resources and Environment Construction Group Co. Ltd., Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Jingren Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yue Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xing Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, A301 Virtual University Park in South District of Shenzhen, PR China.
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3
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Zheng L, Fu J, Hua B, Wu YN, Gu Y, Qin N, Li F. Hierarchical Porous Bimetallic FeMn Metal-Organic Framework Gel for Efficient Activation of Peracetic Acid in Antibiotic Degradation. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:56-68. [PMID: 38525020 PMCID: PMC10958654 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Effective techniques for eliminating antibiotics from water environments are in high demand. The peracetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation process has recently drawn increasing attention for its effective antibiotic degrading capability. However, current applications of PAA-based techniques are limited and tend to have unsatisfactory performance. An additional catalyst for PAA activation could provide a promising solution to improve the performance of PAA. Bulky metal-organic framework gels (MOGs) stand out as ideal catalysts for PAA activation owing to their multiple advantages, including large surface areas, high porosity, and hierarchical pore systems. Herein, a bimetallic hierarchical porous structure, i.e., FeMn13BTC, was synthesized through a facile one-pot synthesis method and employed for PAA activation in ofloxacin (OFX) degradation. The optimized FeMn MOG/PAA system exhibited efficient catalytic performance, characterized by 81.85% OFX degradation achieved within 1 h owing to the specific hierarchical structure and synergistic effect between Fe and Mn ions, which greatly exceeded the performance of the only PAA-catalyzed system. Furthermore, the FeMn MOG/PAA system maintained >80% OFX degradation in natural water. Quenching experiments, electron spin resonance spectra, and model molecular degradation revealed that the primary reactive oxygen species responsible for the catalytic effect was R-O•, especially CH3C(=O)OO•, with minor contributions of •OH and 1O2. Overall, introduction of the MOG catalyst strategy for PAA activation achieved high antibiotic degradation performance, establishing a paradigm for the design of heterogeneous hierarchical systems to broaden the scope of catalyzed water treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiarui Fu
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Baolv Hua
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-nan Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yifan Gu
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Nianqiao Qin
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fengting Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Yu D, Xu L, Fu K, Liu X, Wang S, Wu M, Lu W, Lv C, Luo J. Electronic structure modulation of iron sites with fluorine coordination enables ultra-effective H 2O 2 activation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2241. [PMID: 38472214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Electronic structure modulation of active sites is critical important in Fenton catalysis as it offers a promising strategy for boosting H2O2 activation. However, efficient generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) is often limited to the unoptimized coordination environment of active sites. Herein, we report the rational design and synthesis of iron oxyfluoride (FeOF), whose iron sites strongly coordinate with the most electronegative fluorine atoms in a characteristic moiety of F-(Fe(III)O3)-F, for effective H2O2 activation with potent •OH generation. Results demonstrate that the fluorine coordination plays a pivotal role in lowering the local electron density and optimizing the electronic structures of iron sites, thus facilitating the rate-limiting H2O2 adsorption and subsequent peroxyl bond cleavage reactions. Consequently, FeOF exhibits a significant and pH-adaptive •OH yield (~450 µM) with high selectivity, which is 1 ~ 3 orders of magnitude higher than the state-of-the-art iron-based catalysts, leading to excellent degradation activities against various organic pollutants at neutral condition. This work provides fundamental insights into the function of fluorine coordination in boosting Fenton catalysis at atomic level, which may inspire the design of efficient active sites for sustainable environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyou Yu
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles (Ministry of Education), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Licong Xu
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles (Ministry of Education), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Kaixing Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Shanli Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles (Ministry of Education), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles (Ministry of Education), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Wangyang Lu
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Chunyu Lv
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jinming Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
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5
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Wu X, Li Y, Wen M, Xie Y, Zeng K, Liu YN, Chen W, Zhao Y. Nanocatalysts for modulating antitumor immunity: fabrication, mechanisms and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2643-2692. [PMID: 38314836 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy harnesses the inherent immune system in the body to generate systemic antitumor immunity, offering a promising modality for defending against cancer. However, tumor immunosuppression and evasion seriously restrict the immune response rates in clinical settings. Catalytic nanomedicines can transform tumoral substances/metabolites into therapeutic products in situ, offering unique advantages in antitumor immunotherapy. Through catalytic reactions, both tumor eradication and immune regulation can be simultaneously achieved, favoring the development of systemic antitumor immunity. In recent years, with advancements in catalytic chemistry and nanotechnology, catalytic nanomedicines based on nanozymes, photocatalysts, sonocatalysts, Fenton catalysts, electrocatalysts, piezocatalysts, thermocatalysts and radiocatalysts have been rapidly developed with vast applications in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides an introduction to the fabrication of catalytic nanomedicines with an emphasis on their structures and engineering strategies. Furthermore, the catalytic substrates and state-of-the-art applications of nanocatalysts in cancer immunotherapy have also been outlined and discussed. The relationships between nanostructures and immune regulating performance of catalytic nanomedicines are highlighted to provide a deep understanding of their working mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, the challenges and development trends are revealed, aiming to provide new insights for the future development of nanocatalysts in catalytic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yuqing Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Mei Wen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yongting Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Ke Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - You-Nian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Wansong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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6
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Wick P, Zhang H, Lin S, Li X, Zhang C, Ardoña HA. Editorial - Special issue environmental and health impacts of two-dimensional nanomaterials. NANOIMPACT 2024; 33:100491. [PMID: 38184170 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2024.100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wick
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- ChangChun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, No 5625 Remin RD, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Sijie Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuehua Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology at Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province 116024, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Herdeline Ann Ardoña
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Wu Z, Huang B, Wang X, He CS, Liu Y, Du Y, Liu W, Xiong Z, Lai B. Facilely Tuning the First-Shell Coordination Microenvironment in Iron Single-Atom for Fenton-like Chemistry toward Highly Efficient Wastewater Purification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14046-14057. [PMID: 37658810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Precisely identifying the atomic structures in single-atom sites and establishing authentic structure-activity relationships for single-atom catalyst (SAC) coordination are significant challenges. Here, theoretical calculations first predicted the underlying catalytic activity of Fe-NxC4-x sites with diverse first-shell coordination environments. Substituting N with C to coordinate with the central Fe atom induces an inferior Fenton-like catalytic efficiency. Then, Fe-SACs carrying three configurations (Fe-N2C2, Fe-N3C1, and Fe-N4) fabricate facilely and demonstrate that optimized coordination environments of Fe-NxC4-x significantly promote the Fenton-like catalytic activity. Specifically, the reaction rate constant increases from 0.064 to 0.318 min-1 as the coordination number of Fe-N increases from 2 to 4, slightly influencing the nonradical reaction mechanism dominated by 1O2. In-depth theoretical calculations unveil that the modulated coordination environments of Fe-SACs from Fe-N2C2 to Fe-N4 optimize the d-band electronic structures and regulate the binding strength of peroxymonosulfate on Fe-NxC4-x sites, resulting in a reduced energy barrier and enhanced Fenton-like catalytic activity. The catalytic stability and the actual hospital sewage treatment capacity also showed strong coordination dependency. This strategy of local coordination engineering offers a vivid example of modulating SACs with well-regulated coordination environments, ultimately maximizing their catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bingkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chuan-Shu He
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ye Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaokun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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