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Lerner Y, Hanout W, Ben-Uliel SF, Gani S, Leshem MP, Qvit N. Natriuretic Peptides as the Basis of Peptide Drug Discovery for Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2904-2921. [PMID: 33050863 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201013154326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading global cause of death, accounting for more than 17.6 million deaths per year in 2016, a number that is expected to grow to more than 23.6 million by 2030. While many technologies are currently under investigation to improve the therapeutic outcome of CVD complications, only a few medications have been approved. Therefore, new approaches to treat CVD are urgently required. Peptides regulate numerous physiological processes, mainly by binding to specific receptors and inducing a series of signals, neurotransmissions or the release of growth factors. Importantly, peptides have also been shown to play an important role in the circulatory system both in physiological and pathological conditions. Peptides, such as angiotensin II, endothelin, urotensin-II, urocortins, adrenomedullin and natriuretic peptides have been implicated in the control of vascular tone and blood pressure as well as in CVDs such as congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and pulmonary and systemic hypertension. Hence it is not surprising that peptides are becoming important therapeutic leads in CVDs. This article will review the current knowledge on peptides and their role in the circulatory system, focusing on the physiological roles of natriuretic peptides in the cardiovascular system and their implications in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Lerner
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, P.O. Box 1589, Safed, Israel
| | - Wessal Hanout
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, P.O. Box 1589, Safed, Israel
| | - Shulamit Fluss Ben-Uliel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, P.O. Box 1589, Safed, Israel
| | - Samar Gani
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, P.O. Box 1589, Safed, Israel
| | - Michal Pellach Leshem
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, P.O. Box 1589, Safed, Israel
| | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, P.O. Box 1589, Safed, Israel
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Abstract
Recent developments in synthetic molecular motors and pumps have sprung from a remarkable confluence of experiment and theory. Synthetic accomplishments have facilitated the ability to design and create molecules, many of them featuring mechanically bonded components, to carry out specific functions in their environment-walking along a polymeric track, unidirectional circling of one ring about another, synthesizing stereoisomers according to an external protocol, or pumping rings onto a long rod-like molecule to form and maintain high-energy, complex, nonequilibrium structures from simpler antecedents. Progress in the theory of nanoscale stochastic thermodynamics, specifically the generalization and extension of the principle of microscopic reversibility to the single-molecule regime, has enhanced the understanding of the design requirements for achieving strong unidirectional motion and high efficiency of these synthetic molecular machines for harnessing energy from external fluctuations to carry out mechanical and/or chemical functions in their environment. A key insight is that the interaction between the fluctuations and the transition state energies plays a central role in determining the steady-state concentrations. Kinetic asymmetry, a requirement for stochastic adaptation, occurs when there is an imbalance in the effect of the fluctuations on the forward and reverse rate constants. Because of strong viscosity, the motions of the machine can be viewed as mechanical equilibrium processes where mechanical resonances are simply impossible but where the probability distributions for the state occupancies and trajectories are very different from those that would be expected at thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Kulawiak B, Höpker J, Gebert M, Guiard B, Wiedemann N, Gebert N. The mitochondrial protein import machinery has multiple connections to the respiratory chain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1827:612-26. [PMID: 23274250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial inner membrane harbors the complexes of the respiratory chain and protein translocases required for the import of mitochondrial precursor proteins. These complexes are functionally interdependent, as the import of respiratory chain precursor proteins across and into the inner membrane requires the membrane potential. Vice versa the membrane potential is generated by the proton pumping complexes of the respiratory chain. Besides this basic codependency four different systems for protein import, processing and assembly show further connections to the respiratory chain. The mitochondrial intermembrane space import and assembly machinery oxidizes cysteine residues within the imported precursor proteins and is able to donate the liberated electrons to the respiratory chain. The presequence translocase of the inner membrane physically interacts with the respiratory chain. The mitochondrial processing peptidase is homologous to respiratory chain subunits and the carrier translocase of the inner membrane even shares a subunit with the respiratory chain. In this review we will summarize the import of mitochondrial precursor proteins and highlight these special links between the mitochondrial protein import machinery and the respiratory chain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory complex II: Role in cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusz Kulawiak
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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van der Laan M, Wiedemann N, Mick DU, Guiard B, Rehling P, Pfanner N. A Role for Tim21 in Membrane-Potential-Dependent Preprotein Sorting in Mitochondria. Curr Biol 2006; 16:2271-6. [PMID: 17113393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial inner membrane harbors complexes of the respiratory chain and translocase complexes for preproteins. The membrane potential generated by the respiratory chain is essential for ATP production by the mitochondrial ATP synthase and as a driving force for protein import. It is generally believed that the preprotein translocases just use the membrane potential without getting into physical contact with respiratory-chain complexes. Here, we show that the presequence translocase interacts with the respiratory chain. Tim21, a specific subunit of the sorting-active presequence translocase , recruits proton-pumping respiratory-chain complexes and stimulates preprotein insertion. Thus, the presequence translocase cooperates with the respiratory chain and promotes membrane-potential-dependent protein sorting into the inner mitochondrial membrane. These findings suggest a new coupling mechanism in an energy-transducing membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin van der Laan
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellforschung, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Astumian RD. Biasing the random walk of a molecular motor. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2005; 17:S3753-S3766. [PMID: 21690722 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/17/47/008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular motors are often described in mechanical terms, with analogy to cars, turbines, judo throws, levers, etc. It is important to remember however that because of their small size, and because of the aqueous environment in which molecular motors move, viscous drag and thermal noise dominate the inertial forces that drive macroscopic machines. The sequence of motions-conformational changes-by which a motor protein moves can best be described as a random walk, with transitions from one state to another occurring by thermal activation over energy barriers. In this paper I will address the question of how this random walk is biased by a non-equilibrium chemical reaction (ATP hydrolysis) so that the motor molecule moves preferentially (with almost unit certainty) in one direction, even when an external force is applied to drive it in the opposite direction. I will also discuss how these 'soft matter' motors can achieve thermodynamic efficiencies of nearly 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5709, USA
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Westerhoff HV, Getz WM, van Verseveld HW, Hofmeyr JHS, Snoep JL. Bioinformatics, cellular flows, and calculation. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2002:221-43. [PMID: 12061004 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04747-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H V Westerhoff
- BioCentrum Amsterdam, Free University, De Boelelaan 1087, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bier M, Bakker BM, Westerhoff HV. How yeast cells synchronize their glycolytic oscillations: a perturbation analytic treatment. Biophys J 2000; 78:1087-93. [PMID: 10692299 PMCID: PMC1300712 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the lifeforms that obtain their energy from glycolysis, yeast cells are among the most basic. Under certain conditions the concentrations of the glycolytic intermediates in yeast cells can oscillate. Individual yeast cells in a suspension can synchronize their oscillations to get in phase with each other. Although the glycolytic oscillations originate in the upper part of the glycolytic chain, the signaling agent in this synchronization appears to be acetaldehyde, a membrane-permeating metabolite at the bottom of the anaerobic part of the glycolytic chain. Here we address the issue of how a metabolite remote from the pacemaking origin of the oscillation may nevertheless control the synchronization. We present a quantitative model for glycolytic oscillations and their synchronization in terms of chemical kinetics. We show that, in essence, the common acetaldehyde concentration can be modeled as a small perturbation on the "pacemaker" whose effect on the period of the oscillations of cells in the same suspension is indeed such that a synchronization develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bier
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dept. of Surgery MC 6035, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Abstract
The typical biochemical paradigm for coupling between hydrolysis of ATP and the performance of chemical or mechanical work involves a well-defined sequence of events (a kinetic mechanism) with a fixed stoichiometry between the number of ATP molecules hydrolyzed and the turnover of the output reaction. Recent experiments show, however, that such a deterministic picture of coupling may not be adequate to explain observed behavior of molecular motor proteins in the presence of applied forces. Here we present a general model in which the binding of ATP and release of ADP serve to modulate the binding energy of a motor protein as it travels along a biopolymer backbone. The mechanism is loosely coupled--the average number of ATPs hydrolyzed to cause a single step from one binding site to the next depends strongly on the magnitude of an applied force and on the effective viscous drag force. The statistical mechanical perspective described here offers insight into how local anisotrophy along the "track" for a molecular motor, combined with an energy-releasing chemical reaction to provide a source of nonequilibrium fluctuations, can lead to macroscopic motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Astumian
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Lenz J, Höfer M. Ion channels as ion pumps—energy yield from environmental noise and local dynamic functional variability. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02814090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hendler RW, Westerhoff HV. Redox interactions in cytochrome c oxidase: from the "neoclassical" toward "modern" models. Biophys J 1992; 63:1586-604. [PMID: 1336989 PMCID: PMC1262276 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(92)81748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of recent experimental data on the redox characteristics of cytochrome c oxidase and renewed interest in the role of cooperativity in energy coupling, the question of redox cooperativity in cytochrome c oxidase is reexamined. Extensive redox cooperativity between more than two redox centers, some of which are spectrally invisible, may be expected for this electron transfer coupled proton pump. Such cooperativity, however, cannot be revealed by the traditional potentiometric experiments based on a difference in absorbance between two wavelengths. Multiwavelength analyses utilizing singular value decomposition and second derivatives of absorbance vs. wavelength have revealed a stronger cooperativity than consistent with the "neoclassical" model, which allowed only for weak negative cooperativity between two equipotential one-electron centers. A thermodynamic analysis of redox cooperativity is developed, which includes the possibilities of strong cooperative redox interactions, the involvement of invisible redox centers, conformational changes, and monomer/dimer equilibrations. The experimental observation of an oxidation of one of the cytochromes (a3) with a decrease in applied redox potential is shown to require both strong negative cooperativity and the participation of more than two one-electron centers. A number of "modern" models are developed using the analytical approaches described in this paper. By testing with experimental data, some of these models are falsified, whereas some are retained with suggestions for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Hendler
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Sitaramam V, Paranjpe SA, Gangal AD. Charge anisotropy across biological membranes: evidence and implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1098:336-42. [PMID: 1310623 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(09)91015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins exhibit charge anisotropy across the bilayer with the vector positive inwards. The proton pumps, primary or secondary, which have been examined as a subset of these membrane proteins, also reveal charge anisotropy based on their sequence data. The direction of the anisotropy appears to satisfy the observed directional gradient of protons mediated by these proteins. A correct description of transport requires attention to local as well as field effects of the charge anisotropy of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sitaramam
- Department of Zoology, University of Poona, Pune, India
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Westerhoff HV, Welch GR. Enzyme organization and the direction of metabolic flow: physicochemical considerations. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1992; 33:361-90. [PMID: 1499341 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152833-1.50026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H V Westerhoff
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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13
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Astumian RD, Chock PB, Tsong TY, Westerhoff HV. Effects of oscillations and energy-driven fluctuations on the dynamics of enzyme catalysis and free-energy transduction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1989; 39:6416-6435. [PMID: 9901243 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.39.6416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Tsong TY, Liu DS, Chauvin F, Gaigalas A, Astumian R. Electroconformational coupling (ECC): An electric field induced enzyme oscillation for cellular energy and signal transductions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(89)85010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Electroconformational coupling (ECC): an electric field induced enzyme oscillation for cellular energy and signal transductions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(89)87232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamp F, Chen YD, Westerhoff HV. Energization-induced redistribution of charge carriers near membranes. Biophys Chem 1988; 30:113-32. [PMID: 2843244 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(88)85009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The electric field arising from proton pumping across a topologically closed biological membrane causes accumulation close to the membrane of ionic charges equivalent to the charge of the pumped protons, positive on the side towards which protons are pumped, negative on the other side. We shall call this the 'active surface charge'. We here use the Poisson-Boltzmann equation to evaluate the effects of zwitterionic buffer molecules and uncharged proteins in the aqueous phase bordering the membrane on the magnitude and ionic composition of the active surface charge. For the positive side of the membrane, the main results are: (1) If the membrane is freely accessible to bulk phase ions, pumped protons exchange with these ions, such that the active surface charge consists of salt cations. (2) If a significant fraction of the ions in bulk solution consists of buffer molecules, then some of the pumped protons will remain close to the membrane and constitute a major fraction of the active surface charge. (3) If a protein layer borders the membrane, a significant part of the transmembrane electric potential difference exists within that protein layer and protons inside this layer dominate the active surface charge. (4) On the negative side of the membrane the corresponding phenomena would occur. (5) All these effects are strictly dependent on the transmembrane electric potential difference arising from proton pumping and would come in addition to the well known effects of buffers and electrically charged proteins on the retention of scalar protons. (6) No additional proton diffusion barrier may be required to account for a deficit in number of protons observed in the aqueous bulk phase upon aeration-induced proton pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kamp
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
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