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Suri K, Ramesh M, Bhandari M, Gupta V, Kumar V, Govindaraju T, Murugan NA. Role of Amyloidogenic and Non-Amyloidogenic Protein Spaces in Neurodegenerative Diseases and their Mitigation Using Theranostic Agents. Chembiochem 2024:e202400224. [PMID: 38668376 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) refer to a complex heterogeneous group of diseases which are associated with the accumulation of amyloid fibrils or plaques in the brain leading to progressive loss of neuronal functions. Alzheimer's disease is one of the major NDD responsible for 60-80 % of all dementia cases. Currently, there are no curative or disease-reversing/modifying molecules for many of the NDDs except a few such as donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, carbidopa and levodopa which treat the disease-associated symptoms. Similarly, there are very few FDA-approved tracers such as flortaucipir (Tauvid) for tau fibril imaging and florbetaben (Neuraceq), flutemetamol (Vizamyl), and florbetapir (Amyvid) for amyloid imaging available for diagnosis. Recent advances in the cryogenic electron microscopy reported distinctly different microstructures for tau fibrils associated with different tauopathies highlighting the possibility to develop tauopathy-specific imaging agents and therapeutics. In addition, it is important to identify the proteins that are associated with disease development and progression to know about their 3D structure to develop various diagnostics, therapeutics and theranostic agents. The current article discusses in detail the disease-associated amyloid and non-amyloid proteins along with their structural insights. We comprehensively discussed various novel proteins associated with NDDs and their implications in disease pathology. In addition, we document various emerging chemical compounds developed for diagnosis and therapy of different NDDs with special emphasis on theranostic agents for better management of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapali Suri
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Mansi Bhandari
- Department of computer science and engineering, Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110062
| | - Vishakha Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - N Arul Murugan
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
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2
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Gu QH, Huynh M, Shi Y, Jia XY, Luo JJ, Jiang TJ, Cui Z, Ooi JD, Kitching AR, Zhao MH. Experimental Antiglomerular Basement Membrane GN Induced by a Peptide from Actinomyces. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 31:1282-1295. [PMID: 32444356 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019060619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is associated with HLA-DRB1*1501 (the major predisposing genetic factor in the disease), with α3127-148 as a nephritogenic T and B cell epitope. Although the cause of disease remains unclear, the association of infections with anti-GBM disease has been long suspected. METHODS To investigate whether microbes might activate autoreactive T and B lymphocytes via molecular mimicry in anti-GBM disease, we used bioinformatic tools, including BLAST, SYFPEITHI, and ABCpred, for peptide searching and epitope prediction. We used sera from patients with anti-GBM disease to assess peptides recognized by antibodies, and immunized WKY rats and a humanized mouse model (HLA-DR15 transgenic mice) with each of the peptide candidates to assess pathogenicity. RESULTS On the basis of the critical motif, the bioinformatic approach identified 36 microbial peptides that mimic human α3127-148. Circulating antibodies in sera from patients with anti-GBM recognized nine of them. One peptide, B7, derived from Actinomyces species, induced proteinuria, linear IgG deposition on the GBM, and crescent formation when injected into WKY rats. The antibodies to B7 also targeted human and rat α3127-148. B7 induced T cell activation from human α3127-148-immunized rats. T cell responses to B7 were detected in rats immunized by Actinomyces lysate proteins or recombinant proteins. We confirmed B7's pathogenicity in HLA-DR15 transgenic mice that developed kidney injury similar to that observed in α3135-145-immunized mice. CONCLUSIONS Sera from patients with anti-GBM disease recognized microbial peptides identified through a bioinformatic approach, and a peptide from Actinomyces induced experimental anti-GBM GN by T and B cell crossreactivity. These studies demonstrate that anti-GBM disease may be initiated by immunization with a microbial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hua Gu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Megan Huynh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yue Shi
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Jia
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tai-Jiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhao Cui
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China .,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Joshua D Ooi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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3
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Klehmet J, Hoffmann S, Walter G, Meisel C, Meisel A. Stroke induces specific alteration of T memory compartment controlling auto-reactive CNS antigen-specific T cell responses. J Neurol Sci 2016; 368:77-83. [PMID: 27538605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whether and when auto-reactivity after stroke occurs is still a matter of debate. By using overlapping 15mer peptide pools consisting of myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) we show increased frequencies of immunodominant MOG- and MBP T cell responses in acute ischemic stroke which were associated with reduced frequencies of naïve T cells as well as CD8+ TEMRA cells. Auto-reactive CNS antigen-specific T cells responses as well as alterations of T cell subpopulations normalized in long-term follow up after stroke. Our findings suggest that stroke-induced immunodepression might function as an adaptive mechanism in order to inhibit harmful and long-lasting CNS antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Klehmet
- Department of Neurology (JK, SH, and AM), Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sarah Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology (JK, SH, and AM), Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Walter
- Department of Orthopedics, Helios Klinikum Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Meisel
- Department of Medical Immunology (CM), Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology (CM), Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes, Sylter Strasse 2, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of Neurology (JK, SH, and AM), Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Aas-Hanssen K, Thompson KM, Bogen B, Munthe LA. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Molecular Mimicry between Anti-dsDNA CDR3 Idiotype, Microbial and Self Peptides-As Antigens for Th Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:382. [PMID: 26284067 PMCID: PMC4517057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is marked by a T helper (Th) cell-dependent B cell hyperresponsiveness, with frequent germinal center reactions, and gammaglobulinemia. A feature of SLE is the finding of IgG autoantibodies specific for dsDNA. The specificity of the Th cells that drive the expansion of anti-dsDNA B cells is unresolved. However, anti-microbial, anti-histone, and anti-idiotype Th cell responses have been hypothesized to play a role. It has been entirely unclear if these seemingly disparate Th cell responses and hypotheses could be related or unified. Here, we describe that H chain CDR3 idiotypes from IgG+ B cells of lupus mice have sequence similarities with both microbial and self peptides. Matched sequences were more frequent within the mutated CDR3 repertoire and when sequences were derived from lupus mice with expanded anti-dsDNA B cells. Analyses of histone sequences showed that particular histone peptides were similar to VDJ junctions. Moreover, lupus mice had Th cell responses toward histone peptides similar to anti-dsDNA CDR3 sequences. The results suggest that Th cells in lupus may have multiple cross-reactive specificities linked to the IgVH CDR3 Id-peptide sequences as well as similar DNA-associated protein motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Aas-Hanssen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Keith M Thompson
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; KG Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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5
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Day S, Tselios T, Androutsou ME, Tapeinou A, Frilligou I, Stojanovska L, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Mannosylated Linear and Cyclic Single Amino Acid Mutant Peptides Using a Small 10 Amino Acid Linker Constitute Promising Candidates Against Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:136. [PMID: 26082772 PMCID: PMC4450228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious autoimmune demyelinating disease leading to loss of neurological function. The design and synthesis of various altered peptide ligands of immunodominant epitopes of myelin proteins to alter the autoimmune response, is a promising therapeutic approach for MS. In this study, linear and cyclic peptide analogs based on the myelin basic protein 83–99 (MBP83–99) immunodominant epitope conjugated to reduced mannan via the (KG)5 and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) bridge, respectively, were evaluated for their biological/immunological profiles in SJL/J mice. Of all the peptide analogs tested, linear MBP83–99(F91) and linear MBP83–99(Y91) conjugated to reduced mannan via a (KG)5 linker and cyclic MBP83–99(F91) conjugated to reduce mannan via KLH linker, yielded the best immunological profile and constitute novel candidates for further immunotherapeutic studies against MS in animal models and in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Day
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | | | - Maria-Eleni Androutsou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece ; Eldrug S.A. , Patras , Greece
| | - Anthi Tapeinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Irene Frilligou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - John Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece ; Eldrug S.A. , Patras , Greece
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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6
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Levin MC, Lee S, Gardner LA, Shin Y, Douglas JN, Cooper C. Autoantibodies to Non-myelin Antigens as Contributors to the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 4:10.4172/2155-9899.1000148. [PMID: 24363960 PMCID: PMC3866957 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For years, investigators have sought to prove that myelin antigens are the primary targets of autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent experiments have begun to challenge this assumption, particularly when studying the neurodegenerative phase of MS. T-lymphocyte responses to myelin antigens have been extensively studied, and are likely early contributors to the pathogenesis of MS. Antibodies to myelin antigens have a much more inconstant association with the pathogenesis of MS. Recent studies indicate that antibodies to non-myelin antigens such as neurofilaments, neurofascin, RNA binding proteins and potassium channels may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. The purpose of this review is to analyze recent studies that examine the role that autoantibodies to non-myelin antigens might play in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lidia A. Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua N. Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chelsea Cooper
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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7
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Multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Is multiple sclerosis an autoimmune disease? Autoimmune Dis 2012; 2012:969657. [PMID: 22666554 PMCID: PMC3361990 DOI: 10.1155/2012/969657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with varied clinical presentations and heterogeneous histopathological features. The underlying immunological abnormalities in MS lead to various neurological and autoimmune manifestations. There is strong evidence that MS is, at least in part, an immune-mediated disease. There is less evidence that MS is a classical autoimmune disease, even though many authors state this in the description of the disease. We show the evidence that both supports and refutes the autoimmune hypothesis. In addition, we present an alternate hypothesis based on virus infection to explain the pathogenesis of MS.
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9
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Katsara M, Yuriev E, Ramsland PA, Tselios T, Deraos G, Lourbopoulos A, Grigoriadis N, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Altered peptide ligands of myelin basic protein ( MBP87-99 ) conjugated to reduced mannan modulate immune responses in mice. Immunology 2010; 128:521-33. [PMID: 19930042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of peptides to generate altered peptide ligands, capable of switching immune responses from T helper 1 (Th1) to T helper 2 (Th2), are promising candidates for the immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We synthesized two mutant peptides from myelin basic protein 87-99 (MBP(87-99)), an immunodominant peptide epitope identified in MS. Mutations of residues K(91) and P(96), known to be critical T-cell receptor (TCR) contact sites, resulted in the mutant peptides [R(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) and [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99). Immunization of mice with these altered peptide ligands emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant induced both interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) responses compared with only IFN-gamma responses induced to the native MBP(87-99) peptide. It was of interest that [R(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) conjugated to reduced mannan induced 70% less IFN-gamma compared with the native MBP(87-99) peptide. However, [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) conjugated to reduced mannan did not induce IFN-gamma-secreting T cells, but elicited very high levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4). Furthermore, antibodies generated to [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) peptide conjugated to reduced mannan did not cross-react with the native MBP(87-99) peptide. By molecular modelling of the mutant peptides in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, I-A(s), novel interactions were noted. It is clear that the double-mutant peptide analogue [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) conjugated to reduced mannan is able to divert immune responses from Th1 to Th2 and is a promising mutant peptide analogue for use in studies investigating potential treatments for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsara
- Immunology and Vaccine, and Structural Immunology Laboratories, Burnet Institute, Centre for Immunology, AMREP, Prahran, Vic., Australia
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10
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A double mutation of MBP(83-99) peptide induces IL-4 responses and antagonizes IFN-gamma responses. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 200:77-89. [PMID: 18675465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of treatment options are available to multiple sclerosis patients, however this needs to be improved. Herein, we designed and synthesized a number of peptides by mutating principal TCR contact residues based on MBP(83-99) peptide epitope. Immunization of SJL/J mice with MBP(83-99) and mutant [A(91)]MBP(83-99), [E(91)]MBP(83-99), [F(91)]MBP(83-99), [Y(91)]MBP(83-99), and [R(91), A(96)]MBP(83-99) peptides, induced IFN-gamma, and only [R(91), A(96)]MBP(83-99) mutant peptide was able to induce IL-4 secretion by T cells. T cells against the native MBP(83-99) peptide cross-reacted with all peptides except [Y(91)]MBP(83-99) and [R(91),A(96)]MBP(83-99). The double mutant [R(91), A(96)]MBP(83-99) was able to antagonize IFN-gamma production in vitro by T cells against the native MBP(83-99) peptide. Antibodies generated to [R(91), A(96)]MBP(83-99) did not cross-react with whole MBP protein. Molecular modeling between peptide analogs and H2 I-A(s) demonstrated novel interactions. The [R(91), A(96)]MBP(83-99) double mutant peptide analog is the most promising for further therapeutic studies.
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11
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Deraos G, Chatzantoni K, Matsoukas MT, Tselios T, Deraos S, Katsara M, Papathanasopoulos P, Vynios D, Apostolopoulos V, Mouzaki A, Matsoukas J. Citrullination of Linear and Cyclic Altered Peptide Ligands from Myelin Basic Protein (MBP87−99) Epitope Elicits a Th1 Polarized Response by T Cells Isolated from Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Implications in Triggering Disease. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7834-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800891n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Deraos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Kokona Chatzantoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Minos-Timotheos Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Spyros Deraos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Maria Katsara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Panagiotis Papathanasopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Demitrios Vynios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - John Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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12
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Kato Z, Stern JNH, Nakamura HK, Kuwata K, Kondo N, Strominger JL. Positioning of autoimmune TCR-Ob.2F3 and TCR-Ob.3D1 on the MBP85-99/HLA-DR2 complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15523-8. [PMID: 18824684 PMCID: PMC2563136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807338105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first determination of structure of the HLA-A2 complex, >200 MHC/peptide structures have been recorded, whereas the available T cell receptor (TCR)/peptide/MHC complex structures now are <20. Among these structures, only six are TCR/peptide/MHC Class II (MHCII) structures. The most recent of these structures, obtained by using TCR-Ob.1A12 from a multiple sclerosis patient and the MBP85-99/HLA-DR2 complex, was very unusual in that the TCR was located near the N-terminal end of the peptide-binding cleft of the MHCII protein and had an orthogonal angle on the peptide/MHC complex. The unusual structure suggested the possibility of a disturbance of its signaling capability that could be related to autoimmunity. Here, homology modeling and a new simulation method developed for TCR/peptide/MHC docking have been used to examine the positioning of the complex of two additional TCRs obtained from the same patient (TCR-Ob.2F3 or TCR-Ob.3D1 with MBP85-99/HLA-DR2). The structures obtained by this simulation are compatible with available data on peptide specificity of the TCR epitope. All three TCRs from patient Ob including that from the previously determined crystal structure show a counterclockwise rotation. Two of them are located near the N terminus of the peptide-binding cleft, whereas the third is near the center. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that the rotation of the TCRs may alter the downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenichiro Kato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 5010-1194, Japan
| | - Joel N. H. Stern
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; and
| | | | | | - Naomi Kondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 5010-1194, Japan
| | - Jack L. Strominger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; and
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13
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Abstract
Clonal expansion of B cells and the production of oligoclonal IgG in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have long been interpreted as circumstantial evidence of the immune-mediated pathogenesis of the disease and suggest a possible infectious cause. Extensive work on intrathecally produced antibodies has not yet clarified whether they are pathogenetically relevant. Irrespective of antibody specificity, however, the processes of antibody synthesis in the CNS of patients with MS are becoming increasingly clear. Likewise, targeting B cells might be therapeutically relevant in MS and other autoimmune diseases that are deemed to be driven predominantly by T cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that in MS, similar to rheumatoid arthritis, B cells aggregate into lymphoid-like structures in the target organ. The process of aggregation is mediated through the expression of lymphoid-homing chemokines. In the brain of a patient with MS, ectopic B-cell follicles preferentially adjoin the pial membrane within the subarachnoid space. Recent findings indicate that substantial numbers of B cells that are infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) accumulate in these intrameningeal follicles and in white matter lesions and are probably the target of a cytotoxic immune response. These findings, which await confirmation, could be an explanation for the continuous B-cell and T-cell activation in MS, but leave open concerns about the possible pathogenicity of autoantibodies. Going beyond the antimyelin-antibody dogma, the above data warrant further work on various B-cell-related mechanisms, including investigation of B-cell effector and regulatory functions, definition of the consistency of CNS colonisation by Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells, and understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the formation and persistence of tertiary lymphoid tissues in patients with MS and other chronic autoimmune diseases (ectopic follicle syndromes). This work will stimulate new and unconventional ways of reasoning about MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Franciotta
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, IRCCS Neurological Institute C Mondino, via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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14
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Katsara M, Yuriev E, Ramsland PA, Deraos G, Tselios T, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Mannosylation of mutated MBP83-99 peptides diverts immune responses from Th1 to Th2. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3661-70. [PMID: 18541301 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease mediated primarily by CD4+ T cells. The design of peptide mutants of disease-associated myelin epitopes to alter immune responses offers a promising avenue for the treatment of MS. We designed and synthesized a number of peptide analogs by mutating the principal TCR contact residue based on MBP83-99 epitope and these peptides were conjugated to reduced mannan. Immune responses were diverted from Th1 to Th2 in SJL/J mice and generated antibodies which did not cross-react with native MBP protein. Peptide [Y91]MBP83-99 gave the best cytokine and antibody profile and constitutes a promising candidate peptide for immunotherapy of MS. Structural alignment of existing crystal structures revealed the peptide binding motif of I-As. Molecular modeling was used to identify H-bonding and van der Waals interactions between peptides and MHC (I-A(s)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsara
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin campus), VIC, Australia
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15
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Costantino CM, Hang HC, Kent SC, Hafler DA, Ploegh HL. Lysosomal Cysteine and Aspartic Proteases Are Heterogeneously Expressed and Act Redundantly to Initiate Human Invariant Chain Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2876-85. [PMID: 18292509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Costantino
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Chitnis T. The role of CD4 T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 79:43-72. [PMID: 17531837 PMCID: PMC7112308 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes play a central role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) (Zhang et al., 1992). Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have been demonstrated in MS lesions, with CD4+ T cells predominating in acute lesions and CD8+ T cells being observed more frequently in chronic lesions (Raine, 1994). Additionally, T cells are found in all four of the described histopathologic subtypes of MS (Lucchinetti et al., 2000). Activated myelin‐reactive CD4+ T cells are present in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients; in contrast, only nonactivated myelin‐reactive T cells are present in the blood of controls (Zhang et al., 1994). The success of several T‐cell‐targeted therapies in MS reinforces the importance of the role of the T cell in MS pathogenesis. Here, we outline basic concepts in CD4+ T‐cell immunology and summarize the current understanding of the role of CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Chitnis
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Olson JK, Ercolini AM, Miller SD. A virus-induced molecular mimicry model of multiple sclerosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 296:39-53. [PMID: 16323419 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-30791-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis1 (MS) is an immune-mediated autoimmune demyelinating disease in humans. The initiating event in MS is unknown, but epidemiological evidence suggests that virus infections may be important and one possible mechanism for induction of infection-induced autoimmune disease is molecular mimicry. To test the ability of a virus encoding a self myelin mimic epitope to induce an autoimmune response, we have developed a mouse model wherein the immunodominant myelin epitope PLP139-151, or mimics of this epitope, were inserted into a nonpathogenic variant of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). SJL mice infected with TMEV containing PLP139-151 or a mimic of PLP139-151 expressed by the protease IV protein of Haemophilus influenzae, sharing only 6/13 amino acids with the native epitope, developed an early-onset demyelinating disease associated with activation of CD4+ T cells reactive with PLP139-151. We have used this molecular mimicry model to further address the requirements for mimic epitope processing and presentation during infection and the requirements for TCR recognition and MHC binding of mimic epitopes. We have also investigated whether molecular mimicry may require multiple infections, with either the mimic-encoding virus or an unrelated virus, to initiate autoimmune disease. Finally, we have asked whether a virus encoding a molecular mimic has to directly infect the target organ to induce autoimmune disease. Overall, this virus-induced molecular mimicry model has provided critical information regarding the mechanisms by which infection-induced molecular mimicry can induce autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Olson
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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D'Elios MM, Appelmelk BJ, Amedei A, Bergman MP, Del Prete G. Gastric autoimmunity: the role of Helicobacter pylori and molecular mimicry. Trends Mol Med 2004; 10:316-23. [PMID: 15242679 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens can induce autoreactive T cells to initiate autoimmune disease by several mechanisms. Pathogen-induced inflammation results in the enhanced presentation of self antigens, which causes the expansion of the activated autoreactive T cells that are required for disease onset. Alternatively, a pathogen might express antigens with epitopes that are structurally similar to epitopes of autoantigens, resulting in a mechanism of molecular mimicry. This is the case for Helicobacter pylori-associated human autoimmune gastritis, in which the activated CD4+ Th1 cells that infiltrate the gastric mucosa cross-recognize the epitopes of self gastric parietal cell H(+)K(+)-ATPase and of various H. pylori proteins. Therefore, in genetically susceptible individuals, H. pylori infection can start or worsen gastric autoimmunity, leading to atrophic gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M D'Elios
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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19
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Mycko MP, Waldner H, Anderson DE, Bourcier KD, Wucherpfennig KW, Kuchroo VK, Hafler DA. Cross-Reactive TCR Responses to Self Antigens Presented by Different MHC Class II Molecules. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1689-98. [PMID: 15265898 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells represent a natural repertoire of T cells in both diseased patients and healthy individuals. The mechanisms regulating the function of these autoreactive T cells are still unknown. Ob1A12 is a myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive Th cell clone derived from a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mice transgenic for this human TCR and DRA and DRB1*1501 chains develop spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The reactivity of Ob1A12 is reported to be restricted to recognition of MBP peptide 85-99 in the context of DRB1*1501. DRA/DRB1*1501 and the patient's other restriction element, DRA/DRB1*0401, differ significantly in their amino acid sequences. In this study we describe an altered peptide ligand derived from MBP(85-99) with a single amino acid substitution at position 88 (Val to Lys; 88V-->K), that could stimulate the Ob1A12.TCR in the context of both DRA/DRB1*1501 and DRA/DRB1*0401. Analysis of a panel of transfected T cell hybridomas expressing Ob1A12.TCR and CD4 indicated that Ob1A12.TCR cross-reactivity in the context of DRA/DRB1*0401 is critically dependent on the presence of the CD4 coreceptor. Furthermore, we found that activation of Ob1A12.TCR with MBP altered peptide ligand 85-99 88V-->K presented by DRB1*1501 or DRB1*0401 resulted in significant differences in TCR zeta phosphorylation. Our data indicate that injection of altered peptide ligand into patients heterozygous for MHC class II molecules may result in unexpected cross-reactivities, leading to activation of autoreactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- HLA-DR Antigens/immunology
- HLA-DR alpha-Chains
- HLA-DRB1 Chains
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- L Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin P Mycko
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Amedei A, Bergman MP, Appelmelk BJ, Azzurri A, Benagiano M, Tamburini C, van der Zee R, Telford JL, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, D'Elios MM, Del Prete G. Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori antigens and H+, K+ --adenosine triphosphatase in human gastric autoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 198:1147-56. [PMID: 14568977 PMCID: PMC2194239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune gastritis and Helicobacter pylori–associated gastric atrophy develop through similar mechanisms involving the proton pump H+,K+–adenosine triphosphatase as autoantigen. Here, we report that H. pylori–infected patients with gastric autoimmunity harbor in vivo–activated gastric CD4+ T cells that recognize both H+,K+–adenosine triphosphatase and H. pylori antigens. We characterized the submolecular specificity of such gastric T cells and identified cross-reactive epitopes from nine H. pylori proteins. Cross-reactive H. pylori peptides induced T cell proliferation and expression of T helper type 1 functions. We suggest that in genetically susceptible individuals, H. pylori infection can activate cross-reactive gastric T cells leading to gastric autoimmunity via molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Viale Morgagni 85, 50134 Florence, Italy
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21
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Kohm AP, Fuller KG, Miller SD. Mimicking the way to autoimmunity: an evolving theory of sequence and structural homology. Trends Microbiol 2003; 11:101-5. [PMID: 12648936 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(03)00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the etiology of autoimmune diseases remains largely unknown, a prevailing theory concerns the infection-induced activation of self-reactive lymphocytes via the process of molecular mimicry. Here, we discuss the theory of molecular mimicry and its continued evolution from the initial basic considerations of sequence similarity to the current theories of structural homology. Such findings serve to further our understanding of T-cell receptor degeneracy and might one day provide a direct link between infection and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Kohm
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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22
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Olson JK, Croxford JL, Miller SD. Virus-induced autoimmunity: potential role of viruses in initiation, perpetuation, and progression of T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Viral Immunol 2002; 14:227-50. [PMID: 11572634 DOI: 10.1089/088282401753266756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections have been implicated in the initiation of multiple human autoimmune diseases. This article focuses on reviewing the role of viruses in initiation, progression, and perpetuation of autoimmune diseases. Various mechanisms by which virus infections can induce autoimmune responses including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, direct bystander activation, and release of cryptic epitopes are discussed. Evidence implicating virus infections in the pathogenesis of various human autoimmune diseases is reviewed. Last, the characteristics of animal models that have been developed for the study of the potential role of viruses in the initiation and progression of autoimmune disease are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Olson
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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23
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Abstract
Infectious agents are thought to play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Sequence similarity between infectious agents and self-proteins (molecular mimicry) has been proposed as a mechanism for the induction of autoimmunity [1]. However, it has been difficult to identify microbial peptides that activate autoreactive T cells using conventional sequence alignments. This chapter reviews progress made in the identification of such microbial peptides based on the analysis of structural features that are important for TCR recognition of MHC-bound peptides [2].
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Nakayashiki N, Oshima M, Deitiker PR, Ashizawa T, Atassi MZ. Suppression of experimental myasthenia gravis by monoclonal antibodies against MHC peptide region involved in presentation of a pathogenic T-cell epitope. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 105:131-44. [PMID: 10742555 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against an antigen-binding region of I-A, region 62-76 of I-Abeta(b), which is involved in the T-cell participation in the pathogenesis of EAMG. The mAbs reacted with its parent molecules and inhibited the proliferation of disease-related T-cells. Passive transfer of these mAbs suppressed the occurrence of clinical EAMG, which was accompanied by decreased T-cell and Ab responses to tAChR. The results indicated that blocking the function of disease-related MHC by targeting a disease-associated region on MHC molecules could be an effective, straightforward and feasible strategy for immunointervention in MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nakayashiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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Krogsgaard M, Wucherpfennig KW, Canella B, Hansen BE, Svejgaard A, Pyrdol J, Ditzel H, Raine C, Engberg J, Fugger L. Visualization of myelin basic protein (MBP) T cell epitopes in multiple sclerosis lesions using a monoclonal antibody specific for the human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2-MBP 85-99 complex. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1395-412. [PMID: 10770805 PMCID: PMC2193136 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.8.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with the human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 haplotype, suggesting that major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted presentation of central nervous system-derived antigens is important in the disease process. Antibodies specific for defined HLA-DR2-peptide complexes may therefore be valuable tools for studying antigen presentation in MS. We have used phage display technology to select HLA-DR2-peptide-specific antibodies from HLA-DR2-transgenic mice immunized with HLA-DR2 molecules complexed with an immunodominant myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide (residues 85-99). Detailed characterization of one clone (MK16) demonstrated that both DR2 and the MBP peptide were required for recognition. Furthermore, MK16 labeled intra- and extracellular HLA-DR2-MBP peptide complexes when antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were pulsed with recombinant MBP. In addition, MK16 inhibited interleukin 2 secretion by two transfectants that expressed human MBP-specific T cell receptors. Analysis of the structural requirement for MK16 binding demonstrated that the two major HLA-DR2 anchor residues of MBP 85-99 and the COOH-terminal part of the peptide, in particular residues Val-96, Pro-98, and Arg-99, were important for binding. Based on these results, the antibody was used to determine if the HLA-DR2-MBP peptide complex is presented in MS lesions. The antibody stained APCs in MS lesions, in particular microglia/macrophages but also in some cases hypertrophic astrocytes. Staining of APCs was only observed in MS cases with the HLA-DR2 haplotype but not in cases that carried other haplotypes. These results demonstrate that HLA-DR2 molecules in MS lesions present a myelin-derived self-peptide and suggest that microglia/macrophages rather than astrocytes are the predominant APCs in these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Krogsgaard
- Department of Pharmacology, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Sygehus, DK-8200 N, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kai W. Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Barbara Canella
- Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461
| | - Bjarke E. Hansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Svejgaard
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jason Pyrdol
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Henrik Ditzel
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cedric Raine
- Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461
| | - Jan Engberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Fugger
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Sygehus, DK-8200 N, Aarhus, Denmark
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26
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Offner H, Vandenbark AA. T cell receptor V genes in multiple sclerosis: increased use of TCRAV8 and TCRBV5 in MBP-specific clones. Int Rev Immunol 1999; 18:9-36. [PMID: 10614737 DOI: 10.3109/08830189909043017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is probable that myelin-reactive T cells, including those specific for myelin basic protein (MBP) contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although many studies have characterized the specificity, MHC restriction, and V gene use of MBP-specific T cells, there is little agreement as to whether there are differences between MS and controls, and how HLA-DR2, a risk factor for MS, might influence selection of MBP-specific T cells. We here discuss models in which MHC class II alleles could help shape the TCR repertoire, and then review more than 750 clones reported in the literature. The major finding from our analysis is that both TCRAV8 and BV5, but not BV6 were utilized more frequently in MS patients than non-MS patients in response to MBP, although no differences were found between DR2+ versus DR2- donors. These data indicate HLA-independent differences in the T cell repertoire between MS patients and controls that may be important for targeted TCR-based therapy. Moreover, we conclude that (1) HLA-DR alleles preferentially restrict MBP responses, although MS patients tend to use HLA-DQ and -DP alleles more often than control donors; (2) HLA-DR2 alleles are used to restrict only about half the MBP responses in MS patients, significantly less than in control patients; (3) the DRB1*1501 and DRB5*0101 subtypes within the Dw2 haplotype are used relatively equally to restrict MBP responses. In this context, we review the results of our previous clinical trials in progressive MS patients, demonstrating the ability of TCRBV5S2 peptides to induce clinically relevant regulatory responses that inhibit MBP-specific Th1 cells through a bystander suppression mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Offner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA.
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27
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Vollmer J, Weltzien HU, Moulon C. TCR Reactivity in Human Nickel Allergy Indicates Contacts with Complementarity-Determining Region 3 but Excludes Superantigen-Like Recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Nickel is the most common inducer of contact sensitivity in humans. We previously found that overrepresentation of the TCRBV17 element in Ni-induced CD4+ T cell lines of Ni-allergic patients relates to the severity of the disease. Amino acid sequences of these β-chains suggested hypothetical contact points for Ni2+ ions in complementarity-determining region (CDR) 1 and CDR3. To specifically address the molecular requirements for Ni recognition by TCR, human TCR α- and β-chains of VB17+ Ni-reactive T cell clones were functionally expressed together with the human CD4 coreceptor in a mouse T cell hybridoma. Loss of CD4 revealed complete CD4 independence for one of the TCR studied. Putative TCR/Ni contact points were tested by pairing of TCR chains from different clones, also with different specificity. TCRBV17 chains with different J regions, but similar CDR3 regions, could be functionally exchanged. Larger differences in the CDR3 region were not tolerated. Specific combinations of α- and β-chains were required, excluding a superantigen-like activation by Ni. Mutation of amino acids in CDR1 of TCRBV17 did not affect Ag recognition, superantigen activation, or HLA restriction. In contrast, mutation of Arg95 or Asp96, conserved in many CDR3B sequences of Ni-specific, VB17+ TCR, abrogated Ni recognition. These results define specific amino acids in the CDR3B region of a VB17+ TCR to be crucial for human nickel recognition. CD4 independence implies a high affinity of such receptor types for the Ni/MHC complex. This may point to a dominant role of T cells bearing such receptors in the pathology of contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Vollmer
- *Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany; and
- †Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Corinne Moulon
- *Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany; and
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28
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Hausmann S, Martin M, Gauthier L, Wucherpfennig KW. Structural Features of Autoreactive TCR That Determine the Degree of Degeneracy in Peptide Recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.1.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Structural aspects of human TCRs that allow the activation of autoreactive T cells by diverse microbial peptides were examined using two human myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cell clones. The TCR sequences of these clones differed only in the N region of TCR-α and -β since the clones had the same Vα-Jα and Vβ-Jβ rearrangements. The two clones had a similar fine specificity for the MBP peptide, except for the P5 position of the peptide (lysine). In the crystal structure of the HLA-DR2/MBP peptide complex, P5 lysine is a prominent, solvent-exposed residue in the center of the DR2/MBP peptide surface. Five microbial peptides with conservative or nonconservative changes at the P5 position (lysine to arginine, serine, or proline) activated one of these clones. In contrast, the other clone was activated only by three of these peptides which had a conservative lysine to arginine change at P5. The degree of specificity/degeneracy in recognition of the P5 side chain was the key difference between these TCRs since the Escherichia coli/Haemophilus influenzae peptide stimulated both clones when the P5 position was substituted from serine to arginine. These results demonstrate that the complementarity-determining region 3 loops contribute to the degree of degeneracy in peptide recognition by human MBP-specific TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hausmann
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and
| | - Margarita Martin
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and
| | - Laurent Gauthier
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and
| | - Kai W. Wucherpfennig
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and
- †Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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29
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Abstract
In this analysis, we introduce a new categorization of HLA DR alleles which are important members of HLA class II genes encoding cell surface glycoproteins that function to present antigenic peptides to T cells. We have grouped all HLA DR molecules into seven different functional categories on the basis of their ability to bind and present antigenic peptides to T cells and their association with susceptibility or resistance to disease. This novel categorization of DR alleles on the basis of function allows for the prediction of seven similar subregion structures (supertypes or supermotifs) within pocket 4 of HLA DR peptide binding groove as the molecular basis for grouping these alleles. The physicochemical characteristics of HLA DR supertype residues, charge in particular, may influence the selectivity for binding peptide, dominate promiscuous T-cell recognition of antigenic peptides, and affect HLA DR disease associations. To rationalize the functional categories of DR alleles, we have further combined the seven DR supertype patterns into three groups based on the charges of residues within the supertypes. Grouping HLA DR alleles into functional categories may assist in understanding the mechanistic basis of autoimmunity, resolving current paradoxes in HLA disease associations, and developing new immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ou
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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30
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Abstract
The first crystal structures of intact T-cell receptors (TCRs) and their complexes with MHC peptide antigens (pMHC) were reported during the past year, along with those of a single-chain TCR Fv fragment and a beta-chain complexed with two different bacterial superantigens. These structures have shown the similarities and differences in the architecture of the antigen-binding regions of TCRs and antibodies, and how the TCR interacts with pMHC ligands as well as with superantigens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Histocompatibility Antigens/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Superantigens/chemistry
- Superantigens/immunology
- Superantigens/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Activation of autoreactive T cells is a necessary-but not sufficient-step in the development of T cell mediated autoimmunity. Autoreactive T cells can be activated by viral and bacterial peptides that meet the structural requirements for MHC molecule binding and T cell receptor recognition. Due to the degenerate nature of MHC class II molecule binding motifs and a certain degree of flexibility in T cell receptor recognition, such microbial peptides have been found to be quite distinct in their primary sequence from the self-peptide they mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hausmann
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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32
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Wucherpfennig KW, Catz I, Hausmann S, Strominger JL, Steinman L, Warren KG. Recognition of the immunodominant myelin basic protein peptide by autoantibodies and HLA-DR2-restricted T cell clones from multiple sclerosis patients. Identity of key contact residues in the B-cell and T-cell epitopes. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:1114-22. [PMID: 9276728 PMCID: PMC508286 DOI: 10.1172/jci119622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) may be an important autoantigen in multiple sclerosis (MS), with the MBP(82-100) region being immunodominant for T cells and autoantibodies. The structural requirements for autoantibody recognition were compared to those previously defined for MBP-specific T cell clones. MBP autoantibodies were affinity-purified from central nervous system lesions of 11/12 postmortem cases studied. The MBP(83-97) peptide was immunodominant in all 11 cases since it inhibited autoantibody binding to MBP > 95%. Residues contributing to autoantibody binding were located in a 10-amino acid segment (V86-T95) that also contained the MHC/T cell receptor contact residues of the T cell epitope. In the epitope center, the same residues were important for antibody binding and T cell recognition. Based on the antibody-binding motif, microbial peptides were identified that were bound by purified autoantibodies. Autoantibody binding of microbial peptides required sequence identity at four or five contiguous residues in the epitope center. Microbial peptides previously found to activate T cell clones did not have such obvious homology to MBP since sequence identity was not required at MHC contacts. The similar fine specificity of B cells and T cells may be useful for tolerance induction to MBP in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Wucherpfennig
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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33
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Lovett-Racke AE, Martin R, McFarland HF, Racke MK, Utz U. Longitudinal study of myelin basic protein-specific T-cell receptors during the course of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 78:162-71. [PMID: 9307241 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the stability of the myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) in three patients who were monitored for three years by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Bulk-culture T-cell lines (TCLs) were generated from 3-4 time points for each patient, including times of active and quiescent disease. TCR analysis of these TCLs indicated that both the V alpha and V beta usage was similar over time for each patient. Sequencing of TCRs demonstrated conserved complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences within TCLs that expressed the same V alpha segment over time, although the J alpha usage was different for each TCR. This indicates that the population of MBP-reactive T-cells is changing during the course of MS, but that host and/or environmental factors may be selecting T-cells with particular MHC/peptide binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Lovett-Racke
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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34
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Chang HC, Smolyar A, Spoerl R, Witte T, Yao Y, Goyarts EC, Nathenson SG, Reinherz EL. Topology of T cell receptor-peptide/class I MHC interaction defined by charge reversal complementation and functional analysis. J Mol Biol 1997; 271:278-93. [PMID: 9268659 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interactions between the CD8 co-receptor dependent N15 and N26 T cell receptors (TCRs) and their common ligand, the vesicular stomatitis virus octapeptide (VSV8) bound to H-2Kb, were studied to define the docking orientation(s) of MHC class I restricted TCRs during immune recognition. Guided by the molecular surfaces of the crystallographically defined peptide/MHC and modeled TCRs, a series of mutations in exposed residues likely contacting the TCR ligand were analyzed for their ability to alter peptide-triggered IL-2 production in T cell transfectants. Critical residues which diminished antigen recognition by 1000 to 10,000-fold in molar terms were identified in both N15 Valpha (alphaE94A or alphaE94R, Y98A and K99) and Vbeta (betaR96A, betaW97A and betaD99A) CDR3 loops. Mutational analysis indicated that the Rp1 residue of VSV8 is critical for antigen recognition of N15 TCR, but R62 of H-2Kb is less critical. More importantly, the alphaE94R mutant could be fully complemented by a reciprocal charge reversal at Kb R62 (R62E). This result suggests a direct interaction between N15 TCR Valpha E94R and Kb R62E residues. As Rp1 of VSV8 is adjacent to R62 in the VSV8/Kb complex and essential for T cell activation, this orientation implies that the N15 Valpha CDR3 loop interacts with the N-terminal residues of VSV8 with the Valpha domain docking to the Kb alpha2 helix while the N15 Vbeta CDR3 loop interacts with the more C-terminal peptide residues and the Vbeta domain overlies the Kb alpha1 helix. An equivalent orientation is suggested for N26, a second VSV8/Kb specific TCR. Given that genetic analysis of two different class II MHC-restricted TCRs and two crystallographic studies of class I restricted TCRs offers a similar overall orientation of V domains relative to alpha-helices, these data raise the possibility of a common docking mode between TCRs and their ligands regardless of MHC restriction.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Binding Sites
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Point Mutation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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35
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Penzotti JE, Nepom GT, Lybrand TP. Use of T cell receptor/HLA-DRB1*04 molecular modeling to predict site-specific interactions for the DR shared epitope associated with rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:1316-26. [PMID: 9214433 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199707)40:7<1316::aid-art17>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use molecular modeling tools to analyze the potential structural basis for the genetic association of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) "shared epitope," a set of conserved amino acid residues in the third hypervariable region of the DRbeta chain. METHODS Homology model building techniques were used to construct molecular models of the arthritis-associated DRB1*0404 molecule and a T cell receptor (TCR) from T cell clone EM025, which is specific for DR4 molecules containing the shared epitope sequence. Interactive graphics techniques were used to orient the TCR on the DR molecule, guided by surface complementarity analysis. RESULTS The predicted TCR-MHC-peptide complex involved multiple interactions and specificity for the shared epitope. TCR residues CDR1beta D30, CDR2beta N51, and CDR3beta Q97 were positioned to potentially participate in hydrogen bond interactions with the shared epitope DRbeta residues Q70 and R71. CONCLUSION These results suggest a structural mechanism in which specific TCR recognition and possibly Vbeta selection are directly influenced by the disease-associated MHC polymorphisms.
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36
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Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Esin S, Baykan-Kurt B, Ornek I, Vaughan R, Eraksoy M. HLA-DR and -DQ associations with multiple sclerosis in Turkey. Hum Immunol 1997; 55:59-65. [PMID: 9328791 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(97)00086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The DRB, DQA, and DQB subregions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were investigated by polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization (PCR/SSO) in 103 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 101 healthy controls from Turkey. Significant differences were detected between MS and control populations in the frequencies of DRB1*1501 [29 vs. 14, p = 0.02, odds ratio (OR) = 2.4], DRB1*04 (35 vs. 18, p = 0.01, OR = 2.3), DQB1*0302 (30 vs. 15, p = 0.02, OR = 2.3), DQB1*0602 (27 vs. 10, p = 0.005, OR = 3.2), DQB1*0501 (10 vs. 24, p = 0.01, OR = 0.3), DQA1*0101 (16 vs. 31, p = 0.02, OR = 0.4), and DQA1*0103 (7 vs. 19, p = 0.02, OR = 0.3). These results confirm the proposed positive association of the Dw2 (DRB1*1501 DQA1*0102 DQB1*0602) haplotype with MS in Caucasians in our Turkish population (25 vs. 8, p = 0.003, OR = 3.7). Furthermore, the "putative" haplotype supposed to be more frequent in the MS population of Mediterranean countries, namely DRB1*04 DQA1*03 DQB1*0302, is also associated with MS in Turkey (29 vs. 12, p = 0.006, OR = 2.9). The presence of two different haplotypic associations in MS emphasizes the complexity of the genetic susceptibility to MS in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Saruhan-Direskeneli
- Electro-Neurophysiology Research and Application Center, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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37
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Matsuo A, Lee GC, Terai K, Takami K, Hickey WF, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. Unmasking of an unusual myelin basic protein epitope during the process of myelin degeneration in humans: a potential mechanism for the generation of autoantigens. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1997; 150:1253-66. [PMID: 9094982 PMCID: PMC1858181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A rabbit antiserum (anti-EP), induced against a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 68 to 86 of guinea pig myelin basic protein, powerfully immunostained abnormal-appearing oligodendrocytic processes and cell bodies in demyelinating areas associated with multiple sclerosis plaques. However, it failed to recognize any structures in normal human, rat, or guinea pig brain. The antiserum recognized the synthetic peptide QDENPVV, which corresponds to human myelin basic protein residues 82 to 88. Immunoabsorption with this peptide eliminated immunohistochemical staining. By contrast, several commercial antibodies recognizing nearby sequences of human myelin basic protein intensely stained all myelinated structures in both normal and multiple sclerosis tissue. The unusual epitope recognized by anti-EP appears to be accessible only in areas of myelin degeneration. If insults occur that repeatedly expose a region of MBP normally sheltered from immunosurveillance, a self-sustaining immune reaction might result.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matsuo
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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