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Reyes-Soffer G, Matveyenko A, Lignos J, Matienzo N, Santos Baez LS, Hernandez-Ono A, Yung L, Nandakumar R, Singh SA, Aikawa M, George R, Ginsberg HN. Effects of Recombinant Human Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase on Lipoprotein Metabolism in Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1407-1418. [PMID: 38695168 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase) catalyzes the conversion of unesterified, or free cholesterol, to cholesteryl ester, which moves from the surface of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) into the neutral lipid core. As this iterative process continues, nascent lipid-poor HDL is converted to a series of larger, spherical cholesteryl ester-enriched HDL particles that can be cleared by the liver in a process that has been termed reverse cholesterol transport. METHODS We conducted a randomized, placebocontrolled, crossover study in 5 volunteers with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, to examine the effects of an acute increase of recombinant human (rh) LCAT via intravenous administration (300-mg loading dose followed by 150 mg at 48 hours) on the in vivo metabolism of HDL APO (apolipoprotein)A1 and APOA2, and the APOB100-lipoproteins, very low density, intermediate density, and low-density lipoproteins. RESULTS As expected, recombinant human LCAT treatment significantly increased HDL-cholesterol (34.9 mg/dL; P≤0.001), and this was mostly due to the increase in cholesteryl ester content (33.0 mg/dL; P=0.014). This change did not affect the fractional clearance or production rates of HDL-APOA1 and HDL-APOA2. There were also no significant changes in the metabolism of APOB100-lipoproteins. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that an acute increase in LCAT activity drives greater flux of cholesteryl ester through the reverse cholesterol transport pathway without significantly altering the clearance and production of the main HDL proteins and without affecting the metabolism of APOB100-lipoproteins. Long-term elevations of LCAT might, therefore, have beneficial effects on total body cholesterol balance and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gissette Reyes-Soffer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., A.M., J.L., N.M., L.S.S.B., A.H.-O., L.Y., H.N.G.)
| | - Anastasiya Matveyenko
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., A.M., J.L., N.M., L.S.S.B., A.H.-O., L.Y., H.N.G.)
| | - James Lignos
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., A.M., J.L., N.M., L.S.S.B., A.H.-O., L.Y., H.N.G.)
| | - Nelsa Matienzo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., A.M., J.L., N.M., L.S.S.B., A.H.-O., L.Y., H.N.G.)
| | - Leinys S Santos Baez
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., A.M., J.L., N.M., L.S.S.B., A.H.-O., L.Y., H.N.G.)
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Ono
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., A.M., J.L., N.M., L.S.S.B., A.H.-O., L.Y., H.N.G.)
| | - Lau Yung
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., A.M., J.L., N.M., L.S.S.B., A.H.-O., L.Y., H.N.G.)
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translations Research (R.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.A.S., M.A.), Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.A.S., M.A.), Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.A.), Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.A.), Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard George
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.G.)
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., A.M., J.L., N.M., L.S.S.B., A.H.-O., L.Y., H.N.G.)
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2
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Gao H, Wu J, Sun Z, Zhang F, Shi T, Lu K, Qian D, Yin Z, Zhao Y, Qin J, Xue B. Influence of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase alteration during different pathophysiologic conditions: A 45 years bibliometrics analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1062249. [PMID: 36588724 PMCID: PMC9795195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1062249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is an important enzyme responsible for free cholesterol (FC) esterification, which is critical for high density lipoprotein (HDL) maturation and the completion of the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process. Plasma LCAT activity and concentration showed various patterns under different physiological and pathological conditions. Research on LCAT has grown rapidly over the past 50 years, but there are no bibliometric studies summarizing this field as a whole. This study aimed to use the bibliometric analysis to demonstrate the trends in LCAT publications, thus offering a brief perspective with regard to future developments in this field. Methods: We used the Web of Science Core Collection to retrieve LCAT-related studies published from 1975 to 2020. The data were further analyzed in the number of studies, the journal which published the most LCAT-related studies, co-authorship network, co-country network, co-institute network, co-reference and the keywords burst by CiteSpace V 5.7. Results: 2584 publications contained 55,311 references were used to analyzed. The number of included articles fluctuated in each year. We found that Journal of lipid research published the most LCAT-related studies. Among all the authors who work on LCAT, they tend to collaborate with a relatively stable group of collaborators to generate several major authors clusters which Albers, J. published the most studies (n = 53). The United States of America contributed the greatest proportion (n = 1036) of LCAT-related studies. The LCAT-related studies have been focused on the vascular disease, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase reaction, phospholipid, cholesterol efflux, chronic kidney disease, milk fever, nephrotic syndrome, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, reconstituted lpa-i, reverse cholesterol transport. Four main research frontiers in terms of burst strength for LCAT-related studies including "transgenic mice", "oxidative stress", "risk", and "cholesterol metabolism "need more attention. Conclusion: This is the first study that demonstrated the trends and future development in LCAT publications. Further studies should focus on the accurate metabolic process of LCAT dependent or independent of RCT using metabolic marker tracking techniques. It was also well worth to further studying the possibility that LCAT may qualify as a biomarker for risk prediction and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Gao
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,School of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- School of Health Policy and Management, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianshu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongfu Qian
- School of Health Policy and Management, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zicheng Yin
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinjuan Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Bin Xue, ; Jian Qin, ; Yinjuan Zhao,
| | - Jian Qin
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Bin Xue, ; Jian Qin, ; Yinjuan Zhao,
| | - Bin Xue
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Bin Xue, ; Jian Qin, ; Yinjuan Zhao,
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3
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Ma Z, Wu W, Zhang D, Wu P, Guo Y, Li D, Yang F. Daily intake of up to two eggs for 11 weeks does not affect the cholesterol balance of Chinese young adults. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1081-1092. [PMID: 35432976 PMCID: PMC9007305 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of the cholesterol content of the body is derived from de novo synthesis and the enterohepatic circulation. As numerous studies have shown previously, one egg per day intake has little impact of cholesterol balance in human body. Therefore, this study assumed that intake of up two eggs a day has little effect on biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk in Chinese young adults. With the increase in egg intake, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), and choline all increased among all the groups as the study progressed from autumn to winter (p < .05). However, there were no differences in the plasma triglycerides, LDL‐C/HDL‐C ratio, glucose, liver enzymes, C‐reactive protein, and urinary microalbumin during the diet periods. Subjects who ate eggs at breakfast felt less hungry and more satisfied, which were relative with decreased fasting plasma ghrelin level (p < .05). Furthermore, egg‐derived cholesterol appeared to upregulate the mRNA levels of low‐density lipoprotein receptor and lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase, and downregulate cholesteryl ester transfer protein and flavin‐containing monooxygenase 3 mRNA levels in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results demonstrate that intake of up to two eggs a day had little effect on biomarkers of CVDs in young, healthy Chinese college students and provided useful evidence for the dietary guidelines regarding egg consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Ma
- School of Laboratory Medicine Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Laboratory Medicine Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Dexin Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Laboratory Medicine Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Yuanhua Guo
- School of Laboratory Medicine Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Deyuan Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
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4
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LCAT- targeted therapies: Progress, failures and future. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112677. [PMID: 35121343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is the only enzyme in plasma which is able to esterify cholesterol and boost cholesterol esterify with phospholipid-derived acyl chains. In order to better understand the progress of LCAT research, it is always inescapable that it is linked to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Because LCAT plays a central role in HDL metabolism and RCT, many animal studies and clinical studies are currently aimed at improving plasma lipid metabolism by increasing LCAT activity in order to find better treatment options for familial LCAT deficiency (FLD), fish eye disease (FED), and cardiovascular disease. Recombinant human LCAT (rhLCAT) injections, cells and gene therapy, and small molecule activators have been carried out with promising results. Recently rhLCAT therapies have entered clinical phase II trials with good prospects. In this review, we discuss the diseases associated with LCAT and therapies that use LCAT as a target hoping to find out whether LCAT can be an effective therapeutic target for coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. Also, probing the mechanism of action of LCAT may help better understand the heterogeneity of HDL and the action mechanism of dynamic lipoprotein particles.
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5
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Apolipoprotein A1-Related Proteins and Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Antiatherosclerosis Therapy: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:4610834. [PMID: 35087605 PMCID: PMC8763555 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4610834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia characterized by abnormal deposition of cholesterol in arteries can cause atherosclerosis and coronary artery occlusion, leading to atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. The body prevents atherosclerosis by reverse cholesterol transport to mobilize and excrete cholesterol and other lipids. Apolipoprotein A1, the major component of high-density lipoprotein, plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport. Here, we reviewed the role of apolipoprotein A1-targeting molecules in antiatherosclerosis therapy, in particular ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, and scavenger receptor class B type 1.
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George RT, Abuhatzira L, Stoughton SM, Karathanasis SK, She D, Jin C, Buss NAPS, Bakker-Arkema R, Ongstad EL, Koren M, Hirshberg B. MEDI6012: Recombinant Human Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Mediated Reverse Cholesterol Transport. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e014572. [PMID: 34121413 PMCID: PMC8403308 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background MEDI6012 is recombinant human lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme in reverse cholesterol transport. Infusions of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase have the potential to enhance reverse cholesterol transport and benefit patients with coronary heart disease. The purpose of this study was to test the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profile of MEDI6012. Methods and Results This phase 2a double-blind study randomized 48 subjects with stable coronary heart disease on a statin to a single dose of MEDI6012 or placebo (6:2) (NCT02601560) with ascending doses administered intravenously (24, 80, 240, and 800 mg) and subcutaneously (80 and 600 mg). MEDI6012 demonstrated rates of treatment-emergent adverse events that were similar to those of placebo. Dose-dependent increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed with area under the concentration-time curves from 0 to 96 hours of 728, 1640, 3035, and 5318 should be: mg·h/mL in the intravenous dose groups and 422 and 2845 mg·h/mL in the subcutaneous dose groups. Peak mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol percent change was 31.4%, 71.4%, 125%, and 177.8% in the intravenous dose groups and 18.3% and 111.2% in the subcutaneous dose groups, and was accompanied by increases in endogenous apoA1 (apolipoprotein A1) and non-ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 cholesterol efflux capacity. Decreases in apoB (apolipoprotein B) were observed across all dose levels and decreases in atherogenic small low-density lipoprotein particles by 41%, 88%, and 79% at the 80-, 240-, and 800-mg IV doses, respectively. Conclusions MEDI6012 demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, endogenous apoA1, and non-ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 cholesterol efflux capacity while reducing the number of atherogenic low-density lipoprotein particles. These findings are supportive of enhanced reverse cholesterol transport and a functional high-density lipoprotein phenotype. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02601560.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T George
- Early Clinical Development Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gaithersburg MD
| | - Liron Abuhatzira
- Early Clinical Development Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gaithersburg MD
| | - Susan M Stoughton
- Early Clinical Development Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gaithersburg MD
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- Bioscience Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gaithersburg MD
| | - Dewei She
- Early CVRM Biometrics Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gaithersburg MD
| | - ChaoYu Jin
- Integrated Bioanalysis Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences R&D AstraZeneca South San Francisco CA
| | - Nicholas A P S Buss
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism Safety Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences R&D AstraZeneca Gaithersburg MD
| | | | - Emily L Ongstad
- Bioscience Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gaithersburg MD
| | - Michael Koren
- Jacksonville Center for Clinical Research Jacksonville FL
| | - Boaz Hirshberg
- Early Clinical Development Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gaithersburg MD
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7
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Guo M, Ma S, Xu Y, Huang W, Gao M, Wu X, Dong X, Wang Y, Liu G, Xian X. Correction of Familial LCAT Deficiency by AAV-hLCAT Prevents Renal Injury and Atherosclerosis in Hamsters-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2141-2148. [PMID: 33980035 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (M.G., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.).,Beijing GeneCradle Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Beijing, China (M.G., S.M., X.W.)
| | - Sisi Ma
- Beijing GeneCradle Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Beijing, China (M.G., S.M., X.W.)
| | - Yitong Xu
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (Y.X., M.G.)
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (M.G., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.)
| | - Mingming Gao
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (Y.X., M.G.)
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- Beijing GeneCradle Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Beijing, China (M.G., S.M., X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Beijing FivePlus Molecular Medicine Institute Co, Ltd, Beijing, China (X.D.)
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (M.G., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.)
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (M.G., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.)
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (M.G., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.)
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Fan J, Wang Y, Chen YE. Genetically Modified Rabbits for Cardiovascular Research. Front Genet 2021; 12:614379. [PMID: 33603774 PMCID: PMC7885269 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.614379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbits are one of the most used experimental animals for investigating the mechanisms of human cardiovascular disease and lipid metabolism because they are phylogenetically closer to human than rodents (mice and rats). Cholesterol-fed wild-type rabbits were first used to study human atherosclerosis more than 100 years ago and are still playing an important role in cardiovascular research. Furthermore, transgenic rabbits generated by pronuclear microinjection provided another means to investigate many gene functions associated with human disease. Because of the lack of both rabbit embryonic stem cells and the genome information, for a long time, it has been a dream for scientists to obtain knockout rabbits generated by homologous recombination-based genomic manipulation as in mice. This obstacle has greatly hampered using genetically modified rabbits to disclose the molecular mechanisms of many human diseases. The advent of genome editing technologies has dramatically extended the applications of experimental animals including rabbits. In this review, we will update genetically modified rabbits, including transgenic, knock-out, and knock-in rabbits during the past decades regarding their use in cardiovascular research and point out the perspectives in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Fan
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.,School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Sasaki M, Delawary M, Sakurai H, Kobayashi H, Nakao N, Tsuru H, Fukushima Y, Honzumi S, Moriyama S, Wada N, Kaneko T, Yamada K, Terasaka N, Kubota K. Novel LCAT (Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase) Activator DS-8190a Prevents the Progression of Plaque Accumulation in Atherosclerosis Models. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:360-376. [PMID: 33086872 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enhancement of LCAT (lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase) activity has possibility to be beneficial for atherosclerosis. To evaluate this concept, we characterized our novel, orally administered, small-molecule LCAT activator DS-8190a, which was created from high-throughput screening and subsequent derivatization. We also focused on its mechanism of LCAT activation and the therapeutic activity with improvement of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) functionality. Approach and Results: DS-8190a activated human and cynomolgus monkey but not mouse LCAT enzymes in vitro. DS-8190a was orally administered to cynomolgus monkeys and dose dependently increased LCAT activity (2.0-fold in 3 mg/kg group on day 7), resulting in HDL cholesterol elevation without drastic changes of non-HDL cholesterol. Atheroprotective effects were then evaluated using Ldl-r KO×hLcat Tg mice fed a Western diet for 8 weeks. DS-8190a treatment achieved significant reduction of atherosclerotic lesion area (48.3% reduction in 10 mg/kg treatment group). Furthermore, we conducted reverse cholesterol transport study using Ldl-r KO×hLcat Tg mice intraperitoneally injected with J774A.1 cells loaded with [3H]-cholesterol and confirmed significant increases of [3H] count in plasma (1.4-fold) and feces (1.4-fold on day 2 and 1.5-fold on day3) in the DS-8190a-treated group. With regard to the molecular mechanism involved, direct binding of DS-8190a to human LCAT protein was confirmed by 2 different approaches: affinity purification by DS-8190a-immobilized beads and thermal shift assay. In addition, the candidate binding site of DS-8190a in human LCAT protein was identified by photoaffinity labeling. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential of DS-8190a as a novel therapeutic for atherosclerosis. In addition, this compound proves that a small-molecule direct LCAT activator can achieve HDL-C elevation in monkey and reduction of atherosclerotic lesion area with enhanced HDL function in rodent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sasaki
- Organic Synthesis Department (M.S., N.N.), Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Delawary
- Biological Research Laboratories (M.D., H.T., S.H., S.M., K.Y., N.T.), Daiichi Sankyo, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Sakurai
- Discovery Science and Technology Department (H.S., Y.F., N.W., K.K.), Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories (H.K., T.K.), Daiichi Sankyo, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakao
- Organic Synthesis Department (M.S., N.N.), Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tsuru
- Biological Research Laboratories (M.D., H.T., S.H., S.M., K.Y., N.T.), Daiichi Sankyo, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Fukushima
- Discovery Science and Technology Department (H.S., Y.F., N.W., K.K.), Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Honzumi
- Biological Research Laboratories (M.D., H.T., S.H., S.M., K.Y., N.T.), Daiichi Sankyo, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Moriyama
- Biological Research Laboratories (M.D., H.T., S.H., S.M., K.Y., N.T.), Daiichi Sankyo, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Wada
- Discovery Science and Technology Department (H.S., Y.F., N.W., K.K.), Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Kaneko
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories (H.K., T.K.), Daiichi Sankyo, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamada
- Biological Research Laboratories (M.D., H.T., S.H., S.M., K.Y., N.T.), Daiichi Sankyo, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Terasaka
- Biological Research Laboratories (M.D., H.T., S.H., S.M., K.Y., N.T.), Daiichi Sankyo, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuishi Kubota
- Discovery Science and Technology Department (H.S., Y.F., N.W., K.K.), Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Naresh S, Bitla AR, Rao PVLNS, Sachan A, Amancharla YL. Efficacy of oral rosuvastatin intervention on HDL and its associated proteins in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 2021; 71:76-86. [PMID: 32895874 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-density lipoprotein (HDL) undergoes structural and functional modification in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There are limited data on effect of rosuvastatin on HDL-associated proteins and the antiatherogenic effects of rosuvastatin. The present study intended to study the efficacy of rosuvastatin intervention on HDL-associated proteins and its other antiatherogenic effects in men with T2DM. METHODS Men with T2DM on oral antidiabetic treatment, with LDL-C levels > 75 mg/dL and willing for rosuvastatin intervention (20 mg/day orally for a period of 12 weeks), were included. Fasting glucose, lipid profile were measured using standard methods. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), oxidized HDL (oxHDL), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in serum were measured by ELISA; serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) by spectrophotometric method and cholesterol efflux by fluorometric assay. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) measurement to assess vascular health status was done using doppler. RESULTS Rosuvastatin produced a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C); oxidative stress (oxLDL, oxHDL, MPO); inflammation (TNF-α); LCAT concentration; cIMT; significant increase in antiatherogenic HDL and cholesterol efflux (p < 0.05) and no change in apoA-I levels from baseline to 12 weeks of follow-up. A decrease in MPO activity was found to be independently associated with an increase in cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSIONS Post intervention there is a quantitative and qualitative improvement in HDL, which helps in its reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and antioxidant functions. Improvement in HDL functions and suppression of inflammation by rosuvastatin lead to regression in cIMT, which is beneficial in decreasing the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Naresh
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Aparna R Bitla
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
| | - P V L N Srinivasa Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Alok Sachan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Yadagiri Lakshmi Amancharla
- Department of Radiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
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Abstract
Transgenic rabbits have contributed to the progress of biomedical science as human disease models because of their unique features, such as the lipid metabolism system similar to humans and medium body size that facilitates handling and experimental manipulation. In fact, many useful transgenic rabbits have been generated and used in research fields such as lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, cardiac failure, immunology, and oncogenesis. However, there have been long-term problems, namely that the transgenic efficiency when using pronuclear microinjection is low compared with transgenic mice and production of knockout rabbits is impossible owing to the lack of embryonic stem cells for gene targeting in rabbits. Despite these limitations, the emergence of novel genome editing technology has changed the production of genetically modified animals including the rabbit. We are finally able to produce both transgenic and knockout rabbit models to analyze gain- and loss-of-functions of specific genes. It is expected that the use of genetically modified rabbits will extend to various research fields. In this review, we describe the unique features of rabbits as laboratory animals, the current status of their development and use, and future perspectives of transgenic rabbit models for human diseases.
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Guo M, Liu Z, Xu Y, Ma P, Huang W, Gao M, Wang Y, Liu G, Xian X. Spontaneous Atherosclerosis in Aged LCAT-Deficient Hamsters With Enhanced Oxidative Stress-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2829-2836. [PMID: 32998519 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase) deficiency results in severe low HDL (high-density lipoprotein). Although whether LCAT is pro- or antiatherosclerosis was in debate in mouse studies, our previous study clearly shows that LCAT deficiency (LCAT-/-) in hamster accelerates atherosclerotic development on high-fat diet. However, unlike in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, whether LCAT deficiency could lead to spontaneous atherosclerosis has not been studied yet in animal models. We, therefore, sought to investigate the atherosclerosis in LCAT-/- hamsters on standard laboratory diet and explore the potential underlying mechanisms. Approach and Results: Young (<8 months) and aged (>16 months) male and female wild-type and LCAT-/- hamsters on standard laboratory diet were used. Compared with age- and sex-matched wild-type hamsters, LCAT-/- hamsters showed a complete loss of plasma HDL and an increase in triglyceride by 2- to 8-fold at different stages of age. In aged LCAT-/- hamsters, the lesion areas at the aortic roots were ≈40×104 μm3 in males and 18×104 μm3 in females, respectively, which were consistent with the en face plaques observed in male (1.2%) and (1.5%) female groups, respectively. The results of plasma malondialdehyde measurement showed that malondialdehyde concentrations were markedly elevated to 54.4 μmol/L in males and 30 μmol/L in females, which are significantly associated with the atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the development of spontaneous atherosclerotic lesions in aged male and female LCAT-/- hamsters with higher plasma oxidative lipid levels independent of plasma total cholesterol levels, further confirming the antiatherosclerotic role of LCAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education (M.G., P.M., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyu Liu
- The School of Health Humanities (Z.L.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yitong Xu
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (Y.X., M.G.)
| | - Ping Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education (M.G., P.M., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education (M.G., P.M., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (Y.X., M.G.)
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education (M.G., P.M., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education (M.G., P.M., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education (M.G., P.M., W.H., Y.W., G.L., X.X.), Peking University, Beijing, China
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Norum KR, Remaley AT, Miettinen HE, Strøm EH, Balbo BEP, Sampaio CATL, Wiig I, Kuivenhoven JA, Calabresi L, Tesmer JJ, Zhou M, Ng DS, Skeie B, Karathanasis SK, Manthei KA, Retterstøl K. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase: symposium on 50 years of biomedical research from its discovery to latest findings. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1142-1149. [PMID: 32482717 PMCID: PMC7397740 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s120000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
LCAT converts free cholesterol to cholesteryl esters in the process of reverse cholesterol transport. Familial LCAT deficiency (FLD) is a genetic disease that was first described by Kaare R. Norum and Egil Gjone in 1967. This report is a summary from a 2017 symposium where Dr. Norum recounted the history of FLD and leading experts on LCAT shared their results. The Tesmer laboratory shared structural findings on LCAT and the close homolog, lysosomal phospholipase A2. Results from studies of FLD patients in Finland, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were presented, as well as the status of a patient registry. Drs. Kuivenhoven and Calabresi presented data from carriers of genetic mutations suggesting that FLD does not necessarily accelerate atherosclerosis. Dr. Ng shared that LCAT-null mice were protected from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dr. Zhou presented multiple innovations for increasing LCAT activity for therapeutic purposes, whereas Dr. Remaley showed results from treatment of an FLD patient with recombinant human LCAT (rhLCAT). Dr. Karathanasis showed that rhLCAT infusion in mice stimulates cholesterol efflux and suggested that it could also enhance cholesterol efflux from macrophages. While the role of LCAT in atherosclerosis remains elusive, the consensus is that a continued study of both the enzyme and disease will lead toward better treatments for patients with heart disease and FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaare R Norum
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Helena E Miettinen
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik H Strøm
- Departments of Pathology Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruno E P Balbo
- Division of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A T L Sampaio
- Division of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Wiig
- Centre for Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - John J Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Cardiometabolic Disorder Research, AMGEN, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dominic S Ng
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Keenan Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bjørn Skeie
- Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kelly A Manthei
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kjetil Retterstøl
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway .,Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Mushenkova NV, Summerhill VI, Silaeva YY, Deykin AV, Orekhov AN. Modelling of atherosclerosis in genetically modified animals. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4614-4633. [PMID: 31497187 PMCID: PMC6731422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven, chronic inflammatory disease that leads to plaque formation at specific sites of the arterial tree. Being the common cause of many cardiovascular disorders, atherosclerosis makes a tremendous impact on morbidity and mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in countries with higher income. Animal models of atherosclerosis are utilized as useful tools for studying the aetiology, pathogenesis and complications of atherosclerosis, thus, providing a valuable platform for the efficacy testing of different pharmacological therapies and validation of imaging techniques. To date, a large variety of models is available. Pathophysiological changes can be induced in animals by either an atherogenic diet or genetic manipulations. The discussion of advantages and disadvantages of some murine, rabbit and porcine genetic models currently available for the atherosclerosis research is the scope of the following review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volha I Summerhill
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative CentreMoscow 121609, Russia
| | - Yulia Yu Silaeva
- Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Alexey V Deykin
- Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative CentreMoscow 121609, Russia
- Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
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15
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Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081097. [PMID: 31374929 PMCID: PMC6721368 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is a multifunctional protein, involved in cholesterol traffic and inflammatory and immune response regulation. Many studies revealing alterations of ApoA-I during the development and progression of various types of cancer suggest that serum ApoA-I levels may represent a useful biomarker contributing to better estimation of cancer risk, early cancer diagnosis, follow up, and prognosis stratification of cancer patients. In addition, recent in vitro and animal studies disclose a more direct, tumor suppressive role of ApoA-I in cancer pathogenesis, which involves anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory mechanisms. Herein, we review recent epidemiologic, clinicopathologic, and mechanistic studies investigating the role of ApoA-I in cancer biology, which suggest that enhancing the tumor suppressive activity of ApoA-I may contribute to better cancer prevention and treatment.
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16
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Abstract
Due to the lack of germline transmitting pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) cell lines and the extreme difficulty of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in rabbit, the gene targeting technology in rabbit was lagging far behind those in rodents and in farm animals. As a result, the development and application of genetically engineered rabbit model are much limited. With the advent of gene editing nucleases, including ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9, it is now possible to produce gene targeting (i.e., knockout, knockin) rabbits with high success rates. In this chapter, we describe a comprehensive, step-by-step protocol for rabbit genome editing based on gene editing nucleases with specific emphasis of CRISPR/Cas9.
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17
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Chan KW, Ismail M, Mohd Esa N, Imam MU, Ooi DJ, Khong NMH. Dietary supplementation of defatted kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed meal and its phenolics-saponins rich extract effectively attenuates diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Food Funct 2018; 9:925-936. [PMID: 29313544 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Kenaf is one of the important commercial fiber crops worldwide and defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM) is a secondary by-product from the kenaf industry. Thus, efforts to turn this low-cost agricultural waste into value-added functional food ingredients will definitely bring advantageous impacts to the community health, environment and economy. The present study was aimed to investigate the cardioprotective properties of DKSM and its phenolics-saponins rich extract (PSRE) in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rat model. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats via atherogenic diet feeding and dietary interventions were conducted by incorporating DKSM (15% and 30%) and equivalent levels of PSRE (2.3% and 4.6%, respectively, equivalent to the total content of phenolics and saponins in DKSM groups) into the atherogenic diets. After 10 weeks of DKSM and PSRE supplementation, the hepatosomatic index, hepatosteatosis, serum lipid profile, Castelli risk indexes as well as hepatic and renal functions of hypercholesterolemic rats were significantly improved (p < 0.05). Besides, the levels of hepatic Hmgcr and serum Pcsk9 were lowered, along with transcriptional upregulations of hepatic Cyp7a1, Abca1, Lcat, ApoA2 and ApoE (p < 0.05). The gene expression of hepatic Ldlr was marginally enhanced by DKSM supplementation (p > 0.05), but superiorly upregulated by PSRE (p < 0.05). The combined results showed that hypercholesterolemia and the atherogenic risk in rats were effectively attenuated by DKSM and PSRE supplementation, possibly via modulations of multiple vital processes in hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, phenolics and saponins may be the bioactives conferring DKSM and PSRE with their anti-hypercholesterolemic properties. In conclusion, DKSM and PSRE are prospective cardioprotective functional food ingredients for hypercholesterolemic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wei Chan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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18
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Dong Z, Shi H, Zhao M, Zhang X, Huang W, Wang Y, Zheng L, Xian X, Liu G. Loss of LCAT activity in the golden Syrian hamster elicits pro-atherogenic dyslipidemia and enhanced atherosclerosis. Metabolism 2018. [PMID: 29526535 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) plays a pivotal role in HDL metabolism but its influence on atherosclerosis remains controversial for decades both in animal and clinical studies. Because lack of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a major difference between murine and humans in lipoprotein metabolism, we aimed to create a novel Syrian Golden hamster model deficient in LCAT activity, which expresses endogenous CETP, to explore its metabolic features and particularly the influence of LCAT on the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS CRISPR/CAS9 gene editing system was employed to generate mutant LCAT hamsters. The characteristics of lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis in the mutant hamsters were investigated using various conventional methods in comparison with wild type control animals. RESULTS Hamsters lacking LCAT activity exhibited pro-atherogenic dyslipidemia as diminished high density lipoprotein (HDL) and ApoAI, hypertriglyceridemia, Chylomicron/VLDL accumulation and significantly increased ApoB100/48. Mechanistic study for hypertriglyceridemia revealed impaired LPL-mediated lipolysis and increased very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, with upregulation of hepatic genes involved in lipid synthesis and transport. The pro-atherogenic dyslipidemia in mutant hamsters was exacerbated after high fat diet feeding, ultimately leading to near a 3- and 5-fold increase in atherosclerotic lesions by aortic en face and sinus lesion quantitation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that LCAT deficiency in hamsters develops pro-atherogenic dyslipidemia and promotes atherosclerotic lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haozhe Shi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hebei Invivo Biotech Co., Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lemin Zheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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19
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Fan J, Chen Y, Yan H, Niimi M, Wang Y, Liang J. Principles and Applications of Rabbit Models for Atherosclerosis Research. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:213-220. [PMID: 29046488 PMCID: PMC5868506 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbits are one of the most used experimental animals for biomedical research, particularly as a bioreactor for the production of antibodies. However, many unique features of the rabbit have also made it as an excellent species for examining a number of aspects of human diseases such as atherosclerosis. Rabbits are phylogenetically closer to humans than rodents, in addition to their relatively proper size, tame disposition, and ease of use and maintenance in the laboratory facility. Due to their short life spans, short gestation periods, high numbers of progeny, low cost (compared with other large animals) and availability of genomics and proteomics, rabbits usually serve to bridge the gap between smaller rodents (mice and rats) and larger animals, such as dogs, pigs and monkeys, and play an important role in many translational research activities such as pre-clinical testing of drugs and diagnostic methods for patients. The principle of using rabbits rather than other animals as an experimental model is very simple: rabbits should be used for research, such as translational research, that is difficult to accomplish with other species. Recently, rabbit genome sequencing and transcriptomic profiling of atherosclerosis have been successfully completed, which has paved a new way for researchers to use this model in the future. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress using rabbits with specific reference to their usefulness for studying human atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yajie Chen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Haizhao Yan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Manabu Niimi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Research Center for Vascular Biology, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, China
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Falconer D, Papageorgiou N, Antoniades C, Tousoulis D. Gene Therapy. Coron Artery Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811908-2.00015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Korber M, Klein I, Daum G. Steryl ester synthesis, storage and hydrolysis: A contribution to sterol homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1534-1545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Lipták N, Hoffmann OI, Kerekes A, Iski G, Ernszt D, Kvell K, Hiripi L, Bősze Z. Monitoring of Venus transgenic cell migration during pregnancy in non-transgenic rabbits. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:291-299. [PMID: 27832434 PMCID: PMC5350230 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell transfer between mother and fetus were demonstrated previously in several species which possess haemochorial placenta (e.g. in humans, mice, rats, etc.). Here we report the assessment of fetal and maternal microchimerism in non-transgenic (non-TG) New Zealand white rabbits which were pregnant with transgenic (TG) fetuses and in non-TG newborns of TG does. The TG construct, including the Venus fluorophore cDNA driven by a ubiquitous cytomegalovirus enhancer, chicken ß-actin promoter (CAGGS), was previously integrated into the rabbit genome by Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Three different methods [fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR)] were employed to search for TG cells and gene products in blood and other tissues of non-TG rabbits. Venus positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were not detected in the blood of non-TG littermates or non-TG does by flow cytometry. Tissue samples (liver, kidney, skeletal and heart muscle) also proved to be Venus negative examined with fluorescence microscopy, while histology sections and PBMCs of TG rabbits showed robust Venus protein expression. In case of genomic DNA (gDNA) sourced from tissue samples of non-TG rabbits, CAGGS promoter-specific fragments could not be amplified by QPCR. Our data showed the lack of detectable cell transfer between TG and non-TG rabbits during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lipták
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - O I Hoffmann
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - A Kerekes
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - G Iski
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - D Ernszt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - K Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - L Hiripi
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Z Bősze
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
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23
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The potential impact of new generation transgenic methods on creating rabbit models of cardiac diseases. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 121:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ossoli A, Pavanello C, Calabresi L. High-Density Lipoprotein, Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase, and Atherosclerosis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:223-9. [PMID: 27302716 PMCID: PMC4923405 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data clearly show the existence of a strong inverse correlation between plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and the incidence of coronary heart disease. This relation is explained by a number of atheroprotective properties of HDL, first of all the ability to promote macrophage cholesterol transport. HDL are highly heterogeneous and are continuously remodeled in plasma thanks to the action of a number of proteins and enzymes. Among them, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) plays a crucial role, being the only enzyme able to esterify cholesterol within lipoproteins. LCAT is synthetized by the liver and it has been thought to play a major role in reverse cholesterol transport and in atheroprotection. However, data from animal studies, as well as human studies, have shown contradictory results. Increased LCAT concentrations are associated with increased HDL-C levels but not necessarily with atheroprotection. On the other side, decreased LCAT concentration and activity are associated with decreased HDL-C levels but not with increased atherosclerosis. These contradictory results confirm that HDL-C levels per se do not represent the functionality of the HDL system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ossoli
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Identification and characterization of rabbit ROSA26 for gene knock-in and stable reporter gene expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25161. [PMID: 27117226 PMCID: PMC4846827 DOI: 10.1038/srep25161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rabbit has been a valuable model system for human disease studies. To make the rabbit model more amendable to targeted gene knockin and stable gene over-expression, we identified a rabbit orthologue of the mouse Rosa26 locus through genomic sequence homology analysis. Real-time PCR and 5′ RACE and 3′ RACE experiments revealed that this locus encodes two transcript variants of a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) (rbRosaV1 and rbRosaV2). Both variants are expressed ubiquitously and stably in different tissues. We next targeted the rabbit Rosa26 (rbRosa26) locus using CRISPR/Cas9 and produced two lines of knock-in rabbits (rbRosa26-EGFP, and rbRosa26-Cre-reporter). In both lines, all the founders and their offspring appear healthy and reproduce normally. In F1 generation animals, the rbRosa26-EGFP rabbits express EGFP, and the rbRosa26-Cre-reporter rabbits express tdTomato ubiquitously in all the tissues examined. Furthermore, disruption of rbRosa26 locus does not adversely impact the animal health and reproduction. Therefore, our work establishes rbRosa26 as a safe harbor suitable for nuclease mediated gene targeting. The addition of rbRosa26 to the tool box of transgenic research is expected to allow diverse genetic manipulations, including gain-of function, conditional knock out and lineage-tracing studies in rabbits.
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Lee-Rueckert M, Escola-Gil JC, Kovanen PT. HDL functionality in reverse cholesterol transport--Challenges in translating data emerging from mouse models to human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:566-83. [PMID: 26968096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whereas LDL-derived cholesterol accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions, HDL particles are thought to facilitate removal of cholesterol from the lesions back to the liver thereby promoting its fecal excretion from the body. Because generation of cholesterol-loaded macrophages is inherent to atherogenesis, studies on the mechanisms stimulating the release of cholesterol from these cells and its ultimate excretion into feces are crucial to learn how to prevent lesion development or even induce lesion regression. Modulation of this key anti-atherogenic pathway, known as the macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport, has been extensively studied in several mouse models with the ultimate aim of applying the emerging knowledge to humans. The present review provides a detailed comparison and critical analysis of the various steps of reverse cholesterol transport in mouse and man. We attempt to translate this in vivo complex scenario into practical concepts, which could serve as valuable tools when developing novel HDL-targeted therapies.
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Ossoli A, Simonelli S, Vitali C, Franceschini G, Calabresi L. Role of LCAT in Atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016; 23:119-27. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.32854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ossoli
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Sara Simonelli
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Cecilia Vitali
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Guido Franceschini
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano
- Division of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences - DeFENS, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano
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Gunawardane RN, Fordstrom P, Piper DE, Masterman S, Siu S, Liu D, Brown M, Lu M, Tang J, Zhang R, Cheng J, Gates A, Meininger D, Chan J, Carlson T, Walker N, Schwarz M, Delaney J, Zhou M. Agonistic Human Antibodies Binding to Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase Modulate High Density Lipoprotein Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2799-811. [PMID: 26644477 PMCID: PMC4742745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.672790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery opportunities where loss-of-function alleles of a target gene link to a disease-relevant phenotype often require an agonism approach to up-regulate or re-establish the activity of the target gene. Antibody therapy is increasingly recognized as a favored drug modality due to multiple desirable pharmacological properties. However, agonistic antibodies that enhance the activities of the target enzymes are rarely developed because the discovery of agonistic antibodies remains elusive. Here we report an innovative scheme of discovery and characterization of human antibodies capable of binding to and agonizing a circulating enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Utilizing a modified human LCAT protein with enhanced enzymatic activity as an immunogen, we generated fully human monoclonal antibodies using the XenoMouseTM platform. One of the resultant agonistic antibodies, 27C3, binds to and substantially enhances the activity of LCAT from humans and cynomolgus macaques. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the 2.45 Å LCAT-27C3 complex shows that 27C3 binding does not induce notable structural changes in LCAT. A single administration of 27C3 to cynomolgus monkeys led to a rapid increase of plasma LCAT enzymatic activity and a 35% increase of the high density lipoprotein cholesterol that was observed up to 32 days after 27C3 administration. Thus, this novel scheme of immunization in conjunction with high throughput screening may represent an effective strategy for discovering agonistic antibodies against other enzyme targets. 27C3 and other agonistic human anti-human LCAT monoclonal antibodies described herein hold potential for therapeutic development for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephanie Masterman
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1V7, Canada
| | - Sophia Siu
- From Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | | | - Mike Brown
- From Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Mei Lu
- Therapeutic Discovery, and
| | | | | | - Janet Cheng
- From Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Andrew Gates
- From Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - David Meininger
- From Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | | | - Tim Carlson
- PKDM Department, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, and
| | | | | | - John Delaney
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1V7, Canada
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29
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Shamburek RD, Bakker-Arkema R, Shamburek AM, Freeman LA, Amar MJ, Auerbach B, Krause BR, Homan R, Adelman SJ, Collins HL, Sampson M, Wolska A, Remaley AT. Safety and Tolerability of ACP-501, a Recombinant Human Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase, in a Phase 1 Single-Dose Escalation Study. Circ Res 2015; 118:73-82. [PMID: 26628614 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) may be caused by rate-limiting amounts of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Raising LCAT may be beneficial for CHD, as well as for familial LCAT deficiency, a rare disorder of low HDL-C. OBJECTIVE To determine safety and tolerability of recombinant human LCAT infusion in subjects with stable CHD and low HDL-C and its effect on plasma lipoproteins. METHODS AND RESULTS A phase 1b, open-label, single-dose escalation study was conducted to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human LCAT (ACP-501). Four cohorts with stable CHD and low HDL-C were dosed (0.9, 3.0, 9.0, and 13.5 mg/kg, single 1-hour infusions) and followed up for 28 days. ACP-501 was well tolerated, and there were no serious adverse events. Plasma LCAT concentrations were dose-proportional, increased rapidly, and declined with an apparent terminal half-life of 42 hours. The 0.9-mg/kg dose did not significantly change HDL-C; however, 6 hours after doses of 3.0, 9.0, and 13.5 mg/kg, HDL-C was elevated by 6%, 36%, and 42%, respectively, and remained above baseline ≤4 days. Plasma cholesteryl esters followed a similar time course as HDL-C. ACP-501 infusion rapidly decreased small- and intermediate-sized HDL, whereas large HDL increased. Pre-β-HDL also rapidly decreased and was undetectable ≤12 hours post ACP-501 infusion. CONCLUSIONS ACP-501 has an acceptable safety profile after a single intravenous infusion. Lipid and lipoprotein changes indicate that recombinant human LCAT favorably alters HDL metabolism and support recombinant human LCAT use in future clinical trials in CHD and familial LCAT deficiency patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01554800.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Shamburek
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.).
| | - Rebecca Bakker-Arkema
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Alexandra M Shamburek
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Lita A Freeman
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Bruce Auerbach
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Brian R Krause
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Reynold Homan
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Steve J Adelman
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Heidi L Collins
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Maureen Sampson
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Anna Wolska
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Alan T Remaley
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
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30
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Thacker SG, Rousset X, Esmail S, Zarzour A, Jin X, Collins HL, Sampson M, Stonik J, Demosky S, Malide DA, Freeman L, Vaisman BL, Kruth HS, Adelman SJ, Remaley AT. Increased plasma cholesterol esterification by LCAT reduces diet-induced atherosclerosis in SR-BI knockout mice. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1282-95. [PMID: 25964513 PMCID: PMC4479333 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m048629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
LCAT, a plasma enzyme that esterifies cholesterol, has been proposed to play an antiatherogenic role, but animal and epidemiologic studies have yielded conflicting results. To gain insight into LCAT and the role of free cholesterol (FC) in atherosclerosis, we examined the effect of LCAT over- and underexpression in diet-induced atherosclerosis in scavenger receptor class B member I-deficient [Scarab(-/-)] mice, which have a secondary defect in cholesterol esterification. Scarab(-/-)×LCAT-null [Lcat(-/-)] mice had a decrease in HDL-cholesterol and a high plasma ratio of FC/total cholesterol (TC) (0.88 ± 0.033) and a marked increase in VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C) on a high-fat diet. Scarab(-/-)×LCAT-transgenic (Tg) mice had lower levels of VLDL-C and a normal plasma FC/TC ratio (0.28 ± 0.005). Plasma from Scarab(-/-)×LCAT-Tg mice also showed an increase in cholesterol esterification during in vitro cholesterol efflux, but increased esterification did not appear to affect the overall rate of cholesterol efflux or hepatic uptake of cholesterol. Scarab(-/-)×LCAT-Tg mice also displayed a 51% decrease in aortic sinus atherosclerosis compared with Scarab(-/-) mice (P < 0.05). In summary, we demonstrate that increased cholesterol esterification by LCAT is atheroprotective, most likely through its ability to increase HDL levels and decrease pro-atherogenic apoB-containing lipoprotein particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth G. Thacker
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xavier Rousset
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Safiya Esmail
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Abdalrahman Zarzour
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xueting Jin
- Experimental Atherosclerosis Section, Center for Molecular, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Maureen Sampson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John Stonik
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen Demosky
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniela A. Malide
- Light Microscopy Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lita Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Boris L. Vaisman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Howard S. Kruth
- Experimental Atherosclerosis Section, Center for Molecular, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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31
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Fotakis P, Kuivenhoven JA, Dafnis E, Kardassis D, Zannis VI. The Effect of Natural LCAT Mutations on the Biogenesis of HDL. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3348-59. [PMID: 25948084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated how the natural LCAT[T147I] and LCAT[P274S] mutations affect the pathway of biogenesis of HDL. Gene transfer of WT LCAT in LCAT(-/-) mice increased 11.8-fold the plasma cholesterol, whereas the LCAT[T147I] and LCAT[P274S] mutants caused a 5.2- and 2.9-fold increase, respectively. The LCAT[P274S] and the WT LCAT caused a monophasic distribution of cholesterol in the HDL region, whereas the LCAT[T147I] caused a biphasic distribution of cholesterol in the LDL and HDL region. Fractionation of plasma showed that the expression of WT LCAT increased plasma apoE and apoA-IV levels and shifted the distribution of apoA-I to lower densities. The LCAT[T147I] and LCAT[P274S] mutants restored partially apoA-I in the HDL3 fraction and LCAT[T147I] increased apoE in the VLD/IDL/LDL fractions. The in vivo functionality of LCAT was further assessed based on is its ability to correct the aberrant HDL phenotype that was caused by the apoA-I[L159R]FIN mutation. Co-infection of apoA-I(-/-) mice with this apoA-I mutant and either of the two mutant LCAT forms restored only partially the HDL biogenesis defect that was caused by the apoA-I[L159R]FIN and generated a distinct aberrant HDL phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Fotakis
- †Molecular Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W509, Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2394, United States.,‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology of Hellas, GR-74100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- §Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene Dafnis
- ∥Department of Nephrology, University of Crete Medical School, GR-74100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology of Hellas, GR-74100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis I Zannis
- †Molecular Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W509, Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2394, United States
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Fan J, Kitajima S, Watanabe T, Xu J, Zhang J, Liu E, Chen YE. Rabbit models for the study of human atherosclerosis: from pathophysiological mechanisms to translational medicine. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146:104-19. [PMID: 25277507 PMCID: PMC4304984 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory animal models play an important role in the study of human diseases. Using appropriate animals is critical not only for basic research but also for the development of therapeutics and diagnostic tools. Rabbits are widely used for the study of human atherosclerosis. Because rabbits have a unique feature of lipoprotein metabolism (like humans but unlike rodents) and are sensitive to a cholesterol diet, rabbit models have not only provided many insights into the pathogenesis and development of human atherosclerosis but also made a great contribution to translational research. In fact, rabbit was the first animal model used for studying human atherosclerosis, more than a century ago. Currently, three types of rabbit model are commonly used for the study of human atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism: (1) cholesterol-fed rabbits, (2) Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits, analogous to human familial hypercholesterolemia due to genetic deficiency of LDL receptors, and (3) genetically modified (transgenic and knock-out) rabbits. Despite their importance, compared with the mouse, the most widely used laboratory animal model nowadays, the use of rabbit models is still limited. In this review, we focus on the features of rabbit lipoprotein metabolism and pathology of atherosclerotic lesions that make it the optimal model for human atherosclerotic disease, especially for the translational medicine. For the sake of clarity, the review is not an attempt to be completely inclusive, but instead attempts to summarize substantial information concisely and provide a guideline for experiments using rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo-City 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Shuji Kitajima
- Division of Biological Resources and Development, Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Teruo Watanabe
- Division of Biological Resources and Development, Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Enqi Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease and Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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The use of genetic engineering techniques to improve the lipid composition in meat, milk and fish products: a review. Animal 2014; 9:696-706. [PMID: 25500170 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114003012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The health-promoting properties of dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) for humans are well-known. Products of animal-origin enriched with n-3 LCPUFAs can be a good example of functional food, that is food that besides traditionally understood nutritional value may have a beneficial influence on the metabolism and health of consumers, thus reducing the risk of various lifestyle diseases such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. The traditional method of enriching meat, milk or eggs with n-3 LCPUFA is the manipulation of the composition of animal diets. Huge progress in the development of genetic engineering techniques, for example transgenesis, has enabled the generation of many kinds of genetically modified animals. In recent years, one of the aims of animal transgenesis has been the modification of the lipid composition of meat and milk in order to improve the dietetic value of animal-origin products. This article reviews and discusses the data in the literature concerning studies where techniques of genetic engineering were used to create animal-origin products modified to contain health-promoting lipids. These studies are still at the laboratory stage, but their results have demonstrated that the transgenesis of pigs, cows, goats and fishes can be used in the future as efficient methods of production of healthy animal-origin food of high dietetic value. However, due to high costs and a low level of public acceptance, the introduction of this technology to commercial animal production and markets seems to be a distant prospect.
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Nakhjavani M, Imani M, Larry M, Aghajani-Nargesi A, Morteza A, Esteghamati A. Metabolic syndrome in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes: loss of protective effects of premenopausal status. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13:102. [PMID: 25506584 PMCID: PMC4264312 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-014-0102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Diabetes is probably responsible for worsening of metabolic syndrome (MetS)components. The aim of the present study was to compare the components of MetS between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Method In this cross sectional study, we studied 639 women with T2DM that were divided in pre-menopausal (n = 221) and post-menopausal (n = 418) group. They were selected from participants of a diabetes clinic and assessed for MetS and its components. All MetS components were evaluated to follow age and duration of diabetes adjusted according to the ATP III criteria. Results The mean ages of pre-menopausal and post-menopausal were 43.33 ± 0.47 and 60.35 ± 0.38 years, respectively. MetS was defined for 88.3% of total subjects (87.5% and 87.7% in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women with T2DM respectively). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly higher in post-menopausal women with T2DM in comparison with pre-menopausal ones. There were no significant differences in triglyceride (T.G) level, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) between the two groups. Myocardial infarction (MI) occurred in 1% total subjects (1.3% and 1.8%) in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women with T2DM, respectively (p = 0.21). Conclusion Worsening of MetS and its components except for SBP and waist circumference has been shown in pre-menopausal women with T2DM similar to post-menopausal ones. The observed differences may be explained by increasing age. With respect to increasing of myocardial infarction in premenopausal subjects, we suggest that diabetes can abolish the protective effects of premenopausal status for MetS and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Imani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Larry
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Aghajani-Nargesi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Morteza
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
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Tu Y, Sun D, Zeng X, Yao N, Huang X, Huang D, Chen Y. Piperine potentiates the hypocholesterolemic effect of curcumin in rats fed on a high fat diet. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:260-266. [PMID: 24944632 PMCID: PMC4061201 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that curcumin possesses a hypocholesterolemic effect and potentiates numerous pharmacological effects of curcumin, however, the mechanisms underlying this hypocholesterolemic effect and the interaction between curcumin and piperine remain to be elucidated. In the present study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish a hyperlipidemia (HLP) model. Co-administration of curcumin plus piperine was found to decrease the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum and liver, as well as increase the levels of fecal TC, TG and total bile acid, compared with administration of curcumin alone. Curcumin plus piperine also markedly increased the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, compared with administration of curcumin alone, administration of curcumin plus piperine resulted in a significant upregulation of the activity and gene expression of apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI), lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). In conclusion, these results indicated that co-administration of curcumin plus piperine potentiates the hypocholesterolemic effects of curcumin by increasing the activity and gene expression of ApoAI, CYP7A1, LCAT and LDLR, providing a promising combination for the treatment of HLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaosheng Tu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacological Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Sun
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacological Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zeng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacological Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Nan Yao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacological Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacological Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Dane Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacological Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacological Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
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Kapourchali FR, Surendiran G, Chen L, Uitz E, Bahadori B, Moghadasian MH. Animal models of atherosclerosis. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:126-132. [PMID: 24868511 PMCID: PMC4023305 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i5.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review several commonly used animal models of atherosclerosis have been discussed. Among them, emphasis has been made on mice, rabbits, pigs and non-human primates. Although these animal models have played a significant role in our understanding of induction of atherosclerotic lesions, we still lack a reliable animal model for regression of the disease. Researchers have reported several genetically modified and transgenic animal models that replicate human atherosclerosis, however each of current animal models have some limitations. Among these animal models, the apolipoprotein (apo) E-knockout (KO) mice have been used extensively because they develop spontaneous atherosclerosis. Furthermore, atherosclerotic lesions developed in this model depending on experimental design may resemble humans’ stable and unstable atherosclerotic lesions. This mouse model of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis has been also used to investigate the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on atherogenesis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-r-KO mice are a model of human familial hypercholesterolemia. However, unlike apo E-KO mice, the LDL-r-KO mice do not develop spontaneous atherosclerosis. Both apo E-KO and LDL-r-KO mice have been employed to generate other relevant mouse models of cardiovascular disease through breeding strategies. In addition to mice, rabbits have been used extensively particularly to understand the mechanisms of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. The present review paper details the characteristics of animal models that are used in atherosclerosis research.
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Vaisman BL, Remaley AT. Measurement of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity with the use of a Peptide-proteoliposome substrate. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1027:343-52. [PMID: 23912995 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-369-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is the major enzyme responsible for the esterification of free cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins, which is a key step in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. The measurement of plasma LCAT activity not only is important in the diagnosis of patients with genetic or acquired LCAT deficiency but is also valuable in calculating cardiovascular risk, as well as in research studies of lipoprotein metabolism. In this chapter, we describe a convenient LCAT assay based on the use of an apoA-I mimetic peptide. The proteoliposome substrate used in this assay for LCAT is easily made with the peptide and can be stored by deep freezing without significant loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris L Vaisman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Spahr C, Kim JJ, Deng S, Kodama P, Xia Z, Tang J, Zhang R, Siu S, Nuanmanee N, Estes B, Stevens J, Zhou M, Lu HS. Recombinant human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase Fc fusion: analysis of N- and O-linked glycans and identification and elimination of a xylose-based O-linked tetrasaccharide core in the linker region. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1739-53. [PMID: 24115046 PMCID: PMC3843628 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase Fc fusion (huLCAT-Fc) is a chimeric protein produced by fusing human Fc to the C-terminus of the human enzyme via a linker sequence. The huLCAT-Fc homodimer contains five N-linked glycosylation sites per monomer. The heterogeneity and site-specific distribution of the various glycans were examined using enzymatic digestion and LC-MS/MS, followed by automatic processing. Almost all of the N-linked glycans in human LCAT are fucosylated and sialylated. The predominant LCAT N-linked glycoforms are biantennary glycans, followed by triantennary sugars, whereas the level of tetraantennary glycans is much lower. Glycans at the Fc N-linked site exclusively contain typical asialobiantennary structures. HuLCAT-Fc was also confirmed to have mucin-type glycans attached at T407 and S409 . When LCAT-Fc fusions were constructed using a G-S-G-G-G-G linker, an unexpected +632 Da xylose-based glycosaminoglycan (GAG) tetrasaccharide core of Xyl-Gal-Gal-GlcA was attached to S418 . Several minor intermediate species including Xyl, Xyl-Gal, Xyl-Gal-Gal, and a phosphorylated GAG core were also present. The mucin-type O-linked glycans can be effectively released by sialidase and O-glycanase; however, the GAG could only be removed and localized using chemical alkaline β-elimination and targeted LC-MS/MS. E416 (the C-terminus of LCAT) combined with the linker sequence is likely serving as a substrate for peptide O-xylosyltransferase. HuLCAT-Fc shares some homology with the proposed consensus site near the linker sequence, in particular, the residues underlined PPPE416 GS418 GGGGDK. GAG incorporation can be eliminated through engineering by shifting the linker Ser residue downstream in the linker sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Spahr
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Justin J Kim
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc.Seattle, Washington, 98119
| | - Sihong Deng
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc.Seattle, Washington, 98119
| | - Paul Kodama
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc.Seattle, Washington, 98119
| | - Zhen Xia
- Protein Technologies, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Jay Tang
- Protein Technologies, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Richard Zhang
- Protein Technologies, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Sophia Siu
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Seattle, Washington, 98119
| | - Noi Nuanmanee
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Bram Estes
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Jennitte Stevens
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc.South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Hsieng S Lu
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
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Tanaka SI, Yasuda T, Ishida T, Fujioka Y, Tsujino T, Miki T, Hirata KI. Increased Serum Cholesterol Esterification Rates Predict Coronary Heart Disease and Sudden Death in a General Population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1098-104. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Tanaka
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Toyooka Hospital Hidaka Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan (S.T., T.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.Y, T.I, K.H.); Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan (Y.F.); and Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan (T.T.)
| | - Tomoyuki Yasuda
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Toyooka Hospital Hidaka Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan (S.T., T.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.Y, T.I, K.H.); Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan (Y.F.); and Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan (T.T.)
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Toyooka Hospital Hidaka Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan (S.T., T.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.Y, T.I, K.H.); Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan (Y.F.); and Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan (T.T.)
| | - Yoshio Fujioka
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Toyooka Hospital Hidaka Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan (S.T., T.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.Y, T.I, K.H.); Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan (Y.F.); and Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan (T.T.)
| | - Takeshi Tsujino
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Toyooka Hospital Hidaka Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan (S.T., T.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.Y, T.I, K.H.); Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan (Y.F.); and Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan (T.T.)
| | - Tetsuo Miki
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Toyooka Hospital Hidaka Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan (S.T., T.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.Y, T.I, K.H.); Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan (Y.F.); and Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan (T.T.)
| | - Ken-ichi Hirata
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Toyooka Hospital Hidaka Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan (S.T., T.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.Y, T.I, K.H.); Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan (Y.F.); and Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan (T.T.)
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Blin J, Ahmad Z, Rampal LRSG, Mohtarrudin N, Tajudin AKH, Adnan RS. Preliminary assessment of differential expression of candidate genes associated with atherosclerosis. Genes Genet Syst 2013; 88:199-209. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.88.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Blin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
| | - Zalinah Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
| | | | - Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
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Peng X. Transgenic rabbit models for studying human cardiovascular diseases. Comp Med 2012; 62:472-479. [PMID: 23561880 PMCID: PMC3527751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases involve the heart or blood vessels and remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. A variety of animal models have been used to study cardiovascular diseases and have contributed to our understanding of their pathophysiology and treatment. However, mutations or abnormal expression of specific genes play important roles in the pathophysiology of some heart diseases, for which a closely similar animal model often is not naturally available. With the advent of techniques for specific genomic modification, several transgenic and knockout mouse models have been developed for cardiovascular conditions that result from spontaneous mutations. However, mouse and human heart show marked electrophysiologic differences. In addition, cardiac studies in mouse models are extremely difficult because of their small heart size and fast heart rate. Therefore, larger genetically engineered animal models are needed to overcome the limitations of the mouse models. This review summarizes the transgenic rabbit models that have been developed to study cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Peng
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Diabetes induces gender gap on LCAT levels and activity. Life Sci 2012; 92:51-4. [PMID: 23142243 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM High density lipoprotein (HDL) decreases in diabetic women more rapidly than what is observed in diabetic men. Here we aimed to study serum LCAT levels and LCAT activity in men and women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as well as healthy controls. MAIN METHODS We measured serum LCAT activity and levels in 40 patients with T2DM plus 40 age-sex and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls. The correlation between LCAT levels and activity was measured in the studied groups, stratified according to gender. KEY FINDINGS Patients had a lower LCAT activity, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and a higher LCAT levels than controls. The lower LCAT activity in patients with T2DM was significant after multiple adjustments for age, LCAT levels and BMI, using general linear model (67.9 ± 1.8 vs. 86.5 ± 1.8; P<0.001). Women with T2DM had a lower LCAT activity and a higher LCAT and HDL levels compared to men. The lower LCAT activity in women remained significant after multiple adjustments for age, BMI and LCAT levels; (61.9 ± 3.1 vs. 74.17 ± 3.61; P<0.05). Statin treatment did not have any significant value on the results. HDL was not correlated with LCAT levels or activity in any of the studied populations. SIGNIFICANCE We showed that while LCAT activity is decreased in patients with T2DM, LCAT levels is increased. Patients with T2DM exhibit opposing effects on LCAT activity and LCAT production which is more severe in women. Future prospective studies may elucidate the underlying pathways for these observations.
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Kunnen S, Van Eck M. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase: old friend or foe in atherosclerosis? J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1783-99. [PMID: 22566575 PMCID: PMC3413220 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of free cholesterol in plasma lipoproteins and plays a critical role in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Deficiency leads to accumulation of nascent preβ-HDL due to impaired maturation of HDL particles, whereas enhanced expression is associated with the formation of large, apoE-rich HDL(1) particles. In addition to its function in HDL metabolism, LCAT was believed to be an important driving force behind macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and, therefore, has been a subject of great interest in cardiovascular research since its discovery in 1962. Although half a century has passed, the importance of LCAT for atheroprotection is still under intense debate. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the insights that have been gained in the past 50 years on the biochemistry of LCAT, the role of LCAT in lipoprotein metabolism and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in animal models, and its impact on cardiovascular disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kunnen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Carlucci A, Cigliano L, Maresca B, Spagnuolo MS, Di Salvo G, Calabrò R, Abrescia P. LCAT cholesterol esterification is associated with the increase of ApoE/ApoA-I ratio during atherosclerosis progression in rabbit. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:541-53. [PMID: 22562159 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I and Apolipoprotein E promote different steps of reverse cholesterol transport, including lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase stimulation. Our aim was to study the changes in the levels of Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein E, and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity during atherosclerosis progression in rabbits. Quantitative echocardiographic parameters were analyzed in order to evaluate, for the first time, whether atherosclerosis progression in rabbit is associated to apolipoproteins changes and alteration of indices of cardiac function, such as systolic strain and strain rate of the left ventricle. Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding rabbits for 8 weeks with 2 % cholesterol diet. The HDL levels of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were measured by HPLC. The lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity was evaluated both ex vivo, as cholesteryl esters/cholesterol molar ratio, and in vitro. Apolipoproteins levels were analyzed by ELISA. The HDL levels of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters increased, during treatment, up to 3.7- and 2.5-fold, respectively, compared to control animals. The lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in vitro was halved after 4 weeks. During cholesterol treatment, Apolipoprotein A-I level significantly decreased, whereas Apolipoprotein E concentration markedly increased. The molar ratio Apolipoprotein E/Apolipoprotein A-I was negatively correlated with the enzyme activity, and positively correlated with both increases in the intima-media thickness of common carotid wall and cardiac dysfunction signs, such as systolic strain and strain rate of the left ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carlucci
- Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche-Sezione di Fisiologia ed Igiene, Università di Napoli Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy
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Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Davidson WS, Fayad ZA, Fuster V, Goldstein J, Hellerstein M, Jiang XC, Phillips MC, Rader DJ, Remaley AT, Rothblat GH, Tall AR, Yvan-Charvet L. Cholesterol efflux and atheroprotection: advancing the concept of reverse cholesterol transport. Circulation 2012; 125:1905-19. [PMID: 22508840 PMCID: PMC4159082 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.066589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Rosenson
- Mount Sinai Heart, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Chen Z, Wang SP, Krsmanovic ML, Castro-Perez J, Gagen K, Mendoza V, Rosa R, Shah V, He T, Stout SJ, Geoghagen NS, Lee SH, McLaren DG, Wang L, Roddy TP, Plump AS, Hubbard BK, Sinz CJ, Johns DG. Small molecule activation of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase modulates lipoprotein metabolism in mice and hamsters. Metabolism 2012; 61:470-81. [PMID: 22001333 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to assess whether pharmacological activation of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) could exert beneficial effects on lipoprotein metabolism. A putative small molecule activator (compound A) was used as a tool compound in in vitro and in vivo studies. Compound A increased LCAT activity in vitro in plasma from mouse, hamster, rhesus monkey, and human. To assess the acute pharmacodynamic effects of compound A, C57Bl/6 mice and hamsters received a single dose (20 mg/kg) of compound A. Both species displayed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) and a significant decrease in non-HDLc and triglycerides acutely after dosing; these changes tracked with ex vivo plasma LCAT activity. To examine compound A's chronic effect on lipoprotein metabolism, hamsters received a daily dosing of vehicle or of 20 or 60 mg/kg of compound A for 2 weeks. At study termination, compound treatment resulted in a significant increase in HDLc, HDL particle size, plasma apolipoprotein A-I level, and plasma cholesteryl ester (CE) to free cholesterol ratio, and a significant reduction in very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The increase in plasma CE mirrored the increase in HDL CE. Triglycerides trended toward a dose-dependent decrease in very low-density lipoprotein and HDL, with multiple triglyceride species reaching statistical significance. Gallbladder bile acids content displayed a significant and more than 2-fold increase with the 60 mg/kg treatment. We characterized pharmacological activation of LCAT by a small molecule extensively for the first time, and our findings support the potential of this approach in treating dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis; our analyses also provide mechanistic insight on LCAT's role in lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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The role of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in the modulation of cardiometabolic risks - a clinical update and emerging insights from animal models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:654-9. [PMID: 22326749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is the key enzyme in mediating the esterification of cholesterol on circulating lipoproteins. It has long been suggested that LCAT plays a crucial role in reverse cholesterol transport, a process depicting the removal of cellular cholesterol through efflux to high density lipoproteins (HDL) and its delivery to the liver for eventual excretion from the body. Although loss-of-function LCAT mutations invariably result in profound HDL deficiency, the role of LCAT in atherogenesis continues to be clouded with controversy. Increasing number of large scale, population-based studies failed to detect an elevated cardiac risk with reduced blood levels of LCAT, suggesting that reduced LCAT activity may not be a risk factor nor a therapeutic target. More recent studies in human LCAT gene mutation carriers tend to suggest that atherogenicity in LCAT deficiency may be dependent on the nature of the mutations, providing plausible explanations for the otherwise contradictory findings. Genetic models of LCAT excess or deficiency yielded mixed findings. Despite its known profound effects on HDL and triglyceride metabolism, the role of LCAT in metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes, has not received much attention. Recent studies in LCAT deficient mouse models suggest that absence of LCAT may protect against insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity. Coordinated modulation of a number of anti-obesity and insulin sensitizing pathways has been implicated. Further studies to explore the role of LCAT in the modulation of cardiometabolic disorders and the underlying mechanisms are warranted.
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Yang F, Ma M, Xu J, Yu X, Qiu N. An Egg-Enriched Diet Attenuates Plasma Lipids and Mediates Cholesterol Metabolism of High-Cholesterol Fed Rats. Lipids 2012; 47:269-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Fuster JJ, Castillo AI, Zaragoza C, Ibáñez B, Andrés V. Animal models of atherosclerosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:1-23. [PMID: 22137427 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is currently the predominant cause of mortality worldwide and its incidence is expected to increase significantly during the next decades owing to the unhealthy effects of modern lifestyle habits (e.g., obesity and lack of physical exercise). Cardiovascular death is frequently associated with acute myocardial infarction or stroke, which are generally the ultimate consequence of an underlying atherosclerotic process. Small and big animal models are valuable tools to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression, as well as the occurrence of associated ischemic events. Moreover, animal models of atherosclerosis are pivotal for testing mechanistic hypothesis and for translational research, including the assessment of dietary and/or pharmacological interventions and the development of imaging technologies and interventional devices. In this chapter, we will describe the most widely used animal models that have permitted major advances in atherosclerosis research and significant improvements in the treatment and diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Fuster
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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Guo ZG, Li C, Zhong JK, Tu Y, Xie D. Laboratory investigation of dysfunctional HDL. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 165:32-7. [PMID: 22064068 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are anti-atherosclerotic, by virtue of their functions in reverse cholesterol transportation, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. However, recent studies have cast doubt on the cardio-protective role of HDL. Structural modification and composition alteration of HDL due to chronic inflammation and acute phase responses may result in loss of normal biological function and even convert HDL into a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative agent. Therefore, the assessment of dysfunctional HDL has become a novel target to investigate the association between HDL and coronary artery disease risk. This review article summarizes the laboratory assessment of dysfunctional HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Gang Guo
- Division of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, PR China.
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